Liveweight response following sodium chloride supplementation of beef cows and their calves grazing native pasture

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Murphy ◽  
AW Plasto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Native Pastures

Hereford cattle grazing native pastures on the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland, were deemed sodium (Na) deficient on the basis of salivary Na and potassium (K) levels. Common salt (NaCl) was offered ad libitum to one half of the animals. Cows receiving the supplement had significantly better rates of liveweight increase (0.35 v. 0.14 kg head-1 day-1, P < 0.01) than unsupplemented cows. Calves of supplemented cows grew significantly faster than calves of unsupplemented cows (0.77 v. 0.62 kg head-1 day-1, P < 0.01). After 21 days of Na supplementation, cows in the supplemented group had mean saliva values of 139.1 m-equiv l-1 Na and 7.4 m-equiv l-1 K; these values are considered normal. Corresponding values in the unsupplemented group were 60.2 m-equiv l-1 Na and 71.7 m-equiv l-1 K, which are indicative of severe Na deficiency. Levels of this magnitude remained throughout the duration of the experiment. Blood and milk concentrations of Na and K were not affected by Na intake. Urinary levels of Na and K were attered by Na intake but were extremely variable.

Liveweight of grazing steers supplemented with molasses, urea and sulfur in northern Queensland

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Winks ◽  
PK O'Rourke ◽  
SR McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Sulfate Sulfur ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Native Pastures

Steers grazing native pasture were supplemented with 0, 0.8 or 2.4 g of sulfur/head.d in addition to a molasses (230 or 115 g/head.d) and urea (60 g/head.d) supplement over four dry seasons. The unsupplemented animals lost most or gained least weight during the feeding period in all four years but the difference was significant (P< 0.05) in only two years. Adding sulfur to the molasses and urea tended to give the best results but the effect was not significant (P> 0.05) over the results achieved with feeding only molasses and urea. There was a tendency for liveweight performance to be better with the higher level of molasses, but again differences were not significant. Blood sulfate-sulfur levels during the feeding period increased with the level of sulfur fed but levels were not significantly correlated with liveweight change. Compensatory growth by unsupplemented groups after the feeding period eliminated liveweight advantages of supplemented groups. The results suggest that the level of molasses in a molasses and urea supplement for yearling cattle grazing native pastures on solodic soils during the dry season in northern Queensland can be reduced to 115 g/head.d without adversely affecting liveweight. These results may not apply on sulfur deficient soils and in dry years.

Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 1. The effect of urea

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Native Pastures

Twenty Hereford weaner steers and heifers, 9-months-old and of mean liveweight (� s.e.) 152 � 6 kg, were stratified according to sex and liveweight into four groups and assigned to cells in an experimental design which aimed at studying the effects of an increased urea intake on their rumen ammonia concentration, their intake of a low N native pasture hay and on their liveweight change over 49 days. The cattle on the basal hay diet maintained low concentrations of ammonia in rumen fluid (8 mg N/L) during the study and lost weight (at 50 g/day). Urea (as 15, 23, 42 and 53 g head.day) increased significantly (P< 0.01) rumen ammonia concentration (to 152 t 10.9 mg N/L), hay intake in the final 7 days (from 2633 to 3738 � 72 g organic matter/head.day) and liveweight change (to 273 � 33 g/head.day). Hay intake of the cattle increased within 14 days of supplementation with urea which was sprayed onto portions of the hay. Urinary N content, but not faeces, was increased by the urea diets. Urea intakes also increased urea nitrogen concentrations in plasma and saliva which were correlated (r=0.87). Liveweight change was maximized at daily urea intakes of 23 g/head and these gains are discussed in terms of the suitability of urea for Hereford cattle which are fed only low N native pastures

