Comparative nutritive value of hay made normally and by desiccation with paraquat

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (93) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
DW Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

In a series of five experiments, hay made by conventional methods was compared with hay made by spraying with paraquat prior to mowing. In all the experiments, chemical composition of the hays was measured and in three of them the hays were fed to sheep. In the first experiment the digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and digestibility of oaten hay made by the two methods was similar. In the second experiment rapid desiccation was achieved using paraquat on a pasture of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), but leaf losses during baling were higher than for turning and baling mown herbage. In the third experiment, on a densestand of Wimmera ryegrass, the stem bases were not reached by the paraquat spray and desiccation took 14 days longer than with mowing and turning. In both experiment 2 and 3 sheep consumed similar amounts of DOMIand had similar liveweight changes when fed the two types of hay, although digestibilities were lower for the hays made using paraquat. Also, in these two experiments there were higher concentrations of cell wall constituents, and in experiment 3 lower concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), in hay made by using paraquat. In experiments 4 and 5 it was shown that large losses of WSC occurred consistently when herbage on ryegrass pastures was desiccated with paraquat. The effect was shown to occur within 24 hours of application. A further effect, that needs more research, was that the digestibility of cell wall material was lower in hay made with paraquat than in normal hay. It is concluded that the use of paraquat to provide rapid desiccation of herbage is unlikely to result in hay of higher quality than that made conventionally.

Responses of subterranean clover and Italian ryegrass to application of lime

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
Z. Rengel ◽  
L. Paszkudzka-Baizert ◽  
L. D. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Yield Responses

A glasshouse experiment evaluated dried herbage yield responses of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) or Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Aristocrat) to applications of different amounts of lime (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 t lime/ha) to either a loam or a sand. Yields were measured at 4 harvests [29, 51, 86 and 108 days after sowing (DAS)] when ryegrass plants had 3 leaves per tiller. Increasing amounts of lime raised the pH (1: 5, soil: 0.01 mol CaCl2/L) of the loam by 2.7 units and that of the sand by 2.0 units. Applications of lime significantly (P<0.05) increased dry herbage yields, by between 16 and 53%, for: (i) clover on the loam soil at 86 and 108 DAS, and for the sand at 108 DAS; (ii) ryegrass on the loam at 51, 86 and 108 DAS, and on the sand at 108 DAS. Increasing amounts of lime had no effect on the concentration of nutrient elements in dried herbage of either clover or ryegrass, except that the concentration of calcium increased, and the concentration of sodium, manganese and zinc (and boron for ryegrass only) all decreased. Additions of lime had no effect on dry matter digestibility, metabolisable energy, concentration of crude protein or water-soluble carbohydrates in dried herbage at any of the 4 harvests.

Irrigated pasture productivity and its variability in the Shepparton region of northern Victoria

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Pasture Productivity

The seasonal distribution and variability of growth of three types of irrigated pastures were measured at Kyabram over a period of up to seven years. The pasture types studied were (1) paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)-dominant perennial pasture, (2) ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/clover (Trifolium repens) perennial pasture, and (3) annual pasture based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The influence of environmental factors on the year-to-year variability in monthly growth rates was also examined. Annual growth curves were constructed for each pasture type, and examination of the variability about each monthly mean indicated that the spring months, and October in particular, were the most variable months for pasture growth. Environmental factors were found to account for part of the year-to-year variation in pasture growth of paspalum pastures in August, September, October, November and April. Higher mean maximum temperatures significantly increased growth in September, October and April, with the greatest response occurring in October; hours of sunshine was the significant factor influencing growth in August and November. Annual pasture growth also responded to changes in mean maximum temperature or hours of sunshine in September and October. The comparative mean annual production of paspalum pasture, ryegrass/clover pasture and annual pasture was 18.3, 18.3 and 11.0 t DM/ha, respectively. These levels of production represented 1.1, 1.2 and 1.6% conversion of photosynthetically active radiation during the growing period of the three pasture types, respectively. These levels of productivity and the animal production that should result, suggest that the pasture productivity on many irrigated dairy farms is either very low or the pasture that is grown is inefficiently utilized. Because animal productivity depends on pasture productivity more than any other single factor, farmers should make improvement of pasture growth their major aim while having regard for the variability in growth that can result from variations in environmental factors.

