Features of high-yielding wheats grown at two seed rates and two nitrogen levels

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Syme
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Early Effects

Four wheats of similar maturity were compared at two seed rates and two nitrogen levels. The cultivars were two high-yielding Mexican semi-dwarf wheats, Pitic 62 and accession WW 15, one local semidwarf crossbred, HMR, and one Australian variety, Robin. At each of two sites WW 15 yielded most grain and Robin the least. Yield components, growth, development and leaf characters were studied at one site. The semi-dwarf wheats had a higher proportion of ear weight at anthesis and set more grains per ear and per unit area. The high yield of WW 15 was associated with many grains per ear and a dense ear population. There were relatively small differences in total dry matter yield and leaf area index. WW 15 formed the most leaves on the main stem, had the shortest period from flag leaf emergence to anthesis and showed delay in the senescence of its flag leaves. Its leaves were also particularly narrow and small. The early effects of a higher seed rate on crop growth diminished with time in the main experiment but resulted in a small increase in grain yield. Nitrogen stimulated growth throughout the season, but the increased vegetative potential was not fully reflected in grain yield. Both nitrogen and the higher seed rate hastened flag leaf senescence.

Studies of grain production in Sorghum vulgare. II. Sites responsible for grain dry matter production during the post-anthesis period

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Fischer ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matter Production

The relative contributions of different photosynthetic sites to the filling of the grain in grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare cv. Brolga) were estimated by measuring the 14C in the grain after exposing various leaves and the head to radioactive carbon dioxide. Methods for preventing photosynthesis were also used. Of the grain yield, 93% was due to assimilation by the head and upper four leaves. The head contribution of 18 % was due equally to direct assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and to reassimilation of carbon dioxide released within the grain by respiration of material translocated from the leaves. The remaining 75 % was equally assimilated by the upper four leaves, the flag leaf being the most efficient contributor per unit area and the third uppermost leaf the least efficient. The percentage contributions to the grain by the flag leaf and fourth leaf, estimated from the decrease in grain yield when they were shaded, agreed closely with the estimates obtained by using 14CO2.

The growth of two maize varieties in farmers' plots located at two contiguous ecological zones in Nigeria

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe growth and development of two new maize hybrids (FARZ 27 and FARZ 23) were studied in density experiments located at two contiguous ecological zones in Nigeria. The range of planting density used was from 2·6 to 6·6 plants/m2. Within this range, the relationship between dry-matter yield and density was asymptotic at final harvest. At the forest location of Jago (7·3 °N, 4·2 °E), both varieties attained optimum grain yield at planting density of 4·4 plants/m2, while at the derived savannah location of Alagunmu (7·8 °N, 4 °E), FARZ 23 attained optimum grain yield at 4·4 plants/m2and FARZ 27 attained its optimum grain yield at 6·6 plants/ma2. This response of the new maize varieties to density treatments indicates that they could be planted at higher densities than are now used in the country.Differences between varieties did not quite reach statistical significance but, at both locations, FARZ 27 produced more dry matter and grain per unit area than FARZ 23. FARZ 27 gave its higher grain yield mainly by producing more seeds per unit area than FARZ 23. Physiological measurements like net assimilation rate, crop growth rate and leaf area index were also higher for FARZ 27, although there were no significant differences between the varieties at most sampling dates. The partition of dry matter was identical in both varieties, although FARZ 27 showed a slightly better balance by partitioning more assimilates to the grain. Also, there was an indication of remobilization of stored assimilates from the stem to the grain in both varieties. Both varieties produced more dry matter and grain at the derived savannah location of Alagunmu than at the forest location of Jago. Physiological measurements were also higher at the derived savannah location.

