Residual effect of some herbicides on Medicago species in the Victorian Mallee

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
GJ Wells
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Medicago Species ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

The use of soil persistent herbicides for controlling skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea) on fallows and in crops might lead to problems of residual toxicity towards establishing medic pastures. Data from 1967 to 1969, taken from both chemical fallow and crop spray experiments on light soils in the Mallee, Victoria, are presented which show the extreme persistence of picloram applied at very low rates and its high toxicity towards both annual medics and lucerne. Other herbicides studied (an atrazine-amitrole mixture, fenac and 2, 4-D) had little or no effect at moderate application rates. It is considered that the very low rainfall in 1967 was largely responsible for the low rate of herbicide decomposition.

Limited impacts of truck-based ultra-low-volume applications of mosquito adulticides on mortality in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Rinkevich ◽  
J.W. Margotta ◽  
V. Pokhrel ◽  
T.W. Walker ◽  
R.H. Vaeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
High Label ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractAdulticides applied against mosquitoes can reduce vector populations during times of high arbovirus transmission. However, impacts of these insecticides on pollinators and other non-target organisms are of concern to mosquito control professionals, beekeepers and others. We evaluated mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus and Apis mellifera when caged insects were exposed to low and high label rates of four common adulticides (Aqua-Pursuit™ [permethrin], Duet® [prallethrin + sumithrin], Fyfanon® [malathion] and Scourge® [resmethrin]) at six distances up to 91.4 m from a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayer. Honey bee mortality was both absolutely low (<10%) and low relative to mosquito mortality for most products, distances, and application rates. Exceptions were at the high rate of Fyfanon (honey bee mortality of 22–100% at distances ≤61 m) and the low rate of Scourge (mortality <10% for both insects). The greatest ratios of mosquito-to-honey bee mortality were found for the low rate of Fyfanon (30× greater) and the high rate of Duet (50× greater). Aqua-Pursuit and Fyfanon tended to increase mortality of both species at closer distances and at higher application rate; this was related to increased number and size of spray droplets. Wind speed and temperature had inconsistent effects on mortality of mosquitoes only. In this bioassay designed to have insects directly intercept insecticide droplets, mosquito adulticides applied at low rates and at >61 m had limited impacts on honey bee mortality while providing effective mosquito control.

scholarly journals Response of Sunflower to the Residual Toxicity of Herbicides Used in Wheat under Strip Tillage System

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
M. A. Baki ◽  
M. A. K. Azad ◽  
M. S. Shamim ◽  
M. N. Hossain ◽  
S. Paran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Strip Tillage

The residual effect of eight herbicides (Pendimethalin, Pretilachlor, TriasulfuronEthoxysulfuron, Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl, Carfentrazone – ethyl, Carfentrazone – ethyl+ Isoproteuron, 2, 4 –D) used in wheat of Agronomy Field Laboratory during March to June 2014 was evaluated for the sunflower. The eighteen herbicide treatment combinations of the eight herbicides used in wheat. The experiment was conducted in Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The effect of herbicide residues on the sunflower was evaluated in terms of germination, the seedling root and shoot length, leaf chlorophyll content and seeding dry matter. The result showed that the seedling establishment of sunflower was not adversely affected by the herbicides applied to the previous wheat crop.

Sulphur management in moong ( Phaseolus aureus L.) and raya ( Brassica juncea L.) crops

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khurana ◽  
R. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Cropping Sequence ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Four Levels

Studies on the sulphur requirements of crops have largely been restricted to single crops without considering its residual availability to the following crop. With this objective, a field experiment was carried out to study the direct, residual and cumulative effect of S in a moong-raya rotation on sandy loam soil having 8.2 mg kg −1 soil of 0.15% calcium chloride-extractable S. The treatment consisted of four levels of S (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg ha −1 ) applied as gypsum. A significant increase in the grain yield of moong was observed at and above 20 kg S ha −1 , but the difference between the grain yields at application rates of 20 and 40 kg S ha −1 was found to be non-significant. The direct application of 20 kg S ha −1 resulted in a significant increase in the grain yield of raya. The residual effect emanating from the application of 40 kg S ha −1 to the first crop of moong significantly increased the grain yield of raya. The cumulative application of S at different rates, to both the crops, was not found to be beneficial. It is therefore suggested from this study that the application of 20 kg S ha −1 to each crop or 40 kg S ha −1 to the first crop of moong was sufficient to obtain optimum yields of both the crops in a moong-raya cropping sequence. The critical levels of S in the whole shoot in moong and raya plants were found to be 0.23 and 0.37%, respectively.

