Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Weight Test

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield

Effects of post-anthesis water stress on the yield and grain protein concentration of barley grown at two levels of nitrogen

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fathi ◽  
G. K. McDonald ◽  
R. C. M. Lance
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
N Content ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration

The interaction between nitrogen (N) rate and post-anthesis moisture stress in 6 cultivars of barley (Clipper, Stirling, Weeah, Schooner, Chebec, and Skiff) was examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse at 2 rates of N under well-watered conditions until 3 days after ear emergence, when the stress treatment was started. Yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) responses and changes in the dry matter and N content of the straw and grain in the main stem and tillers were examined separately. Nitrogen increased grain yield in all cultivars except Weeah, with Skiff and Stirling being the most responsive. Post-anthesis stress did not reduce yields at the low N rate but large reductions occurred at the high N rate in all cultivars; the yields of Stirling, Chebec, and Skiff were most affected. At the low N rate, stress did not significantly affect kernel weight and GPC, but kernel weight declined and GPC increased at the high N rate. Compared with the main stem, tillers produced smaller grain with a lower GPC. The responses to N and water stress, and the different sensitivities of cultivars to stress, were largely due to the effects of the treatments on the growth of the tillers. In Stirling, Chebec, and Skiff, grain yield and kernel weight from the tillers were greatly reduced by stress, whereas Clipper showed relatively little effect of N and stress on yield and kernel weight. Net remobilisation of dry matter was increased by stress but not by N treatment, and the amount remobilised varied between genotypes. At the high N rate, post-anthesis stress increased the N content per kernel and net remobilisation of N. Although genotypes differed in the net amount of N remobilised and in the N harvest index, there was little variation in GPC between cultivars. The work demonstrated that reductions in yield and kernel weight and increases in GPC from post-anthesis stress can be greater when plants are grown at a high rate of N than when the supply of N is limited. The different responses to stress and N among the 6 cultivars were associated, in part, with the pattern of tiller development. However, there appeared to be differences in the sensitivity of grain filling to stress independent of the responses in tillering. While the net remobilisation of dry matter and N differed between cultivars, the amounts did not appear to be related to differences in kernel weight or GPC.

Yield and quality of hard red spring wheat cultivars following fallow and wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Carr ◽  
G. B. Martin ◽  
W. W. Poland
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) and other intensive cropping systems are replacing t he wheat-fallow (WF) system in the semiarid prairie region of Canada and the northern USA. However, most wheat cultivar recommendations are based on performance in a WF system. Our objective was to determine if cultivar ranking for grain yield, grain protein concentration, and kernel weight changed for hard red spring wheat in WF compared with continuous wheat (WW) systems. Ten cultivars were seeded on a Dark Brown Chernozem loam following fallow and wheat over 3 consecutive years at Dickinson, ND, USA. Fertilizer was applied for equivalent yields in both systems based on soil test results. More grain and heavier kernels were produced during the crop phase of the WF system than the WW system, in part because soil-water content was greater after fallow than wheat in 2 of 3 yr. Grain protein concentration was unaffected by cropping system. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, and kernel weight differed among cultivars. Interactions did not occur between cropping systems and cultivars for any grain parameter. Results of this study support the hypothesis that wheat cultivar ranking based on performance in a WF system can be extended to a WW system. Key words: Crop rotation, cropping systems, fallow, monoculture, wheat

scholarly journals Winter triticale yield formation and quality affected by N rate, timing and splitting

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ALARU ◽  
Ü. LAUR ◽  
V. EREMEEV
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Yield Formation

The field experiment was conducted to study the effects different nitrogen (N) quantities (N0–120 kg ha-1) and application regimes (N applied at stages of tillering BBCH28–30 and flag leaf sheath opening BBCH47) on (i) the formation of winter triticale above ground biomass (AGB), (ii) the grain yield (iii) the yield quality, and also (iiii) to find more suitable N fertilizing regimes for winter triticale depending on their utilization. Winter rye and winter wheat were used as reference crops. The efficiency of applying all N at the tillering stage (N100%+N0) was the highest for the grain yield of triticale. N application at development stage of plants BBCH47 increased the grain protein concentration significantly and the increase by 1 kg N was the highest in triticale cultivars. More stabile grain yield was produced by triticales in application regime N+N. N splitting did not influence significantly either the duration of the grain-filling period or the dry matter accumulation rate of triticale. N splitting affected Hagberg falling number (HFN) indirectly through the effect on the grain yield formation and grain protein concentration. HFN was positively correlated with the grain yield and negatively with the grain protein concentration. The suitable N regimes are: 1) triticale as the energy plant – N60+N0 – N applied at the tillering stage of plants and suitable N norm is not more than 60 kg N ha-1; 2) triticale as a feed or food – N60+N60 – High grain yield, protein and lysine concentration level are assured then.;