Effect of spelling newly sown pastures

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCG Smith ◽  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

Newly sown pure swards of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were either grazed or spelled (deferred) for five weeks after emergence in autumn and then evaluated with young Merino wethers stocked at 10 sheep ha-1. Sheep on deferred pastures had higher intakes and liveweight than on plots continuously grazed. Spelling increased the availability of pasture for prehension due to a greater weight of herbage being offered and the more erect growth form. Under continuous grazing the animal productivity on clover was much lower than on ryegrass but following deferment, both species had similar productivity. The beneficial effects of spelling after emergence were manifest over the ensuing ten months by liveweight, fleeceweight and number of days of grazing. Spelling also increased seed reserves at the end of summer and the number of plants re-establishing at the beginning of the next growing season.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 4. The effect of some management practices on barley grass content

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

The effects of three grazing treatments and three mowing treatments on the dominance of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in an annual pasture were examined. Different spring grazing patterns did not markedly alter the amount of seed. Mowing favoured the legume component; topping less so than cutting lower as for hay or silage. However, none of these practices totally prevented barley grass from setting seed, and their effects were partly offset by late irrigation. Oversowing with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) did reduce barley grass seed setting but alone u-as not effective in changing botanical composition. Compared with Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), barley grass showed greater persistence.

Effect of lupin grain supplements on lamb birth weight and growth rate and on milk production of Merino ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
SR Wallace ◽  
ESde Boer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Lamb Growth

Merino ewes lambing in March on dry subterranean-clover-Wimmera ryegrass (Trifolium subterraneum-Lolium rigidum) pastures were fed a lupin grain supplement at different rates for 10 weeks, beginning four weeks before lambing, In two experiments, birth weights of lambs were unaffected by the supplements but both milk production of the ewes and the growth rate and weaning weight of lambs increased linearly with increasing level of supplementation. At the highest rate of supplement (600 g day-1), the ewes produced 46 per cent more milk in a four hour period in the first four weeks of lactation than ewes that were not fed and their lambs were 3 kg heavier at weaning. In a third experiment in which ewes were fed in yards, increasing the protein level in the ration from 8 per cent to 14 per cent using lupin grain gave a 15 per cent increase in milk production and a significantly higher lamb growth rate at the same level of energy intake. At ad libitum levels of intake the high protein ration gave a 33 per cent higher rate of milk secretion over ten weeks and a 40 per cent higher growth rate of lambs than the low protein ration

The effects of pre-maturity desiccation with paraquat and leaching on the quality of dry Wimmera ryegrass

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
DW Barrett ◽  
NA Campbell ◽  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The effects of pre-maturity desiccation with paraquat and post-maturity leaching with water on the quality of the dry residues of annual Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) were examined under laboratory and field conditions. Paraquat applied at head emergence increased the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in mature ryegrass and, in some experiments, the levels of magnesium, calcium and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and increased the in vitro digestibility. Concentrations of nitrogen were changed little by leaching in either sprayed or naturally matured ryegrass. Concentrations of other mineral nutrients decreased following leaching to similar levels in sprayed and unsprayed tissue. The proportionate change in concentration of nutrients varied between experiments, with the nature of the nutrient, with the part of the plant, and with the period of leaching. Leaching removed WSC and, in one case, more was lost from paraquat-treated herbage. However, decreases in percentage digestibility in vitro were not significant. Changes in potassium and WSC contents were greater following multiple immersions than with a single immersion lasting the same total length of time, and this effect was not changed by spraying paraquat.

The response to phosphate of two annual pasture species. I. Effect of the soil's ability to adsorb phosphate on comparative phosphate requirement

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Pot Trial

Eleven soils which differed widely in their ability to adsorb phosphate were used in a pot trial to compare the response to phosphate by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with that by Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Response curves were fitted to the yields (log-transformed). The coefficients of the curves were used to calculate both the relative effectiveness of the phosphate and the phosphate required to give a given fraction of the increase in log yield due to phosphate. Overall, the phosphate requirement for the grass was less than for the clover but the two species were affected differently by the soil's ability to adsorb phosphate. The phosphate requirement for the clover increased more rapidly with increasing adsorption by the soil than the phosphate requirement for the grass.