The nutrition of ruminants grazing native and improved pastures. II.* Responses of grazing cattle to molasses and urea supplementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
GE Donald
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Hereford heifers grazing native and fertilized phalaris pastures were supplemented with ureamolasses mixtures for 2 years. The liveweight of heifers grazing phalaris pastures did not respond to supplementation, but the liveweight gain of heifers grazing native pasture increased significantly by 6 g/day/g nitrogen consumed as urea during July, August and September and by 0.16 g/day/g digestible organic matter consumed as molasses at other times of year. Supplement consumption varied between animals, with a coefficient of variation of ±37%. Urea–molasses supplementation increased the rumen ammonia nitrogen levels of cattle grazing native pasture from 6.7 to 16.1 mg/100 ml. The application of superphosphate and introduction of white clover increased rumen ammonia nitrogen to 15.7 mg/100 ml. The effects of supplementation on liveweight gain were small relative to the changes which could be induced by pasture improvement. There was a curvilinear relationship between the digestibility of the diet and liveweight gain when pasture availability was not limiting intake. It was calculated from this relationship that the annual liveweight gains of cattle grazing native pasture, native pasture dressed with superphosphate and oversown with white clover, and two phalaris pastures were 223 498, 726 and 763 g/day respectively when forage was available ad libitum. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 863 (1978).

scholarly journals CHRONIC SODIUM CHLORIDE TOXICITY IN THE ALBINO RAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Meneely ◽  
Robert G. Tucker ◽  
William J. Darby ◽  
Stewart H. Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Histologic Changes ◽  
Dietary Sodium Chloride

Sustained arterial hypertension developed in male, albino rats chronically fed diets rich in sodium chloride with demineralized drinking water available ad libitum. After 12 months of the experimental regimen a positive, linear correlation (r = 0.91) was found between the systolic blood pressure and the concentration of sodium chloride in the diet. A syndrome of edema and renal failure was observed in 18 per cent of the group fed at the level of 7.0 to 9.8 per cent of sodium chloride. Significant histologic changes occurred in the kidneys and certain other organs in rats consuming rations containing these levels of NaCl. The relative volume of the radiosodium space was increased in the rat by high dietary sodium chloride.

scholarly journals Influence of post-calving supplemental protein on calf performance and reproductive efficiency for beef cows fed silage

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
J. A. Small ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Milk

Protein supplementation for winter-calving beef cows between calving and turnout to pasture was studied in two trials. Changes in cow body weight (BW) and condition and calf BW gains were recorded from calving to weaning in the fall. Reproductive performance was monitored, and in trial 2, milk production was determined. In trial 1, multiparous silage-fed cows were allocated to one of five levels of corn gluten meal (CGM): 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 g d−1. In the second trial, cows were allocated to either restricted or ad libitum silage feeding in combination with three protein supplements: no protein, 400 g d−1 CGM or 475 g d−1 soybean meal (SBM). In trial 1, cows gained weight during supplementation, but on pasture they lost weight (linear effect, P = 0.10). Calf gains and weights at turnout and weaning showed a quadratic response to protein supplementation (P < 0.05). There was a trend toward a linear decline in days to first service with increasing levels of CGM (P < 0.10). In trial 2, cows on restricted silage feeding lost weight (P < 0.05) and body condition (P < 0.10), whereas those fed ad libitum silage gained weight and condition. On pasture, this pattern of weight change was reversed (P < 0.05). Protein supplementation did not influence BW change but tended to cause a lower body condition score at turnout (P = 0.10). Restricting silage intake to the cow did not affect calf performance, but protein supplementation increased gains both during supplementation and on pasture, thus increasing weaning weights (P < 0.05). When silage was fed ad libitum, SBM was more effective than CGM for increasing calf gain. However, when silage was restricted, CGM was more effective. Restricting silage intake did not impair milk production, but feeding CGM increased milk production (P < 0.05). For ad libitum-fed cows, protein supplementation increased pregnancy rate; restricting feed had the opposite effect. Our data suggest that protein supplementation to silage-fed beef cows in good body condition can increase calf performance; however, the level of supplementation is critical, and possible adverse effects on breeding have to be taken into account, particularly with cows in negative energy balance after calving. Key words: Beef cow, protein, milk production, calf gains, silage

Annual pattern of soil moisture stress under sown and native pastures

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Begg
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New England ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Native Pastures

Soil moisture fluctuations were measured under a phalaris-white clover pasture and under three native pasture types in the New England region of New South Wales over a 4-year period, by means of the gypsum resistance block technique. The results indicate that large differences in available soil moisture occur at times within areas of apparently similar soil type and that these differences are reflected by the different pasture types in the area. Although the lengths of the period during which soil moisture was unavailable differed considerably under the different pastures the general pattern was similar. The months of greatest soil moisture stress were December, January, April, and May, while the period of most favourable soil moisture was from June to November. Thus although most of the rain fell during the period December to May the rain which fell from June to November was more effective in maintaining available soil moisture. The subsoil dried out more rapidly and remained dry for a longer period under the sown pasture than under the native pasture type which the area previously carried, owing to the greater rate of removal of available soil moisture from under the sown pasture. Of the three native pasture types studied, the most favourable soil moisture pattern for plant growth occurred under the Sorghum-Themeda pasture. This pasture type may be a useful indicator of areas with soil conditions favourable for the growth of productive sown pastures.