Response of Droughted Wheat to Mid-Season Water Application: Recovery in Leaf Area and Its Effect on Grain Yield

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Aggarwal ◽  
SK Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Area Index

Three varieties of wheat contrasting in drought resistance were sown in the field at two levels of soil moisture and water was applied on three occasions by the cumulative application of 75 mm or less water with a line-source sprinkler system. Application of water resulted in recovery of mean maximum leaf area index (LAI) from 0.5 to 3.0. Variety C306, known for its drought resistance, maintained maximum LAI around anthesis relative to other varieties. Since LAI was directly related to grain yield irrespective of the variety, we conclude that maintenance of high LAI at anthesis is desirable for obtain- ing high yield in stressed plants. Mid-season water application resulted in the recovery of flag leaf area (FLA) of the main shoot and the first tiller in all the varieties. However, only in C306 did FLA equal that of its irrigated control. The recovery of FLA resulted in a proportionately greater increase in the grain yield of the main shoot. By comparison, in the first tiller, increase in grain yield was much lower though its flag leaf area had considerably recovered. Grain yields of varieties did not differ in two drought situations - where all water was available at sowing or where 56% of the total water was available before sowing and the rest was supplied during vegetative growth. Among the varieties, only C306 showed a significant (30%) improvement in grain yield in the latter situation compared to the former.

Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Weight Test

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield

scholarly journals Effect of sowing time on growth and yield attributes of three mustard cultivars grown in Tidal Floodplain of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
MAR Sharif ◽  
MZ Haque ◽  
MHK Howlader ◽  
MJ Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of the Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh during the period from November, 2011 to March 2012 under the tidal Floodplain region to find out optimum sowing time for the selected three cultivars (BARI Sharisha-15, BINA Sharisha-5 and BARI Sharisha-9). There were four sowing dates viz. 30 November, 15 December, 30 December and 15 January. Significant variations due to different sowing dates were observed in plant height, total dry matter, leaf area index, number of siliqua plant-1, seeds silique-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and HI. Results showed that the highest grain yield (1.73 t ha-1) was obtained from the first sowing (30 November) with BINA Sharisha-5 and it was significantly different from the yields of all other combination.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 155-160, December 2016

Effects of Planting Density on Leaf Area and Productivity of Two Maize Cultivars in Nigeria

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. Remison ◽  
E. O. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Cultivars

SUMMARYTwo maize cvs, FARZ 23 and FARZ 25, were grown at three densities (37,000, 53,000 and 80,000 plants/ha) in 1979 and 1980. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increase in plant population and was at a maximum at mid-silk. Grain yield was highest at 53,000 plants/ha. There was no relation between LAI and grain yield but there was a positive correlation between LAI and total dry matter yield.

Growth and the distribution of phosphorus in wheat developed under various phosphorus and temperature regimes

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Batten ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
MJ Aston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Supply

Experiments were designed to examine the effect of the level and duration of application of phosphorus (P) on yield in wheat and the effect of growth conditions prior to anthesis on the utilisation of P taken up during the early stages of development. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Kite) was grown in sand and supplied with a complete nutrient solution containing either 1 mM phosphate or 0.25 mM phosphate. The supply of P was maintained until grain maturity, or stopped at different stages of development (floral initiation, flag leaf emergence, anthesis). The increase in total plant dry matter over this period ranged from 8.8 to 17.6 g/plant, with the 1.0 mM P supply and from 4.1 to 9.5 g/plant with the 0.25 mM P supply. Supply of P beyond anthesis resulted in more tiller dry matter and increased the P content of the grain, but did not increase grain yield at either level. With 1 mM P to maturity, up to 21% P of the grain P could be attributed to retranslocation of P within the plant after anthesis. With 0.25 mM P to floral initiation, 58% of the grain P could be attributed to such retranslocation. In a second experiment plants (cv. Kite) were grown initially at 18/13�C with 0.25 mM P until floral initiation and thereafter with a P-free solution until maturity. Between floral initiation and anthesis plants were placed in six dayhight temperatures, extending (in 3�C steps) from 15/10�C to 30/25OC, and then returned to the standard condition of 18/13�C. Higher pre-anthesis temperatures reduced the pre-anthesis growth period and the plant height, but increased the leaf phosphorus concentration and uptake of phosphorus per plant in both the pre- and post-anthesis periods. Net CO2 exchange indicated that leaf senescence in P-deficient plants was closely associated with the export of nitrogen as well as the export of P. Grain P increased from 0.15% to 0.3% when the preanthesis temperature was increased from 15/10 to 30/25�C, although grain yield per main culm did not vary greatly. These findings highlight the importance of environmental conditions in determining the level of P deficiency in wheat, and show that grain yield is not limited by the amount of P in the grain.