TOXICITY AND PERSISTENCE OF BIOETHANOMETHRIN AND DIMETHOATE IN THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 773-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Burrage ◽  
K. S. McKinlay ◽  
R. J. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Small Field ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Initial Infestation

AbstractIn laboratory tests Bioethanomethrin was more than 20 times as toxic as dimethoate when sprayed on nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.). Its residual effect on grasshoppers fed treated foliage was relatively insignificant. Toxicity in small field experiments resulted mainly from spray hitting the grasshoppers rather than from their walking or feeding on treated foliage. For 8 days the dimethoate treatment kept numbers of invading grasshoppers significantly lower than those in untreated plots, whereas Bioethanomethrin was ineffective after 2 days. The results indicate that the residual toxicity of the insecticides was of secondary importance in reducing the initial infestation; however, residues do offer a margin of safety against such hazards as poor application, invasion from outside, or continued hatching after treatment.

Spot Treatment of Granular Hexazinone in Wild Blueberries

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468a-468
Author(s):  
David E. Yarborough ◽  
Tim M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
First Year ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bracken Fern ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wild Blueberries ◽  
Low Rate

Preemergence application rates of hexazinone have been reduced because of the concerns of it leaching into the groundwater. Spot treatments of a 10% granular fomulation of hexazinone, Pronone MG, would allow for selective post-emergence control of weeds not controlled by the reduced preemergence rate. For each weed species, St. Johnswort, bunchberry, bracken fern, dogbane, and witchgrass/fall panicum, 10, 1-m2 plots were established and treated with either 0, 1 or 2 hg/ha a.i. Pronone. Treatment dates were: 27 June 1996 for St. Johnswort, bunchberry, and bracken fern and 12 July 1996 for dogbane and witch grass/fall panicum. Cover was evaluated on 25 July and 17 Sept. 96. Weed and blueberry cover were assessed on 25 June 1997. Dogbane and bracken fern were initialy controlled the first year with the 2 kg/ha rate of Pronone being most effective. In the year after treatment, the dogbane at both rates and the bracken fern treated with the low rate recovered. St. Johnswort, witchgrass/fall panicum, and bunchberry was not significantly reduced by the postemergence treatment of Pronone. Heavy rainfall after treatment dates, including more than 3 inches of rainfall on 13 July 1996, may have influenced the hexazinone movement and reduced its effectiveness. The uncertainty of the timing and amount of precipitation make the success of this method doubtful.

EFFETS À LONG TERME D’APPORTS DE FUMIER SOLIDE DE BOVINS SUR L’ÉVOLUTION DES CARACTERISTIQUES CHIMIQUES DU SOL ET DE LA PRODUCTION DE MAIS-ENSILAGE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIEN N’DAYEGAMIYE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percent Recovery