Influence of Different Levels of Dietary Energy on Performance of Double Suckled Cows and Calves

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 106-106
Author(s):  
M.A.S. Khan ◽  
J.H. Topps ◽  
P.J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

The winter feeding of beef cows represents a high, proportion of the costs of calf production. Attempts to minimise cost include the use of beef (♂) x dairy cows (♀) which have the ability to suckle two calves and to mobilise body reserves during periods of underfeeding in early lactation. Khan and Topps (1985) observed that cows in good condition at calving could maintain milk production and raise two good calves when given 110 MJ ME/day in a diet which included a source of undegradable protein. Subsequently a preliminary experiment was carried out with three single suckled and nine double suckled cows to examine the effect of energy level on the performance of cows and calves.Three single suckled cows and nine double suckled cows i.e. six with a natural plus foster calf and three with twin calves produced by embryo transfer were used in this experiment. The levels of energy that were examined were 70 or 90, 80 or 100 and 90 or 110 MJ ME/day for single and double-suckled cows respectively, supplied in diets containing ammonia treated straw, barley and fishmeal. Nine of the cows were placed into trios according to calving date and age, with a trio consisting of a cow with a natural calf, a cow with a natural and foster calf, and a cow with twin calves. Each trio was allocated at random to one of the three levels of energy. Similarly, the remaining three cows with a natural and foster calf were allocated at random to 90, 100 or 110 MJ ME/day. The calves were given good quality hay ad libitum and free access to a concentrate mixture up to a maximum intake of 2 kg/head/day. The concentrate mixture consisted of (g/kg) 800 barley, 150 soyabean meal and 50 molassine meal. The experiment started on the 22nd day of lactation and was of 20 weeks duration for most of the cows.

scholarly journals Energy utilization by Hereford and Simmental males and females

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Ferrell ◽  
T. G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Simmental Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Water Gain

ABSTRACTPost-weaning metabolizable energy intake, growth of empty-body chemical components and efficiencies of energy utilization were evaluated for Hereford intact males (17) and females (16) and Simmental intact males (15) and females (16) during a 212-day feeding period. Within each breed × sex subclass, animals were assigned to one of three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake: (1) 544 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, (2) 795 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, and (3) ad libitum. Body composition of each animal was estimated at the beginning and end of the feeding period by deuterium oxide dilution.Protein and water gain of Hereford and Simmental cattle were similar at restricted levels of intake but were greater for Simmental than for Hereford cattle at ad libitum intakes. Similarly, rates of protein and water gain tended to increase more rapidly in response to increased energy intake by males than by females. Hereford males gained fat and energy slightly more rapidly than Hereford females, but Simmental males gained fat and energy at slower rates than Simmental females.Males had higher maintenance requirements and tended to use ME with less efficiency for maintenance and gain than females. Hereford cattle had lower maintenance requirements and used ME with greater efficiency for both maintenance and gain than Simmental cattle.

Alternative fall and winter feeding systems for spring calving beef cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. McCartney ◽  
J. A. Basarab ◽  
E. K. Okine ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. J. Depalme
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Winter Feeding

