Relative effectiveness of soil-applied zinc for four crop species

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species

The yield and zinc content response of canola (Brassica napus L.), albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to applications of zinc fertiliser were compared in a glasshouse experiment using 2 alkaline soils from south-western Australia. Five amounts of zinc applied as zinc sulfate were either added just before sowing (current zinc) or incubated in moist soil for 50 days (incubated zinc) before sowing seeds. Comparative zinc requirements were determined from yields of 40-day-old dried shoots for: (i) zinc already present in the soil (indigenous zinc); (ii) the amount of fertiliser zinc required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots; and (iii) the zinc content of dried shoots (zinc concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots). The concentration of zinc in youngest tissue and in dried shoots was used to determine critical concentrations for zinc in tissue. Albus lupin used indigenous, current and incubated zinc more effectively than canola, followed by spring wheat and then durum wheat. Albus lupin and canola were about 30 and 40% more effective at using fertiliser zinc than spring wheat. Durum wheat was about 20% less effective than spring wheat. Relative to current zinc, the effectiveness of incubated zinc declined by about 60% for both spring and durum wheat, and by 50% for canola and albus lupin. The critical zinc concentrations in the youngest tissue, associated with 90% of the relative yield, were (mg zinc/kg): 14 for spring wheat, 20 for durum wheat, 16 for albus lupin and 15 for canola. Corresponding values for dried shoots (mg zinc/kg) were: 32 for spring wheat, 25 for durum wheat, 22 for albus lupin and 23 for canola.

Comparing copper requirements of canola, albus lupin, durum wheat and spring wheat grown on alkaline soils

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Cu Content

The copper (Cu) requirements of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the major crop for alkaline soils in south-western Australia, is well known. The Cu requirements of canola (Brassica napus L.), albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L.), alternative crops for these soils, are not known. A glasshouse experiment, using 2 alkaline soils from south-western Australia, compared the yield and Cu content response to applications of Cu to canola, albus lupin, durum wheat and spring wheat. The Cu was applied either just before 45-days incubation in moist soil at 20°C (incubated Cu), or just before sowing after the incubation treatment (current Cu). Comparative Cu requirements were determined from yields of 45-day-old dried shoots for: (i) Cu already present in the soil (indigenous soil Cu); (ii) the amount of applied Cu required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots; and (iii) the Cu content of dried shoots (Cu concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots). The concentration of Cu in youngest tissue and in dried rest of shoots was used to determine critical Cu concentrations in tissue. Albus lupin used indigenous Cu so effectively it only showed a 10% yield increase to applied Cu. Canola used indigenous Cu more effectively than durum wheat, which was followed by spring wheat. Relative to spring wheat, durum wheat was about 15% less effective at using incubated and current Cu to produce dried shoots and canola was about 47% more effective. Therefore, to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield as spring wheat, durum wheat required about 15% more incubated and current Cu and canola required about 50% less Cu. As determined using Cu content in shoots, canola and durum wheat were about 45% more effective than spring wheat at increasing Cu content in shoots and albus lupin was about 80% more effective. Evidently, all 3 species took up more copper than spring wheat. Durum wheat did not use this Cu to produce more shoot yield than spring wheat, whereas canola did. The critical Cu concentration in the youngest tissue (mg Cu/kg), associated with 90% of the relative yield, was: 1.5 for spring wheat; 1.7 for durum wheat; 1.0 for albus lupin; and 2.2 for canola. Corresponding values (mg Cu/kg) for rest of dried shoots were: 2.5 for spring wheat; 3.2 for durum wheat; 1.3 for albus lupin; and 2.7 for canola.