Effect of species and cultivation on the responses to phosphate of annual pastures and crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
A Petch
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Sand Plain ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Cultivation Practice

Three crop species, sand-plain lupin, Lupinus cosentinii L. (cv. Chapman), narrow-leaf lupin, L. angustifolius L. (cv. Uniharvest), and wheat, Triticum aestivium (cv. Gamenya), were grown under field conditions in soil fertilized then cultivated to 10 cm depth. Two annual pasture species, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak), and Wimmera ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. (cv. Wimmera), were also grown in the field both with and without cultivation. All species were fertilized with seven levels of phosphate broadcast on the soil surface before cultivation. The amount of phosphate which produced 90% of maximum yield depended on species and cultivation practice: wheat required 98 kg phosphorus/ha; L. angustifolius, 65 kg/ha; L. cosentinii, 42 kg/ha; subterranean clover, after cultivation, 49 kg/ha; subterranean clover, not cultivated, 28 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass after cultivation, 40 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass, not cultivated, 18 kg/ha. All species except wheat required less current phosphate in this experiment than they did 3 years earlier on the same site in virgin soil. Cultivation changed the distribution of soil phosphate, and the roots of the pasture species followed the phosphate distribution.

Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
KS Nandra ◽  
GB Scott ◽  
AW Jones ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wool Growth

A study was made over 2 years of the nutritive value of the subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars, Trikkala, Larisa and Goulburn, in grazing experiments with Border Leicester x Merino lambs. Liveweight gain was similar for all cultivars in the first year and in the second year was higher on Larisa (153 g/day) compared with Goulburn and Trikkala (131 and 103 g/day, respectively). Wool growth was not significantly different between cultivars. Both the digestibility and water-soluble carbohydrate content of the petiole and stem plant fraction were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the leaf fraction, even though the leaf had a lower level of cell wall organic matter. The ratio of lignin to cell wall organic matter was also higher in the leaf fraction. Samples obtained via oesophageal fistula showed that petioles comprised most of the dry matter in the diet and, thus, were the major contributor to energy supply. Differences were found in the degradability characteristics of the 3 cultivars which led to significant (P<0.05) differences in the concentration of rumen degradable dry matter and effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP). During the vegetative and early flowering stages, the concentration of ERDP exceeded the supply of fermentable metabolisable energy required for microbial protein synthesis. In mature clover, the concentration of ERDP was low and limiting microbial protein synthesis. The degradation characteristics of protein were highly correlated with liveweight gain (r2 = 0.90) and wool growth (r2 = 0.70). It is suggested that increasing the petiole : leaf ratio could increase the efficiency of utilisation of subterranean clover diets.

The estimation of the intake of grazing sheep II. Application of faecal nitrogen regressions to a group of grazing sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Pearce ◽  
J. E. Vercoe ◽  
D. E. Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Sheep

1. Recordings of faecal organic matter (O.M.), faecal N% (O.M. basis) and live weight, were made over 52 consecutive weekly periods on ten Corriedale wethers grazing a pasture consisting mainly of Wimmera rye-grass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) with some subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in a Mediterranean-type environment. The amount of available O.M. and its N% were also recorded.2. By applying regressions of (i) the ratio of O.M. feed intake to O.M. faecal output on faecal N% and (ii) the N% in the O.M. intake on faecal N%, to the above observations it was possible to estimate the following quantities: O.M. and digestible organic matter (D.O.M.) intake, N and digestible N intake and O.M. digestibility percentage.3. The patterns of O.M. and D.O.M. intake, and N and digestible N intake are described. Similar patterns exist for each of these quantities. Two maxima, a large one in the spring and a smaller one in the autumn, and two minima, one in the summer and one in the winter, are exhibited. The values for these various maxima and minima are presented in the text.4. Attention is drawn to variations from the general pattern for these quantities and factors which could influence these patterns are mentioned.

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