Phosphate applied to soil increases the effectiveness of subsequent applications of phosphate for growing wheat shoots

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
M. J. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Curvature Coefficient ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Plots

Summary. Amounts of phosphorus ranging from 0 to 599 kg P/ha were applied as single (ordinary) superphosphate once only in 1976 to plots of a field experiment on a lateritic ironstone gravel sand. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and cereals (wheat, Triticum aestivum, and barley, Hordeum vulgare) were grown in rotation on the plots for 20 years after phosphorus application. In 1996, samples of the <2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil were collected from the field plots to measure phosphorus retention by soil and for a glasshouse experiment. The phosphorus retention index, a measure of the capacity of the soil to sorb phosphorus, decreased from 35 to 2 mL/g as the amount of phosphorus applied 20 years previously increased from 0 to 599 kg/ha. In the glasshouse experiment, wheat was grown for 35 days in soil to which 9 amounts of freshly-applied powdered single superphosphate (0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g P/pot, for 1.8 kg soil/pot) were applied to the original phosphorus treatments. The value of the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation fitted to the relationship between yield of dried shoots and the amount of fresh-phosphorus applied increased with increasing amount of phosphorus applied 20 years previously. That is, the fresh-phosphorus treatments became more effective for producing dried wheat shoots as the amount of previously applied phosphorus increased.

Comparison of single superphosphate and superphosphate coated with bauxite residue for subterranean clover production on phosphorus-leaching soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Summers ◽  
Martin Clarke ◽  
Tim Pope ◽  
Tim O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coated Granules

Bauxite residue from alumina refining was used to coat granules of single superphosphate to reduce the leaching of phosphorus in coarse, sandy soils for pastures in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia (>800 mm annual average). The impact of coating the superphosphate on the leaching of phosphorus was measured in a glasshouse experiment and the effectiveness of the fertiliser using dry herbage yield of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was measured in a field experiment. The glasshouse experiment measured the effect of coating the superphosphate with bauxite residue at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% by weight. A coating of 25% (by weight) was chosen for the field experiment. In the glasshouse experiment, the coated granules were applied to columns of soil, where subterranean clover was grown under leaching conditions. A coating of 30%, by weight, reduced leaching of single superphosphate by about half. Increasing the coating of bauxite residue also increased the phosphorus uptake and increased the plant growth. In the field trial, the effectiveness of single superphosphate with a bauxite residue coating of 25% by weight was increased on average by 100% in Year 1, 303% in Year 2, and 158% in Year 3, relative to freshly applied single superphosphate. The bauxite residue coating also increased the phosphorus content of the herbage in a similar manner to the increases in yield. Limited soil phosphorus tests showed only minor increases in the residues of phosphorus where the superphosphate had been coated with bauxite residue.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Comparing different sources of sulfur for high-rainfall pastures insouth-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources

The dry herbage yield increase (response) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture (>85% clover) to applications of different sources of sulfur (S) was compared in 7 field experiments on very sandy soils in the > 650 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia where S deficiency of clover is common when pastures grow rapidly during spring (August–November). The sources compared were single superphosphate, finely grained and coarsely grained gypsum from deposits in south-western Australia, and elemental S. All sources were broadcast (topdressed) once only onto each plot, 3 weeks after pasture emerged at the start of the first growing season. In each subsequent year, fresh fertiliser-S as single superphosphate was applied 3 weeks after pasture emerged to nil-S plots previously not treated with S since the start of the experiment. This was to determine the residual value of sources applied at the start of the experiment in each subsequent year relative to superphosphate freshly-applied in each subsequent year. In addition, superphosphate was also applied 6, 12 and 16 weeks after emergence of pasture in each year, using nil-S plots not previously treated with S since the start of the experiment. Pasture responses to applied S are usually larger after mid-August, so applying S later may match plant demand increasing the effectiveness of S for pasture production and may also reduce leaching losses of the applied S.At the same site, yield increases to applied S varied greatly, from 0 to 300%, at different harvests in the same or different years. These variations in yield responses to applied S are attributed to the net effect of mineralisation of different amounts of S from soil organic matter, dissolution of S from fertilisers, and different amounts of leaching losses of S from soil by rainfall. Within each year at each site, yield increases were mostly larger in spring (September–November) than in autumn (June–August). In the year of application, single superphosphate was equally or more effective than the other sources. In years when large responses to S occurred, applying single superphosphate later in the year was more effective than applying single superphosphate 3 weeks after pasture emerged (standard practice), so within each year the most recently applied single superphosphate treatment was the most effective S source. All sources generally had negligible residual value, so S needed to be applied each year to ensure S deficiency did not reduce pasture production.