Comparing responses to phosphorus of field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (rape, Brassica napus) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
P. F White
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Single Superphosphate

The phosphorus (P) requirements of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are well known for all soils in south-western Australia; but the P requirements of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.), which are grown in rotation with wheat on marginally acidic to alkaline soils in the region, are not known. In a glasshouse study, the P requirements of field pea and wheat were compared for 16 soils collected throughout the agricultural region. Ten of the 16 soils were also used to compare the P requirements of canola and wheat. The P was applied as powdered single superphosphate, and yield of dried shoots of 42-day-old plants was measured. The amount of P required to produce 90% of the maximum yield of dried shoots (PR90 values) was used to compare the P requirements of the species. To produce 90% of the maximum yield, field pea required less P than wheat in 5 soils, similar P in 2 soils, and more P in 9 soils. Canola required less P than wheat in all 10 soils. We conclude the P requirements of field pea or canola relative to wheat depend on a complex interaction between plant and soil, particularly for field pea relative to wheat. Per unit of applied P, the P concentration in dried shoots decreased in the order canola > wheat > field pea, indicating the order in which plant roots of the 3 species were able to access P from soil.

Comparing copper requirements of field pea and wheat grown on alkaline soils

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Common Deficiency

Copper (Cu) is a common deficiency of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the major crop grown in south-western Australia. The Cu requirements of wheat are well known for soils in the region, but are not known for field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown in rotation with wheat on alkaline soils in the region. The Cu requirements of field pea and spring wheat were compared in a glasshouse experiment, using 2 alkaline soils from south-western Australia. The Cu was either incubated in moist soil at 22°C for 100 days before sowing (incubated Cu) or applied just before sowing (current Cu). Comparative Cu requirements were determined from yields of 43-day-old dried shoots for: (i) Cu already present in the soil (indigenous Cu); (ii) the amount of added Cu required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots; and (iii) the Cu content of dried shoots (Cu concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots). The critical concentrations of Cu in youngest mature growth and in dried shoots were also determined. As determined from yield of shoots, both species used indigenous Cu about equally effectively. Compared with spring wheat, field pea was about 12% less effective at using current and incubated Cu to produce dried shoots. It was about 15% less effective at using current and incubated Cu to increase Cu content in dried shoots. Relative to current Cu, the effectiveness of incubated Cu declined by about 60% for both wheat and field pea in both soils. The critical Cu concentration in the youngest tissue, associated with 90% of the relative yield, was 1.4 mg Cu/kg for spring wheat and 2.0 mg Cu/kg for field pea. The critical value for the rest of the dried shoots was about 3.0 mg Cu/kg for both species.

Differential response of weed and crop species to potassium and sulphur fertilizers

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
T. Entz ◽  
H. H. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Sulphur Fertilizer

Fertilization may affect the relative competitive ability of weeds and crops if the growth response to fertilizer differs among species. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the relative biomass yield response of 19 weed species and the crops canola (Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to potassium (K) and sulphur (S) fertilization. Seven weed species showed a significant increase in biomass production at 6 wk with K fertilization, but biomass production of canola and wheat did not increase with K addition. Sulphur fertilizer increased the biomass production of canola, flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), three of the four Cruciferae species evaluated, as well as that of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner), round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla Sm.) and stork’s-bill [Erodium cirutarium (L.) L’Her. Ex. Ait.]. Sulphur fertilizer did not increase the biomass production of spring wheat or of any grass weed species. The data from the greenhouse study support the concept that fertilization may shift the relative competition between a crop and the weed population if the weeds are more responsive than the crop to the type of fertilizer applied. However, this concept should be tested under field conditions. Key words: Integrated weed management, sulphur, potassium

scholarly journals Comparing the phosphorus requirements of wheat, lupin, and canola

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
P Content ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Requirements