INTERGENOTYPIC COMPETITION IN BIBLENDS OF SPRING WHEAT

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-876
Author(s):  
J. M. MARTIN ◽  
W. L. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Intergenotypic Competition

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs evaluate germplasm sources and/or segregating progenies comprising a mixture of genotypes. If intergenotypic competition is operating, then performance of mixtures of genotypes may not be indicative of the performance of its pure line components. Our objective was to measure and quantify intergenotypic competition in 1:1 mixtures of eight spring wheat cultivars representing both tall and semidwarf classes. The 28 possible 1:1 biblends plus the eight uniblends were evaluated in a replicated trial in 2 yr at Bozeman, Montana. Grain yield, test weight, and grain protein concentration were measured. Analysis of variance showed the eight cultivars differed as uniblends and for average performance in biblends for all three measured traits. Interactions, deviations of biblends from average performance of the two uniblend components, were detected for test weight and grain protein concentration in the first year and for grain yield in the second year and for grain protein concentration when combined over years. Intergenotypic competition reduced grain yield of biblends compared to uniblends in the second year but not in the first year. Grain protein concentration and test weight did not show a proportionate change in response to the reduced grain yield. General mixing effects isolated for each cultivar showed competitive ability could not be delineated on the basis of height class.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., mixtures, competing ability

Crop and soil nitrogen status of tilled and no-tillage systems in semiarid regions of Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
B G McConkey ◽  
D. Curtin ◽  
C A Campbell ◽  
S A Brandt ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Semiarid Regions ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil

We examined 1990-1996 crop and soil N data for no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems from four long-term tillage studies in semiarid regions of Saskatchewan for evidence that the N status was affected by tillage system. On a silt loam and clay soil in the Brown soil zone, spring what (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and protein concentration were lower for NT compared with tilled (CT or MT) systems for a fallow-wheat (F-WM) rotation. Grain protein concentration for continuous wheat (Cont W) was also lower for NT than for MT. For a sandy loam soil in the Brown soil zone, durum (Triticum durum L.) grain protein concentration was similar for MT and NT for both Cont W and F-W, but NT had higher grain yield than MT (P < 0.05 for F-W only). For a loam soil in the Dark Brown soil zone, wheat grain yield for NT was increased by about 7% for fallow-oilseed-wheat (F-O-W) and wheat-oilseed-wheat (W-O-W) rotations. The higher grain yields for NT reduced grain protein concentration by dilution effect as indicated by similar grain N yield. However, at this site, about 23 kg ha-1 more fertilizer N was required for NT than for CT. Elimination of tillage increased total organic N in the upper 7.5 cm of soil and N in surface residues. Our results suggest that a contributing factor to decreased availability of soil N in medium- and fine-textured soils under NT was a slower rate of net N mineralization from organic matter. Soil nitrates to 2.4 m depth did not indicate that nitrate leaching was affected by tillage system. Current fertilizer N recommendations developed for tilled systems may be inadequate for optimum production of wheat with acceptable grain protein under NT is semiarid regions of Saskatchewan. Key words: Tillage intensity, N availability, soil N fractions, N mineralization, crop residue decomposition, grain protein

Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertiliser on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
RW Madin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser

Field trials at Beverley (19911, Salmon Gums (1991; 2 sites) and Merredin (1992; 2 sites), each with 5 rates of nitrogen (N) and 3 levels of weed control, were used to investigate the effect of weeds and N on wheat grain yield and protein concentration during 1991 and 1992. Weeds in the study were grasses (G) and broadleaf (BL). Weeds reduced both vegetative dry matter yield and grain yield of wheat at all sites except for dry matter at Merredin (BL). Nitrogen fertiliser increased wheat dry matter yield at all sites. Nitrogen increased wheat grain yield at Beverley and Merredin (BL), but decreased yield at both Salmon Gums sites in 1991. Nitrogen fertiliser increased grain protein concentration at all 5 sites-at all rates for 3 sites [Salmon Gums (G) and (BL) and Merredin (G)] and at rates of 69 kg N/ha or more at the other 2 sites [Beverley and Merredin (BL)]. However, the effect of weeds on grain protein varied across sites. At Merredin (G) protein concentration was higher where there was no weed control, possibly due to competition for soil moisture by the greater weed burden. At Salmon Gums (G), grain protein concentration was greater when weeds were controlled than in the presence of weeds, probably due to competition for N between crop and weeds. In the other 3 trials, there was no effect of weeds on grain protein. The effect of weeds on grain protein appears complex and depends on competition between crop and weeds for N and for water at the end of the season, and the interaction between the two.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variationin Dry Weight and Nitrogen Concentration of Wheat Plant Parts; Relations to Grain Yield and Grain Protein Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hafeez Malik ◽  
Allan Andersson ◽  
Ramune Kuktaite ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub Mujahid ◽  
Bismillah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts

Nitrogen requirements of irrigated wheat on the Darling Downs

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
Irrigated Wheat

Eighteen fertilizer trials, each with five levels of nitrogen (N) and three levels of phosphorus (PI, were conducted on black earth soils of the Darling Downs to establish optimal economic rates of N fertilizer in commercial, irrigated wheat crops. The optimal economic rate of N with a fertilizer: wheat price ratio (kg N: kg grain) of 5:l, the yield response of 100 kg/ha of applied N, the yield without fertilizer, and the yield with fertilizer not limiting were calculated from derived yield response relations at each site. A multi-variate regression procedure was used to determine which soil or crop management factors significantly influenced the rate of N needed to optimize wheat yield. Delay in planting after June 1 and the level of residual mineral N in the soil at planting had strong negative effects on the response to fertilizer and the optimal rate of fertilizer required. The results indicate that yields of irrigated wheat may be below the economic optimum because of sub-optimal applications of N. Other soil and management factors such as available soil P and number of irrigations also affected grain yield. At 1 3 sites low protein wheat (< 1 1.4�1~) was produced with all but the highest two rates of N fertilizer and at two sites even the highest rate produced low protein wheat. The effect of N fertilizer applied at planting on grain protein concentration was changed by the yield response to the fertilizer application. Grain protein concentration was curvilinearly related (R2 = 0.81) to relative grain yield (yield as a proportion of the maximum yield); grain protein was at its minimum at a relative yield of 0.5. Although heavy rates of N fertilizer at planting increased grain protein concentration on a few sites, usually these applications led to an inefficient use of N fertilizer; apparent incorporation of fertilizer N into grain decreased with increasing rate of fertilizer.

The effects of triazole and strobilurin fungicide programmes on nitrogen uptake, partitioning, remobilization and grain N accumulation in winter wheat cultivars

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. RUSKE ◽  
M. J. GOODING ◽  
S. A. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Relationship

Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars. Commensurate with delayed senescence, fungicide programmes, particularly when including strobilurins, improved grain yield through improvements in both crop biomass and harvest index, although the relationship with green area duration of the flag leaf (GFLAD) depended on year and in some cases, cultivar. In all years fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index. All these effects could be linearly related to the fungicide effect on GFLAD. These relationships occasionally interacted with cultivar but there was no evidence that fungicide mode of action affected the relationship between GFLAD and yield of nitrogen in the grain. Fungicide treatments significantly reduced the amount of soil mineral N at harvest and when severe disease had been controlled, the net remobilization of N from the vegetation to the grain after anthesis. Fungicide maintained the filling of grain with both dry matter and nitrogen. The proportionate accumulation of nitrogen in the grain was later than that of dry matter and this difference was greater when fungicide had been applied. Effects of fungicide on grain protein concentration and its relationship with GFLAD were inconsistent over year and cultivar. There were several instances where grain protein concentration was unaffected despite large (1·5 t/ha) increases in grain yield following fungicide use. Dilution of grain protein concentration following fungicide use, when it did occur, was small compared with what would be predicted by adoption of other yield increasing techniques such as the selection of high yielding cultivars (based on currently available cultivars) or by growing wheat in favourable climates.

Identification of stay-green and early senescence phenotypes in high-yielding winter wheat, and their relationship to grain yield and grain protein concentration using high-throughput phenotyping techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kipp ◽  
Bodo Mistele ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping

Yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) represent crucial factors in the global agricultural wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and are predominantly determined via carbon and nitrogen metabolism, respectively. The maintenance of green leaf area and the onset of senescence (Osen) are expected to be involved in both C and N accumulation and their translocation into grains. The aim of this study was to identify stay-green and early senescence phenotypes in a field experiment of 50 certified winter wheat cultivars and to investigate the relationships among Osen, yield and GPC. Colour measurements on flag leaves were conducted to determine Osen for 20 cultivars and partial least square regression models were used to calculate Osen for the remaining 30 cultivars based on passive spectral reflectance measurements as a high-throughput phenotyping technique for all varieties. Using this method, stay-green and early senescence phenotypes could be clearly differentiated. A significant negative relationship between Osen and grain yield (r2 = 0.81) was observed. By contrast, GPC showed a significant positive relationship to Osen (r2 = 0.48). In conclusion, the high-throughput character of our proposed phenotyping method should help improve the detection of such traits in large field trials as well as help us reach a better understanding of the consequences of the timing of senescence on yield.

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