Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). III. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between copper concentrations in plant parts and yield

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship of copper supply with copper concentrations in various plant parts and yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 40 and 74 days in pots with four levels of potassium phosphate (0, 13, 39, 65 mg phosphorus/pot) and six levels of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 pg copper/pot) added, in factorial combination, to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and copper. By increasing the phosphorus levels copper deficiency was induced partly by promoting growth and diluting copper concentrations in plants; and also by depressing copper absorption. Increasing phosphorus changed the distribution of copper in plant tops and the shape of curves relating copper concentration in whole plant tops to yield. At 39 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship at Day 74 had a marked 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature, largely as a result of unusually high copper concentrations in the stems plus petioles of severely copper-deficient plants. At 65 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship had no 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature for whole tops and only a relatively small curvature for stems plus petioles. The data suggests that 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curves in subterranean clover result primarily from high concentrations of copper in the stems plus petioles of severely deficient plants. At both harvests, young leaf blades had critical copper concentrations of around 3 �g copper/g at both 39 and 65 mg phosphorus/pot. However, copper-deficient plants with severe phosphorus deficiency did not respond to copper, and generally had copper concentrations below this critical level in all plant parts. The results confirm the value of copper analysis of young leaf blades for diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover with moderately deficient to luxury supplies of phosphorus.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between zinc concentrations in plant parts and yield

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of phosphorus on the relationship of zinc concentrations in various plant parts to yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse at three levels of phosphorus (39, 65 and 130 mg phosphorus/pot; denoted P1, P2 and P3 respectively) and six levels of zinc added in factorial combination to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and zinc. At the lowest three levels of zinc supply, plants were severely to moderately deficient in zinc: in them, increasing levels of phosphorus depressed growth and induced high concentrations of phosphorus (> 1 % DM) in several plant parts and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity in leaves. At the highest three levels of zinc supply, plants at P1 were phosphorus deficient: application of P2 and P3 increased growth and induced zinc deficiency primarily by diluting the available zinc. In addition, P3 appeared to depress slightly the zinc content of plant tops by another mechanism. In severely zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply changed the relationships between zinc concentrations in various plant parts and yield of whole tops, probably as the result of phosphorus toxicity. In the youngest open leaf blades, an asymptotic relationship at P1 changed at P2 and P3 to sigmoidal and to 'Piper-Steenbjerg' relationships respectively. These changes would not have invalidated the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency. In moderately zinc-deficient plants, phosphorus supply had little or no effect on the relationships of zinc concentration in plant parts to yield of shoots. As a result, critical concentrations in plant parts generally remained constant over the whole range of phosphorus supply. The data refute suggestions that high levels of phosphorus in plant parts inactivate the zinc within them, thus removing a potential problem in the use of plant analysis for diagnosing zinc deficiency in subterranean clover. The results confirm the previous suggestion that a concentration range of 12-14 �g zinc/g in the youngest, open leaf blade is critical for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of copper supply on distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency by plant analysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Vegetative Development

The effect of copper supply upon the distribution of copper within Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined from early vegetative growth to plant maturity in one glasshouse experiment, and in a second experiment was assessed at early flowering. The copper content of old leaf blades of copper-adequate plants decreased progressively with senescence of the blades. Copper deficiency delayed senescence and export of copper from the older blades so that both the relative and net changes were substantially smaller than for blades of copper-adequate plants. However, copper concentrations in senesced old leaf blades still reflected copper supply. At full senescence these blades contained appreciable quantities and concentrations of copper which contrasted with the low levels found in senesced leaves of wheat and peanuts in previous studies. Copper concentration in whole plant tops was not satisfactory for diagnosing copper deficiency, since the critical concentration decreased with plant age and during late vegetative development 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature developed in the relationship between copper concentration and yield. It is possible that the curvature resulted partly from unusually high concentrations of copper in the old petioles of severely deficient plants. Analysis of copper in young leaf blades provided a sensitive means of diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover. The estimated critical concentration for these blades (3 �g/g for maximum growth) did not change with plant age, at least until early flowering. In early growth, the copper concentration of young leaf blades may be used to forecast impending copper deficiency.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum deficiencies in soils from eastern Australia in relation to nutrient supply and some characteristics of soil and climate.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Western Victoria

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was grown on 32 virgin soils in pot cultures, and the yield responses to phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum were determined for each soil. The soils were collected from a wide area in eastern Australia, extending from south-western Victoria to southern Queensland. Sulphur deficiency occurred almost as frequently as phosphorus deficiency. In fact, 75 per cent. of the soils were deficient in both phosphorus and sulphur. Thirty-one per cent. were deficient in all three elements. The effect of the interaction between the elements on the occurrence and intensity of the deficiencies is shown. Molybdenum responses were obtained only after the other deficiencies had been corrected. A deficiency in one of the elements is no indication of deficiency or sufficiency of either of the other two. There was no correlation between the occurrence or intensity of the deficiencies and the geological origin of the soil parent material, the climate of the regions from which the soils were collected, or such soil characters as colour, organic matter, and texture. Responses to phosphorus were less on the black earths than on the red or yellow podzolic soils; those on the red earths were intermediate. The intensity of sulphur deficiency increased, and the intensity of molybdenum deficiency decreased, with increasing soil pH.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Contents of Municipal and Rural Dumpsite Soils and Rate of Accumulation byCarica papayaandTalinum triangularein Uyo, Nigeria