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.) are the major crop species grown in rotation on the predominantly sandy soils of south-western Australia. Comparisons among the species for yield responses to applied phosphorus (P), effects of applied P on growth rates of shoots, P response efficiency for shoot and grain production, and the pattern for accumulation of P into shoots during growth and into grain at maturity are rare, or are not known, and were quantified in the glasshouse study reported here. Size and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of sown seed were in the order canola < wheat < lupin. Therefore, yield responses to applied P were first observed at ~10 days after sowing (DAS) for canola, ~17 DAS for wheat, and ~60 DAS for lupin. Lupin shoots showed no yield response to applied P at the first harvest at 51 DAS. Otherwise all species showed large yield, P concentration, and P content responses to applied P for all harvests at 51, 78, 87, 101, 121, and 172 DAS. To produce 90% of the maximum grain yield, the relevant data for cropping, lupin required ~67% less P than wheat, canola required ~40% less P than wheat, and canola required ~75% more P than lupin. Growth rates, and P response efficiency, were generally largest for canola, followed by wheat, then lupin. For shoots, P accumulation was in the order lupin > wheat > canola at 51 DAS, canola > wheat > lupin at 78 and 87 DAS, canola > wheat = lupin at 101 DAS, and all 3 species were about similar at 121 DAS. For accumulation of P into shoots plus grain at maturity (172 DAS) the order was canola > lupin > wheat, and for grain only was canola > wheat = lupin.

scholarly journals Research on the Allelophatic Effect Between the Invasive Species Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L. (“Floarea Pustei”) and Some Agricultural Crops

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae HODIŞAN ◽  
Gavrilă MORAR ◽  
Cristina-Maria NEAG
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Germination And Growth

The paper presents the results of the allelopathic effect on the germination and growth of plants, immediately after springing, in the interaction between the invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) and five crop species: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rape (Brassica napus L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). The tests consisted in applying treatments with aqueous extracts obtained from young Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. plants, as well as from different vegetative organs harvested from mature plants (roots, leaves and seeds). The results show a highly significant inhibiting effect on the germination of wheat, rye, barley and rape seeds and an insignificant one in lucerne seeds. A strong inhibiting effect upon the growth of plants in early stages of vegetation was established in wheat and rape and a stimulation of growth in the same stage of vegetation in barley and lucerne.

Use of genetic tolerance in grain crops to overcome subsoil constraints in alkaline cropping soils

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nuttall ◽  
K. B. Hobson ◽  
M. Materne ◽  
D. B. Moody ◽  
R. Munns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
B Uptake

Subsoil physicochemical constraints such as primary salinity and high boron (B) can significantly reduce grain yields across wide areas of Australia. Financially viable amelioration options are limited for cropping systems on these soils, which has raised interest in ‘genetic solutions’. Increasing the tolerance of crops to high salinity and boron that typically co-exist within alkaline soils offers the potential for substantial yield benefits. To assess the contribution that genetic variation can make to crop yield, closely related genotypes differing in B and/or Na+ tolerance of bread and durum wheat, barley, and lentil were compared by growing the different lines in intact soil cores of 2 Calcarosol profiles differing in level of subsoil constraints (‘hostile’/’benign’). The hostile profile had salinity increasing to EC1 : 5 ~1.2 dS/m and B ~18 mg/kg to 0.60 m, whereas in the benign soil EC1 : 5 did not exceed ~0.6 dS/m and B ~11 mg/kg. Grain yields were significantly less on the hostile soil than the benign soil for barley (34%), bread wheat (20%), durum wheat (31%), and lentil (38%). Accumulation of B in shoots was significantly lower on the hostile soil across all crop species, indicating high sodium within the soil was associated with inhibited uptake of B in plants. In contrast, accumulation of Na+ was greater for all cereal crops in the hostile soil compared with the benign soil. Lentil plants with reputed sodium tolerance (CIPAL415) produced a significant yield benefit on both the benign and hostile soil over the commercial line, Nugget. The lentil line with combined Na+ and B tolerance (02-355L*03Hs005) also produced an additional yield increase over CIPAL415 on the hostile soil; however, yield was equivalent on the benign soil. For durum wheat, 2 genotypes differing in Na+ tolerance, containing either the Nax1 or Nax2 genes, accumulated less sodium in the straw than the parent cv. Tamaroi within the hostile soil; however, this did not translate to a yield advantage. For barley, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake in either the grain or straw between the B-tolerance line 03_007D_087 and its parent cv. Buloke. Similarly, there was no difference in either grain yield or B uptake between the bread wheat Schomburgk and its B-tolerant near-isogenic line BT-Schomburgk. This study suggests that of the cereal lines tested, there was no obvious benefit in lines with potentially improved tolerance for a single, specific subsoil constraint on alkaline soils where multiple potential constraints exist. In contrast, in lentils, incorporating tolerance to Na+ and B did show promise for increased adaptation to soils with subsoil constraints.