Plant population and shading studies in barley

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Willey ◽  
R. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Ear Development ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Lower Production

SUMMARYTwo barley experiments are described in which a range of plant populations were shaded during different periods of development. Shading during the ear development period caused considerable reductions in grain yield, largely by reducing the number of grains per ear. Shading during the grain-filling period caused no reduction in grain yield. It is suggested that under conditions of these experiments there was probably a potential surplus of carbohydrate available for grain filling and that grain yield was largely determined by the storage capacity of the ears. The importance of the number of grains per ear as an indicator of individual ear capacity is emphasized.The effects of plant population on grain yield and its components are also examined. It is concluded that the number of grains per ear is the component having greatest influence on the decrease in grain yield at above-optimum populations and attention is again drawn to the possible importance of ear capacity. It is argued that on an area basis the number of grains per unit area may give a good indication of ear capacity. Examination of this parameter shows a close relationship with grain yield per unit area for both the shading and population treatments. It is particularly evident that a decrease in grain yield at high populations was associated with a comparable decrease in the number of grains per unit area. It is suggested that this decrease in grain number may be due to a lower production of total dry matter during ear development rather than an unfavourable partitioning of this dry matter between the ear and the rest of the plant. This lower production of total dry matter is attributed to the crop growth rates of the higher populations having reached their peak and then having declined before the end of the ear development period. This crop growth rate pattern, through its effect on grain number per unit area, is put forward as the basic reason why, in the final crop, grain yield per unit area decreases at above-optimum populations.

scholarly journals Productivity of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ influenced by strategic rest periods and nitrogen levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 3203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luan Fernandes Rodrigues ◽  
Antônio Clementino dos Santos ◽  
Otacílio Silveira Junior ◽  
José Geraldo Donizetti dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Quadratic Relationship ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

The effects of two strategic rest periods and associated nitrogen levels on the agronomic and productive characteristics of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ were evaluated. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized 4 × 2 split-plot design, with four blocks. The treatments consisted of associations between two rest periods and four nitrogen levels. The rest periods included one at the end of 28 days (RP28days) and another when the canopy height was 40 cm (RP40cm) and nitrogen levels of 0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha-1 year-1 was applied as ammonium sulfate. The following variables were evaluated: rest period (RP) per cycle, total dry matter (TDM), dry matter (kg ha-1) and proportion (%) of leaf blade (LB), stem, and senescent material (SM), tiller mass, forage density, leaf area index, height, leaf:stem ratio, and crop growth rate (CGR). The variables height, TDM, LB dry matter, stem dry matter, CGR, and forage density exhibited a linear relationship with RP28days and a quadratic relationship with RP40cm with increasing N levels. The proportions of LB and stem had linear relationships with N levels for RP28days and RP40cm. The leaf:stem ratio was affected by increasing N levels and it fit the quadratic model for both rest strategies. The SM proportion had a quadratic relationship only with RP28days. The tiller mass had a linear relationship with RP28days, whereas SM dry matter showed a linear relationship for RP40cm. The use of the RP40cm reduced the period needed to begin a new grazing cycle. The level of 450 kg N ha-1 is recommended for RP28days and levels between 380 to 400 kg N ha-1 provided better results for RP40cm.

scholarly journals Relationship between Flag Leaf Characteristics and Main Yield Components in Oat (Avena sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ionuṭ RACZ ◽  
Rozalia KADAR ◽  
Sorin VȂTCĂ ◽  
Ioana Virginia BERINDEAN ◽  
Adrian CECLAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll concentration, yield components and grain yield in oat (Avena sativa L.). Ten oat varieties were analyzed in field conditions regarding those traits. Flag leaf chlorophyll concentration range between 451.51 and 747.79 units of μmol of chlorophyll per m2. Also, leaf area index range between 13.68 to 32.84 cm2. Significant correlation indices were highlighted between yield components and leaf area index, yield/yield components and chlorophyll concentration of flag leaf.

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