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Ebong ◽  
M. M. Akpan ◽  
V. N. Mkpenie
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Dumpsites in Uyo and most cities in Nigeria are used nutrients rich soils for cultivating fruits and vegetables without regards to the risk of toxic metal pollution by the wastes. This development necessitated the research on the assessment of the impact of municipal and rural dumpsites on the metal levels of the underlying soils, the relationship between the dumpsite- soil metal content and the rate of bio-accumulation by plants, the effect of plant specie and plant part on the rate of metal uptake. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed for the analysis of the samples and results obtained from municipal dumpsite soil indicated the following mean concentrations: Fe, 1711.20 μg/g; Pb, 43.28 ug/g; Zn, 88.34 ug/g; Ni, 12.18 ug/g; Cd, 14.10 ug/g and Cu, 56.33 ug/g. These concentrations were relatively higher than the following concentrations: Fe, 1016.98 ug/g; Pb, 18.57 ug/g; Zn, 57.90 ug/g; Ni, 7.98 ug/g; Cd, 9.25 ug/g and Cu, 33.70 ug/g recorded for the rural dumpsite soil. Consequently, plants grown on municipal dumpsites soil accumulated higher concentrations of the metals than those on rural dumpsites. Results obtained from this study also revealed that plants grown on dumpsite soils bio-accumulated higher metal concentrations than their counterparts obtained from normal agricultural soils. The ability of plants to bioaccumulate these metals were also observed as being different from one plant to the other and from one plant parts to the other. And apart from Fe and Zn which recorded higher concentrations in the leaves of the plants studied, other metals recorded higher concentrations in the roots. The general results obtained revealed that the levels of Cd in dumpsite-soil were above the standard while the levels of Cd and Pb in plants were also above the recommended levels in plants. The implications of these high concentrations of these metals in soil and plants have been discussed. Some useful recommendations on the proper handling of wastes to reduce toxic metal loads at dumpsites have also been highlighted.

Yield responses to lime of phalaris, cocksfoot, and annual pastures in north-eastern Victoria

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Pasture Yield

Yield responses of 3 mixed grass-clover pastures [Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa (phalaris), Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto (cocksfoot), and annual grass based Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Trikkala (subterranean clover) pastures] were measured over 5 soil pH treatments at 2 sites in Victoria. One site (Beechworth) was strongly acidic [pH(CaCl2) < 4.21 to a depth of 40 cm and contained high concentrations of soil aluminium (Al). At the other site (Lake Rowan), yield responses to lime application had been measured previously, but only in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars. At Beechworth, pasture yield responses to lime were not consistent but. when observed. occurred in autumn and winter in all 3 pasture types. Phalaris pastures showed yield increases more often than cocksfoot and annual pastures. Low magnesium and calcium concentrations may have limited dry matter production, although yields were reasonable on all treatments. Where lime was applied, growth responses may have been due to alleviation of Al toxicity. At Beechworth, pasture yield was increased where lime increased pH from 4.2 to 4.6 and decreased soil Al (measured in 10 mmol CaCl2/L) from 11 to <3 �g/g soil. Herbage manganese concentrations were not high in phalaris and subterranean clover, and cocksfoot manganese standards were not available. At Lake Rowan (pH 4.7, Al <1 �g/g), no growth responses to lime were seen in any pasture treatment, and annual grass based pastures sometimes had higher yields than phalaris and cocksfoot pastures. On strongly acidic soils such as at Beechworth, incorporation of lime prior to pasture establishment should be considered. Perennial grasses may reduce further soil degradation through acidification. Soil A1 concentrations are commonly lower in ley-cropping areas, and the inclusion of perennial grasses in ley pastures requires further evaluation.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) as affected by growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and infection by Puccinea chondrillina Bubak and Syd

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea, form A) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was studied in a glasshouse experiment in which the species were grown alone or together and the resultant effects of shoot and root competition assessed. The leaf number and weight of plant parts of C. juncea were reduced by competition vith subterranean clover, especially when shoots of the two species were competing. The leaf area of C. juncea was reduced, especially when roots of the two species were growing together. Puccinia chondrillina on C. juncea rosettes reduced leaf number, leaf area, and weight of plant parts. Subterranean clover grown with C. juncea infected with P. chondrillina further reduced the size and weight of the weed. The large reduction in leaf area and root weight of C. juncea (form A) plants in the presence of both subterranean clover and P. chondrillina suggests that growth of this form of C. juncea in Australia will be greatly reduced in pastures containing these species. In the long term, densities of this form may possibly be so lowered that a significant level of control will be reached in a cereal cropping-pasture system.

Variation in nutritive value of plant parts of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lack Of Information

While it has been reported that leaves of subterranean clover are less digestible than stems, there is a lack of information on the variability of nutritive value of plant parts of subterranean clover. To determine the variation in nutritive value of leaf, petiole, stem and burr, an experiment with 26 cultivars of subterranean clover was conducted at Shenton Park Field Station, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-weekly intervals. Plants were sampled at the vegetative stage before grazing and after the cessation of flowering. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen concentration of leaves, petioles, stems and burrs were determined. At the vegetative stage, there was no difference in DMD (P>0.05) among plant parts for most cultivars, and leaf had the highest (P<0.05) nitrogen concentration (4.8–5.4%). After the cessation of flowering, leaf had the highest DMD and nitrogen concentration (P<0.05). The DMD of plant parts differed significantly among cultivars (P<0.05). There was a slight decrease in DMD over time for leaves and a significant decrease in DMD for stems and petioles. These results suggest the main objective of grazing management of subterranean clover swards should be to increase the proportion of leaf material in the swards and that selection of leafy varieties by breeding could improve the late season digestibility of subterranean clover. Such management and breeding strategies would have value when the cultivars are in mixed pastures or used with supplements in summer.

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