scholarly journals Accumulation of wet-deposited radiocaesium and radiostrontium by spring oilseed rape (Brássica napus L.) and spring wheat (Tríticum aestívum L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan. B. Bengtsson ◽  
Jan Eriksson ◽  
Annemieke I. Gärdenäs ◽  
Mykhailo Vinichuk ◽  
Klas Rosén
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Brassica Napus L

Effect of previous crops on crown rot and yield of durum and bread wheat in northern NSW

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
S. Simpfendorfer ◽  
J. Holland ◽  
R. Bambach ◽  
K. J. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Trichoderma Spp

The effect of previous crops (oilseed, legume, and cereal) on the incidence and severity of crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum, Fp) and yield of wheat was investigated in 3 field studies in northern New South Wales. The experiments were designed to compare the effectiveness of the Brassica break crops canola (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (B. juncea L.) with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on reduction of Fp in subsequent wheat crops. Responses to previous broadleaf and cereal crops were investigated in Fp-tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Fp-susceptible durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Dest.)]. In all experiments, broadleaf break crops increased the yield of Fp-susceptible durum wheat compared with durum after cereals (by 0.24–0.89 t/ha). The same response was observed for the Fp-tolerant wheat at 2 of the 3 sites (0.71 and 0.78 t/ha), with a lower yield (0.13 t/ha) after break crops than after cereals at one site during a drought. The yield of the Fp-susceptible durum wheat was generally higher after brassicas than after chickpea (yield advantage 0.27–0.58�t/ha), whereas there was no such difference in the tolerant wheat variety. In most cases, these yield responses to the previous crops were closely related to the severity of Fp infection. Overall yield of susceptible durum wheat was reduced by 1% for each 1% increase in Fp severity at harvest. Residual water and nitrogen (N) did not explain responses to previous crops, although common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) may have contributed to some of the responses at the sites. There was little evidence that the lower disease and higher yield following brassicas compared with chickpea was related to suppression of Fp by biofumigation. More plausible explanations are that residual cereal residues decomposed more rapidly under dense Brassica canopies thus reducing Fp inoculum, that Fp severity was increased following chickpea due to higher soil N status, or that brassicas resulted in soil/residue biology that was less conducive to Fp inoculum survival. Evidence for the latter was provided by consistently higher levels of Trichoderma spp. isolated from wheat following brassicas compared with chickpea or cereals. Irrespective of the mechanisms involved, the results demonstrate that Brassica oilseeds provide an effective break crop for crown rot in northern NSW. Furthermore, brassicas may provide an excellent alternative rotation crop to chickpea for high value durum wheat due to an apparent capacity to more effectively reduce the severity of crown rot infection in subsequent crops.

scholarly journals Pests and diseases in a changing climate a major challenge for Finnish crop production

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. HAKALA ◽  
A.O. HANNUKKALA ◽  
E. HUUSELA-VEISTOLA
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Pests And Diseases

A longer growing season and higher accumulated effective temperature sum (ETS) will improve crop production potential in Finland. The production potential of new or at present underutilised crops (e.g. maize (Zea mays L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) will improve and it will be possible to grow more productive varieties of the currently grown crops (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.)). Also cultivation of autumn sown crops could increase if winters become milder and shorter, promoting overwintering success. Climatic conditions may on the other hand become restrictive in many ways. For example, early season droughts could intensify because of higher temperatures and consequent higher evaporation rates. Current low winter temperatures and short growing season help restrict the development and spread of pests and pathogens, but this could change in the future. Longer growing seasons, warmer autumns and milder winters may initiate new problems with higher occurrences of weeds, pests and pathogens, including new types of viruses and virus vectors. Anoxia of overwintering crops caused by ice encasement, and physical damage caused by freezing and melting of water over the fields may also increase. In this study we identify the most likely changes in crop species and varieties in Finland and the pest and pathogen species that are most likely to create production problems as a result of climate change during this century.;

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