A long-term field experiment was initiated on a Neubois silty loam in 1978 in the county of Levis, Québec to study the changes in soil characteristics and silage corn yields following manure application. Solid beef cattle manure was incorporated without fertilizer every 2 yr in fall, at rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t ha−1. Even when significant differences were observed between treatments low corn yields were obtained from 1978 to 1984. These low yields were related to the low N, P and K recoveries from applied manure. For the 20 t ha−1 application rate, N. P and K recoveries from manure in the first year were 28, 7 and 1396, respectively. N, P and K recovery decreased with manure application rates. Corn yields increased progressively, but they achieved their maximum value (10–12 t ha−1 DM) only in 1985 and after three manure applications. This was due to the important residual effect of manure. Highly significant increases in N (7–64%), P (80–300%) and K (37–158%) as well as other nutrients were associated with manure applications. Manure application also significantly increased soil pH, CEC and organic matter. Average yearly increases of organic matter content were 0.06% and 0.16% for 20 to 40 t ha−1, respectively, and varied from 0.20 to 0.30% for the highest application rates (60–100 t ha−1). These improvements of soil properties constitute the "indirect effect" of manure. This study showed that percent recovery of N, P and K from solid cattle manure was generally low. Thus, manure should be mainly considered as an organic amendment.Key words: Solid cattle manure, corn silage, percent recovery, pH, mineral nutrients, cation exchange capacity, organic matter

scholarly journals Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademir Franco ◽  
Cassio Hamilton Abreu Junior ◽  
Dilermando Perecin ◽  
Fernando Carvalho Oliveira ◽  
Ana Carolina Ribeiro Granja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Stalk Yield ◽  
Sludge Application

The use of sewage sludge in Brazilian agriculture was regulated by the resolution no. 375 Conama, in 2006. However, there is a lack of research to adequate the mineral N and P fertilizer doses to be applied in agricultural fields treated with this residue. In a field experiment, the effects of application rates of sewage sludge and mineral N and P fertilizers on the productivity and technical characteristics of the cane-plant and first ratoon (residual effect) crops were evaluated. Four doses of sewage sludge (0, 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 t ha-1, dry base), of N (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and of P2O5 (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) were combined in a factorial and laid out on randomized block design, a with two replications. To evaluate the residual effect of the sludge, 120 kg ha-1 N and 140 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied in all plots. Sludge application at cane planting, with or without N and/or P fertilizer increased the stalk yield from 84 up to 118 t ha-1, with no alteration in the sugarcane quality, compared with the application of NPK fertilizer alone, resulting in a stalk yield of 91 t ha-1. The study of the response surface for stalk yield on lowfertility soil was the basis for a recommendation of mineral N and P fertilizer doses for sugarcane implantation as related to sewage sludge application rates. It was also concluded that a sludge application of 10.8 t ha-1, which is the sludge dose established based on the N criterion according to the resolution Conama nº 375, could a) reduce the use of mineral N by 100 % and of P2O5 by 30 %, with increments of 22 % in stalk yield, as a direct effect of sludge application to cane plant crop, and b) increase the stalk yield in the second harvest (first ratoon) by up to 12 % and sugar yield by up to 11 %, by the residual effect of sludge application to sugar cane.

scholarly journals Crop response to organic fertilization with supplementary mineral nitrogen

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 912-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalia Riveros Ciancio ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽  
Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi ◽  
Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽  
Gustavo Trentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Application Rates

Animal manure is applied to the soil as a nutrient source, especially of nitrogen, to plants. However, manure application rates can be reduced with the use of N fertilizer in topdressing. The aim of this study was to evaluate crop responses to different application rates of animal manure sources, used alone and supplemented with mineral N topdressing, in a no-tillage system. The study was carried out from 2005 to 2008 on a Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of rates of 10, 20 and 30 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry (PS), and of 1 and 2 t ha-1 of turkey manure (TM), applied alone and supplemented with topdressed N fertilizer (TNF), as well as two controls, mineral fertilization (NPK) and one control without fertilizer application. Grain yield in common bean and maize, and dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation in common bean, maize and black oat crops were evaluated. Nitrogen application in topdressing in maize and common bean, especially when PS was used at rates of 20 and 30 m³ ha-1, and TM, at 2 t ha-1, proved effective in increasing the crop grain yields, showing the viability of the combined use of organic and industrialized mineral sources. Nitrogen accumulation in maize and common bean tissues was the indicator most strongly related to grain yield, in contrast with the apparent nutrient recovery, which was not related to the N, P and K quantities applied in the organic sources. No clear residual effect of N topdressing of maize and common bean was observed on the dry matter yield of black oat grown in succession to the main crops with PS and TM applications.