Effect of calcium on the growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Simpfendorfer ◽  
T. J. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Pathogenic Races ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Individual

Calcium was found to significantly stimulate both the mycelial growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina, the major soilborne fungal pathogen of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). On average, the addition of calcium as either CaCO3 or CaCl2 to 3 artificial media increased the in vitro growth of 15 isolates from 20 to 135%. Calcium was also shown to increase the severity of root disease caused by 6 isolates of P. clandestina by up to 100% in a glasshouse experiment. The addition of Ca2+ as CaCl2 had a greater stimulatory effect on the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings (up to 57% reduction in seedling biomass) than supplementing with CaCO3 (maximum 36% decrease). The virulence of 6 isolates from 3 different pathogenic races of P. clandestina were examined in the glasshouse experiment. Differences in the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings was shown to be dependent on the individual isolate rather than the pathogenic race to which it is assigned.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). III. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between copper concentrations in plant parts and yield

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship of copper supply with copper concentrations in various plant parts and yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 40 and 74 days in pots with four levels of potassium phosphate (0, 13, 39, 65 mg phosphorus/pot) and six levels of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 pg copper/pot) added, in factorial combination, to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and copper. By increasing the phosphorus levels copper deficiency was induced partly by promoting growth and diluting copper concentrations in plants; and also by depressing copper absorption. Increasing phosphorus changed the distribution of copper in plant tops and the shape of curves relating copper concentration in whole plant tops to yield. At 39 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship at Day 74 had a marked 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature, largely as a result of unusually high copper concentrations in the stems plus petioles of severely copper-deficient plants. At 65 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship had no 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature for whole tops and only a relatively small curvature for stems plus petioles. The data suggests that 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curves in subterranean clover result primarily from high concentrations of copper in the stems plus petioles of severely deficient plants. At both harvests, young leaf blades had critical copper concentrations of around 3 �g copper/g at both 39 and 65 mg phosphorus/pot. However, copper-deficient plants with severe phosphorus deficiency did not respond to copper, and generally had copper concentrations below this critical level in all plant parts. The results confirm the value of copper analysis of young leaf blades for diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover with moderately deficient to luxury supplies of phosphorus.

The effect of calcium supply on bur set and seed formation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Calcium Supply ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Seed Yields

In a glasshouse experiment subterranean clover plants were grown in soil at various levels of calcium nutrition. The developing burs were buried in separate soil containers to which no nutrients, calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, or potassium sulphate were applied. When subterranean clover was growing in soil low in calcium, top yield was little affected; but bur and seed formation were greatly reduced. However, when the reflexed flowers were buried in soil to which a calcium salt had been added, bur and seed yield increases of up to 500% were obtained The increase in seed yield resulted from a greater percentage of flowers forming bur, more seed per bur, heavier seed, and less rotten seed. Similar results were obtained in a second glasshouse experiment in which a different soil was used to grow the clover. The beneficial effect of calcium ions around the developing bur was independent of the associated anions, or of the soil pH; nor could it be produced by the substitution of potassium or magnesium for calcium. It seems likely that commercial seed yields and subterranean clover persistence in many areas may be reduced by calcium deficiency in apparently lush healthy pastures. The similarity of this disorder to calcium deficiency in peanuts suggests that other crop and pasture species forming buried seed may also be especially susceptible.

Effects of surface-applied phosphorus and superphosphate on the solution chemistry and phytotoxicity of subsurface aluminium: sand/solution and soil experiments

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ McLaughlin ◽  
TR James
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
P Supply