This study evaluated the effects of early (EW) and late (LW) weaning on calf post-weaning growth performance and carcass characteristics. It also quantified the effects of EW and LW in combination with three winter feeding strategies on cow growth, reproductive performance and cost of production. EW calves were weaned in late August, while LW calves were weaned 56 d later in late October. The three cow winter feeding strategies were: (1) traditional (TD), or straw fed ad libitum and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage fed every day; (2) alternate day (AD), or straw fed ad libitum and equivalent amounts of barley silage fed every second day (AD); and (3) swath graze (SG), or swath grazing whole-plant barley, cut in the soft dough stage. The study was conducted over three production cycles (1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000). EW calves weighing 213 kg and fed a backgrounding diet (82% barley silage: 18% concentrate) for 56 d, grew 0.36 kg d-1 (EW = 0.61 ± 0.02 kg d-1; LW = 0.97 ± 0.02 kg d-1; P < 0.001) slower from early to late weaning than LW calves (210 kg) on pasture nursing their mothers. Over the next 124–128 d, EW and LW calves fed the backgrounding diet grew similarly at 0.95 ± 0.01 and 0.93 ± 0.02 kg d-1, respectively. Both groups of calves also grew similarly during the finishing phase (EW = 1.56 ± 0.04 kg d-1; LW = 1.53 ± 0.05 kg d-1; P = 0.62), such that at slaughter, EW and LW calves were the same age (461 ± 4 vs. 455 ± 5 d, P = 0.326) and weight (522 ± 5 vs. 515 ± 6 kg, P = 0.390), with similar levels of carcass backfat, yield and quality grade. EW cows weighed 12 to 15 kg more (P < 0.01) in mid-November (first winter feeding), mid-February (pre-calving) and late-May (prebreeding) and tended to have a shorter calving span (49 vs. 62 d, P = 0.07) than the LW cows. Calving interval, calving pattern and cumulative open and cull rates, monitored over three consecutive production cycles, were similar for EW and LW cows. Differences (P < 0.05) in body weight were observed between winter feeding treatments. SG cows had the lowest weight (605 kg) and backfat thickness (4.5 mm) at pre-breeding; AD cows were intermediate (623 kg and 5.1 mm); and TD cows were heaviest (639 kg) with the most backfat (6.4 mm). Calving interval, length of the calving span, calving pattern and cumulative open and cull rates were similar among the winter feeding strategies for cows monitored over three production cycles. Swath grazing required 38.4% less labour than traditional feeding and 20.9% less labour than alternate day winter feeding. Total cash cost over the first 100 d of winter feeding for the SG winter feeding strategy was $70.00 cow-1 less than TD (45.5%) and $56.70 cow-1 less than AD (40.4%) winter feeding strategies. On average, 300 and 314 cow swath grazing d ha-1 were required to cover the cost of feed in the TD and AD winter feeding strategies, respectively. Key words: Beef cows, Western Canadian Parkland, swath grazing, alternate day, early and late weaning

Herbage and animal production from native pastures and pastures oversown with Stylosanthes hamata. 1. Fertiliser and stocking rate effects

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Gardener ◽  
MR McCaskill ◽  
JG McIvor
Keyword(s):  
Animal Production ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Stocking Rates

Native pastures dominated by Heteropogon contortus (speargrass) were sown to Stylosanthes hanzata cv. Verano in 1972, and herbage production and steer growth rates were compared with those of native pastures from 1973 to 1985. The native pastures also contained naturalised Stylosanthes humilis, but its contribution to pasture yield diminished rapidly, after infection by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides (anthracnose) in 1973. The experiment was a factorial design of 2 pasture types (native, native plus Verano) x 2 stocking rates (0.6, 1.2 steers/ha) x 2 superphosphate treatments (nil, 300 kg/ha.year) x 2 replicates. Fertiliser application decreased the proportion of legume but had no significant effect on herbage or animal production on this comparatively fertile site (extractable P, 18 mg/kg). Annual liveweight gains at the high and low stocking rates, respectively, on the native pasture averaged 100 and 120 kg/steer. Sowing to Verano did not affect herbage yields but increased annual liveweight gains by 28 and 36 kg/steer at low and high stocking rates. The high stocking rate of 1.2 steers/ha was sustainable for the first 9 years of the experiment, when above-average rainfall was received. However, in the following 3 below-average years, there was a shift to less-desirable species, and a decline in pasture productivity. Relative to the low stocking rate, herbage production on the native pasture in the final season was reduced by 60% and on the Verano pasture by 26%. The highest annual herbage utilisation rate that appeared sustainable in the long term was about 45%, which corresponded to a utilisation rate of 30% during the growing season (about November-May). When oversown with Verano, speargrass tended to decline in favour of annual grasses, weeds, and the introduced grass Urochloa mosanzhicensis, which had been sown on an adjacent experiment. Urochloa appeared to be a more suitable companion species than speargrass for Verano.

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