Effect of rotation and cultivation systems on establishment and persistence of annual medics

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Crawford ◽  
BG Nankivell
Keyword(s):  
Lower Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Medicago Species

The persistence and annual and seasonal regeneration of 3 annual Medicago species, M. rugosa cv. Paragosa, M. scutellata cv. Robinson and M. truncatula cvv. Cyprus and Jemalong, were compared between 1978 and 1985 over 3 rotation systems, permanent pasture (R1); pasture, barley, pasture, barley repeated (R2) and pasture, fallow, wheat, barley, repeated (R3). Ploughing practices adopted for the various rotations affected persistence and regeneration. Not all ofthe seed that was produced in 1978 produced seedlings. A much lower proportion of the seed reserve of cv. Paragosa produced seedlings compared with cv. Robinson and cvv. Cyprus and Jemalong. The poorer re-establishment of cv. Paragosa could have been due to its more permeable seed compared with the other cultivars. Seed reserves persisted for a maximum of 7 years. Annual re-establishment was greater for all cultivars under the system of permanent pasture than under either the pasture, barley or the pasture, fallow, wheat, barley rotations which disturbed the soil. Unlike the other cultivars, germination and establishment rates of cv. Robinson were low following the first autumn rains in all years. Germination of this cultivar usually occurred from June to November following a delayed breakdown in hardseededness. It also responded to cultivation so that with the exception of R2 in 1980, the highest annual plant populations in R2 and R3 were in the cropping and/or fallowing phases rather than the pasture phases. Although cv. Paragosa produced the highest seed yield in the year of sowing, its reserves were exhausted by the third year in all rotations, whereas the harder seeded cultivars maintained adequate seed reserves to enable good plant re-establishment in the sixth year under all rotations, except in the continuous pasture rotation, where seed reserves of cv. Robinson were exhausted by the fifth year. Cultivation and consequent pod burial in the 2 cropping rotations preserved seeds longer than did the continuous pasture system. Jemalong maintained higher (P< 0.05) seed reserves than cvv. Cyprus and Robinson in the sixth year.

Within-season grass herbage crude-protein- and nitrate-N concentrations as affected by rates and seasonal distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in a high yearly rainfall climate

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bittman ◽  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Poor Indicator

An orchardgrass study in which three rates of N (100, 200 and 400 kg ha−1) each distributed in 1/0/0/0, 0.75/0.25/0/0, 0.50/0.25/0.25/0 and 0.25/0.25/0.25/0.25 proportions prior to four cut intervals examined crude-protein-N and nitrate-N concentrations in grass herbage at each cut in three trials. Crude-protein-N concentration frequently increased to a greater degree and in a different pattern (based on cut) than yield as the rate of N application increased. This showed that crude-protein-N by itself cannot be used as a method for determining the N sufficiency status of grass. Both rate and distribution of fertilizer N strongly influenced plant nitrate-N concentration; the degree of change varied considerably among cuts and trials. Plant nitrate-N concentration in the control did not correspond to yield responsiveness to N application, making it a poor indicator of the plant's need for fertilizer applications. Residual effects of N applications on plant nitrate-N were noted into the last cut of the season from a single spring application. The effect of N rate and distribution, then, was a function of immediate and residual effects of the applications. There was some evidence that N present in the soil in nitrate-N form enhanced the potential for high nitrate-N in the plant. Plant nitrate-N concentrations accounted for up to 29% of the total N in the plant with concentrations greater than 4000 mg N kg−1 at the highest N application rates. Plant nitrate-N did not exceed 1000 mg N kg−1, a concentration considered safe for ruminants, when 75 kg N ha−1 or less ammonium nitrate was applied as a single application prior to a growth interval for all cuts. Since grass protein- and nitrate-N concentrations respond differently than yield to N applications, a specific combination of rate and distribution of fertilizer will not necessarily produce maximum herbage quantity and quality simultaneously. Key words: Crude-protein-N, plant nitrate-N, residual effect, split applications

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