The performance of laying hens on diets using barley as the main energy source

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Dunstan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Equal Energy

An experiment compared egg production on a diet using a mixture of wheat, barley, and oats as the grain portion, with a diet in which the wheat and oats were replaced with barley. A comparison between sundried and dehydrated lucerne meal was included. A second experiment compared the same formulations of barley and mixed grain diets as used in the first experiment, and a mixed grain diet of higher crude protein content. Replacing wheat and oats with barley in an otherwise unchanged diet did not significantly affect the number of eggs produced but did increase the average egg weight by 1.1 g in both experiments, significantly so in one experiment, but not in the other. Increasing the crude protein content of the mixed grain diet did not significantly affect either egg production or egg weight. Consumption of the barley diet was greater than the mixed grain diets. This increase in consumption was less than would have been expected on the basis of equal energy intakes, indicating that the metabolizable energy value of the barley used was greater than values previously published for barley. No differences were found in performance between sundried and dehydrated lucerne meal.

scholarly journals Effect of protein and energy levels in a constant ratio supplemented with methionine and lysine on performance of layers and on egg quality.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
A.R. El Boushy ◽  
L.G.M. van Gils ◽  
M.C. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight

Twenty groups of 36 laying hens in individual cages were fed on one of 5 diets in which the energy:protein ratio was constant. Diets 1 to 5 had crude protein 12.0, 12.9, 14.0, 15.0 and 16.0% and metabolizable energy 8.71, 9.57, 10.27, 11.10 and 11.70 MJ/kg. From 24 to 64 weeks old, egg production of hens given diets 1 to 5 was 71.46, 71.31, 72.51, 71.13 and 69.99%, respectively. Corresponding values of mean egg weight, weekly feed intake and efficiency of feed conversion were 60.51, 60.47, 61.11, 61.02, 61.07 g; 157.16, 147.56, 142.03, 130.37, 126.72 g; 3.674, 3.460, 3.262, 3.031, 3.014 kg feed/kg egg, respectively. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Phytase in diets with crude protein levels for commercial layers

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Adriana Aparecida Pereira ◽  
Otto Mack Junqueira ◽  
Dirceu Neutzling Griep Junior ◽  
Dorgival Morais de Lima Júnior ◽  
Sarah Sgavioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
And Performance

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of the phytase enzyme in diets formulated with variations in the crude protein content on performance and egg quality of commercial layers. A total of 336 commercial layers were housed at eight birds per cage in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with seven replicates. Treatments consisted of four crude-protein levels (17, 15, and 13%) and two enzyme levels (0 and 500 FTU kg-1 diet), distributed in a completely randomized design. Feed intake, egg production, feed conversion per dozen eggs and per kilogram, egg weight and mass, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit were measured over five 28-day periods. The performance of commercial layers fed the diet containing 13% crude protein worsened, irrespective of phytase addition. However, at 15% crude protein, phytase inclusion did not affect feed conversion or egg weight. Inclusion of phytase leads to equal egg-quality and performance results at the dietary crude protein levels of 17 and 15%. The crude protein content of 13%, with or without phytase, is not recommended for the diet of brown-egg layers. 

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: IV. The effect of crude fibre

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Equation

The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.It is shown that for normal average food-stuffs the effect is slight and that for all practical routine purposes the original equation will provide satisfactory estimates of the digestibility coefficient when only the crude-protein content of the dry feed is known.On the other hand, when exceptional feeds are encountered, particularly those in which the crudefibre/crude-protein relationship is abnormal, then more accurate estimates of the digestibility coefficient of crude protein can be obtained from the modified equation which is described above.

Energy values in pig nutrition:3. The digestible and metabolizable energy content of barley, wheat, maize, oats and rye

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wiseman ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Commercial Sources

SUMMARYThe digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of eight samples of barley, eight of wheat, four of maize and two each of oats and rye were determined using growing gilts. The DE content of barley ranged from 15·35 to 15·89 MJ/kg D.M., from 15·15 to 16·42 MJ/kg D.M. for wheat and from 16·05 to 16·47 MJ/kg D.M. for maize. DE values for the two oat samples were 12·48 and 12·74 MJ/kg D.M. and 15–04 and 15–47 MJ/kg D.M. for the two rye samples. There was a significant correlation between DE and ME:ME (MJ/kg D.M.) = 0·050 + 0·965 DE: r = 0·99; P < 0·001.The ratio ME/DE was significantly influenced by crude-protein content:ME/DE = 100–0·254 CP%: r = –0·77; P < 0·001.ME values were also corrected to zero nitrogen retention (MEno) and to 30% nitrogen retention (MEN30). The effect of such corrections was expressed as MEN0/ME and MEN30/ME. Values thus obtained were 0·98 and 1·00 respectively for the pooled values for all cereals.The data indicated that there was unlikely to be significant variation in the DE content of samples of the same cereal species, selected from commercial sources within the U.K. when evaluated under standardized experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the availability of mass of forage: morphological responses and chemical composition of Tanzania grass subjected to two pasture-management strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Gabriel Camilo ◽  
Alberto Magno Fernandes ◽  
Tadeu Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Danielle Ferreira Baffa ◽  
Sarah Ellen Eduardo Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Sward Height

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic traits and chemical composition of Tanzania grass using a fixed rest period or according to light interception at 95%. The treatments consisted of evaluations of two Tanzania-grass pasture-management strategies: (1) LI95 - animals entered the paddocks when the pasture reached 95% of light interception (LI), with three days of paddock occupation; and (2) FR - the pasture was managed with a defoliation interval (DI) of 30 days, and three days of paddock occupation. The experimental area consisted of 4 ha, with 22 paddocks per treatments. Ten recently-calved cows were used per treatment in year 1, and eight cows were used per treatment in year 2. Sward height, forage mass, and morphological components and their chemical composition were evaluated. The management strategies used on the Tanzania grass pasture did not affect pasture mass or height in the pre- and post-grazing conditions, or the proportion of stems. However, the proportion of leaves was greater in the paddocks with 95% light interception. The crude protein content was higher in the paddocks with 95% light interception; the other nutrients were not affected. In conclusion, management adopting 95% light interception does not influence morphogenetic traits. Nevertheless, it promotes an increase in the crude protein content of grasses.