Experiments using split-root sand/solution culture and reconstituted soil profiles were undertaken to examine the influence of P supply to surface roots of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. Woogenellup) on root penetration into Al-toxic subsurface strata. In sand/solution culture increasing P supply to surface (0-40 mm) roots enchanced root penetration into Al-toxic nutrient solutions in the subsurface (40-100 mm), but only at low to moderate concentrations of Al. At high concentrations of Al, surface P supply had no effect on root penetration into the lower compartment. Results from the soil experiments confirmed the observations obtained in sand/solution culture. Topdressed P (as single superphosphate-SSP) enhanced root penetration into the Al-toxic subsurface stratum. Plants suffering P stress showed poor root growth in the acidic subsurface stratum. Gypsum in the SSP confounded P treatment effects at high rates of P application. The gypsum quickly dissolved and was able to move through the limited surface soil (0-40 mm, pH 5. O), to the acidic subsurface stratum, as evidenced by Ca concentrations in soil solution. This raised the ionic strength and reduced the pH of the soil solution, and raised solution Al concentrations. Under conditions of limiting leaching, and where the subsurface horizon was very acidic (pH 3.9), the gypsum in SSP caused yield reductions at high rates of application and produced a quadratic yield response curve to topdressed SSP.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between zinc concentrations in plant parts and yield

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of phosphorus on the relationship of zinc concentrations in various plant parts to yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse at three levels of phosphorus (39, 65 and 130 mg phosphorus/pot; denoted P1, P2 and P3 respectively) and six levels of zinc added in factorial combination to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and zinc. At the lowest three levels of zinc supply, plants were severely to moderately deficient in zinc: in them, increasing levels of phosphorus depressed growth and induced high concentrations of phosphorus (> 1 % DM) in several plant parts and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity in leaves. At the highest three levels of zinc supply, plants at P1 were phosphorus deficient: application of P2 and P3 increased growth and induced zinc deficiency primarily by diluting the available zinc. In addition, P3 appeared to depress slightly the zinc content of plant tops by another mechanism. In severely zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply changed the relationships between zinc concentrations in various plant parts and yield of whole tops, probably as the result of phosphorus toxicity. In the youngest open leaf blades, an asymptotic relationship at P1 changed at P2 and P3 to sigmoidal and to 'Piper-Steenbjerg' relationships respectively. These changes would not have invalidated the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency. In moderately zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply had little or no effect on the relationships of zinc concentration in plant parts to yield of shoots. As a result, critical concentrations in plant parts generally remained constant over the whole range of phosphorus supply. The data refute suggestions that high levels of phosphorus in plant parts inactivate the zinc within them, thus removing a potential problem in the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency in subterranean clover. The results confirm the previous suggestion that a concentration range of 12-14 �g zinc/g in the youngest, open leaf blade is critical for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Nutrient potential and capacity. II. Relationship between potassium potential and buffering capacity and the supply of potassium to plants

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Energy Of Exchange

The potassium status of 22 soils with low reserves of non-exchangeable potassium was assessed by measuring: (a) the potassium potential (the free energy of exchange of potassium for calcium plus magnesium); (b) the soil's capacity to resist a change in potential ("buffering capacity"); (c) the amount of exchangeable potassium and its percentage saturation. The ability of these measures to predict the supply of potassium was tested by growing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pots and determining its potassium content at successive harvests. The soil's buffering capacity was found to affect the supply of potassium even when uptake was small. It is suggested that this was partly because buffering capacity affects the rate of supply by diffusion to plant roots. As the uptake of potassium became progressively larger, the potential became increasingly unsuitable as a single index of availability, but a multiple regression containing terms for potential and for buffering capacity continued to account for a large proportion (89%) of the variation. The relationship obtained can be used to indicate the amount of potassium required to bring a deficient soil to a desirable status.

Seed softening patterns from single seed crops of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in a cool temperate environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Evans ◽  
EJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Original Seed ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Negative Exponential ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
The Relationship

An experiment was set up in northern Tasmania with 7 cultivars of subterranean clover widely ranging in maturity and levels of hardseededness. They were planted as pure swards and in a mixture with perennial ryegrass. After seed set in the first year, all seedling regenerations were counted and then killed, and seed populations were measured each summer for 6 years. No significant differences in seed losses existed between the pure swards and the mixtures or between cultivars. Negative exponential functions of the relationship between seed banks and time fitted the data well with r2 ranging from 0.87 (Nungarin) to 0.998 (Trikkala). By mid-summer of the sixth year the percentages of the original seed left in the ground were: Enfield 12%, Woogenellup 19%, Trikkala 20%, Nungarin 21%, Larisa 24%, and Karridale and Mt Barker 31%. Seeds at higher latitudes were lost at about half the rates experienced at lower latitudes with drier, hotter summers. The higher percentages of seed remaining in plots with later maturing cultivars suggest that environmental conditions favoured the production of hard seeds while the reverse was the case with very early, hardseeded cultivars like Nungarin.

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