PELLETED COMPLETE GROWER–FINISHER RATIONS FOR LAMBS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577
Author(s):  
R. S. BUSH ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Duplicate groups of 10 lambs were assigned to each of four dietary treatments. These were (1) pelleted complete feed containing 13% crude protein, (2) pelleted complete feed containing 15% crude protein, (3) mash concentrate containing 13% crude protein to be fed with long timothy hay, and (4) pelleted complete feed formulated to meet the requirements of the growing dairy heifer. The lambs weighed an average of 17.3 and 23.4 kg in the two replicates at the beginning of the experiment and were slaughtered between 41 and 45 kg. Lambs consuming the lower protein complete feed had greater average daily gains and required fewer days to reach market weight than did those consuming concentrate plus long hay. There were no significant differences in the performance of lambs fed the two pelleted complete lamb rations (1 and 2). The pelleted complete heifer ration (4) produced similar average daily gains to the concentrate plus long hay feeding regimen; however, more feed was required to maintain that growth. There were no differences in carcass grade and no significant differences in rib-eye area or fat cover at the pinbone cut. Those lambs consuming the heifer growth had a lower dressing percentage than did any of the other three groups. It was concluded that pelleted complete rations are advantageous in a fattening lamb program both on performance and economic basis and that there was no advantage to increasing the crude protein content of the pelleted complete ration from 13 to 15%.

UTILIZATION OF MEAL FROM A NEW RAPESEED VARIETY, BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS CV. CANDLE, IN LAYER DIETS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
S. LEESON
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Variety ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Production Characteristics

A new Brassica campestris variety of rapeseed, cv. Candle, is currently being evaluated as an animal feed ingredient for use in Canada. This rapeseed has a lighter-colored seed coat and slightly less fiber than established varieties. Isocaloric (2,805 kcal metabolizable energy/kg), isonitrogenous (17% crude protein) corn–soy based mash diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10 or 15% Candle rapeseed meal. Each diet was offered to eight replicate groups of 12 caged commercial White Leghorn hens, Feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg shell deformation were measured during each of ten 28-day periods of lay. Rapeseed meal had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on any of these parameters. Unlike older varieties, Candle meal did not depress egg weight when used at levels up to 10% of the diet, although at 15% inclusion there was an indication of reduced egg size. Diet had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on mortality or incidence of liver hemorrhage. From a consideration of all production characteristics, it would appear to be safe to recommend a level of 5–10% Candle rapeseed meal in diets for laying hens.

Protein requirements of male cattle fattened on diets differing in energy concentrations

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman ◽  
M. Bleiberg ◽  
D. Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of three levels of crude protein in the diet, 10, 12 and 14 %, on the performance of entire Israeli Friesian male cattle (bulls) during fattening, was studied in two experiments.The bulls were 5 months old and 200 kg live weight, and 7·5 months and 250 kg, at the start of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and were slaughtered after 178 to 268 days (Experiment 1) or 156 to 166 days (Experiment 2) on trial, at a live weight of 430 to 480 kg.In Experiment 1 mixed diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations (11·1 and 10·5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) were used, each containing concentrates with 10, 12 or 14% crude protein content. In half of the treatments the crude protein content of the concentrate was increased by two percentage units for the first 61 days of the experiment. Daily live-weight gain was significantly higher at 14% and 16% crude protein than at 10% and 12% crude protein during the first 61 days for animals on the high energy diet, but liveweight gain was not affected by crude protein content on the low energy diet over this period, or at either energy concentration from 62 days to slaughter.In Experiment 2 the diet consisted of concentrate, wheat straw and cotton hulls, giving a metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 10·55 MJ/kg dry matter. Daily live-weight gain did not differ significantly between concentrates containing 10, 12 or 14% crude protein, but carcass weight gain was higher at 12% and 14% crude protein than at 10% crude protein.It is concluded that in order to ensure the best performance of bulls of the Israeli Friesian breed, diets with a high concentration of energy should contain 14% crude protein when fed to animals with a body weight of 200 to 300 kg, and 12% crude protein for heavier animals.

Efficiency of the utilization of the energy of food in laying hens

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gh. Burlacu ◽  
Margareta Baltac
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYThe efficiency of utilization of the energy of food in White Leghorn laying hens for egg production was measured. A ration with a gross energy of 4469 kcal/kg dry matter and 19·4% crude protein had a metabolizable energy of 80·1±1·7% of the gross energy, and 78·5±5·3% of the metabolizable energy was present as net energy.The maintenance requirement of metabolizable energy of White Leghorn hens weighing 1·723±48·5 kg and a production of 19·3±0–49 eggs per month was 125·8 kcal/kg0·75/24 hr.The energy cost per g of protein and fat synthesized by laying White Leghorn hens was estimated to be 7·20 and 12·13 kcal metabolizable energy respectively.

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