The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 3. Response of lucerne to phosphate as affected by calcium and potassium sulfates and soil aluminium levels

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Aluminium Concentration ◽  
South Wales

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the response of lucerne to phosphate at various concentrations of aluminium in the soil solution. Aluminium levels were varied by adding neutral salts to an acid infertile soil, typical of those on which unusually poor responses to superphosphate have been reported on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The addition of monocalcium phosphate reduced aluminium concentration in the soil solution and increased plant growth four-fold. The neutral salts, calcium sulfate and potassium sulfate, in the presence of calcium phosphate, increased aluminium concentrations in the soil solution and reduced plant growth and response to phosphate. It is concluded that the calcium sulfate component of single superphosphate can decrease plant growth, and thus the response to phosphate, by increasing the concentration of aluminium in the soil solution on these very acid soils..

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 1. The effect of superphosphate and lime on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of phalaris and lucerne

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The response of improved pastures to the application of superphosphate is low on the acid sedimentary soils, of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, which contain high levels of exchangeable aluminium. An investigation was made into the effect of surface-applied fertilizers on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of lucerne and phalaris on these soils. At 6 weeks after the application of gypsum, superphosphate, or superphosphate plus potassium sulfate, soil pH (H2O) had decreased markedly. This effect extended to a depth of 20 cm, but decreased with time. Initially, lime application increased the pH of the surface soil only. When superphosphate was applied with lime the pH of the soil under the lime layer decreased to the same level as that found in the soil treated with superphosphate alone. Lime, however, had penetrated into the subsoil 102 weeks after application and substantially more so after 13 years. Soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) was not depressed by the application of fertilizers. Growth and persistence of both species in the first summer were poor, but growth responses to phosphorus, lime and nitrogen increased after the first year. Lucerne showed large growth responses to lime, greater than those found on plots receiving nitrogen fertilizer. Lime reduced aluminium levels both in lucerne plants and in soil. It is suggested that the slow penetration of lime into the soil, the relatively quick effect of superphosphate in increasing subsoil acidity, and high soil aluminium levels are together responsible for the poor persistence and slow growth of both lucerne and phalaris in the early stages. The subsequent large dry matter responses of lucerne to lime are possibly related to increased nitrogen fixation and a lowering of plant and soil aluminium levels. It is suggested that the lime responses of phalaris are also related to lower aluminium levels.

Concentrations of rare earth elements in some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Diatloff ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
FW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Soil Solutions

Total, exchangeable, and soil solution concentrations were measured for 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in 9 soils from Queensland and New South Wales. In a further 10 acid soils, effects of amendment with CaCO3 or CaSO4 . 2H2O were measured on the concentrations of REEs in soil solution. The total concentration of the REEs in soil solutions from unamended soils ranged from below the detection limit (0.007 µM) to 0.64 µM. Lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) were the REEs present in the greatest concentrations, the highest concentrations measured in the diverse suite of soils being 0.13 µM La and 0.51 µM Ce. Rare earth elements with higher atomic numbers were present in very low concentrations. Exchangeable REEs accounted for 0.07 to 12.6% of the total REEs measured in the soils. Addition of CaCO3 increased soil solution pH and decreased REE concentrations in soil solution, whilst CaSO4 . 2H2O decreased soil solution pH and increased the concentrations of REEs in soil solution. Solubility calculations suggest that CePO4 may be the phase controlling the concentration of Ce in soil solution.

The residual effect of phosphorus on soil fertility and pasture development on acid soils

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Anderson ◽  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Early Years ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Phosphate Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Demand

A study was made of the residual effect of superphosphate applied to pasture on acid soils on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The effect of the superphosphate on the development of clover and subsequent changes in soil fertility and development of grass was examined. Only a limited proportion of the phosphorus applied was taken up by the pasture over the period of the experiments, but the evidence obtained suggests that this cannot be ascribed merely to phosphate fixation in the soil. The residual phosphorus was little, if any, less effective than current dressings over a number of years. The total yield of pasture was dependent almost entirely on the amount of superphosphate applied, and frequency of application had little or no effect on the total yield. A single dose at the commencement of the trials was as effective in increasing the total yield and the uptake of phosphorus as were annual dressings. High fertility and grass dominance were achieved by heavy annual dressings of superphosphate or by application of the bulk of the phosphorus in the early years. Lighter annual dressings resulted in clover dominance. Some advantages of heavier, less frequent application of superphosphate are discussed. Competition for phosphorus was an important factor in suppression of the clover by the grass. Evidence was presented in support of a hypothesis that grass or clover dominance is dependent both upon the vigour and fertility requirements of the species and upon the relation between the nitrogen demand of the pasture unit and the soil nitrogen status.

The effect of biosolids on cereals in central New South Wales, Australia. 1. Crop growth and yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sludge Cake ◽  
Dewatered Sewage Sludge

Two forms of biosolids, with and without lime, were applied to acid soils at 2 sites in central New South Wales. Wheat and triticale were then grown on these sites to determine the effect of biosolids on crop growth and yield. The forms of biosolids used were dewatered sewage sludge cake, and N-Viro Soil which is a lime amended sewage sludge. Dewatered sewage sludge cake was applied at rates of 0, 6, 12 and 24 dry Mg/ha, and N-Viro soil at 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dry Mg/ha. Biosolids produced grain yield increases of over 50% at both sites, with the largest yield increases at the highest rate of dewatered sewage sludge. Continued cropping at 1 of the sites showed that significant yield increases were still obtained 3 years after the initial application. The addition of lime and N-Viro Soil raised soil pH, and produced small but long lasting yield increases. However, the main benefit of biosolids seems to have come from the nutrients they supplied rather than changes in soil pH.

The effect of season, stage of plant growth and leaf position on nutrient concentration in banana leaves on a krasnozem in New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner ◽  
B Barkus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Banana Leaves ◽  
Cu And Zn

At Alstonville, New South Wales, leaf position had a greater effect than season on the nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the laminae of Williams bananas growing on a krasnozem soil and sampled over a 4-year period. However, season was more important for Mg. The effect of stage of plant growth was significant but much smaller than the other influences. When sampling for leaf analysis, leaf position and plant age can be standardised, but a major problem in this investigation was unpredictable, significant changes in nutrient composition from one sampling date to another. If these results are true for other soils. the data do not allow critical levels to be applied.

The assessment of available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils under subterranean clover pastures of various ages

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Practical Measure

Three methods of estimating available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils were compared on three groups of soils from the Pejar district near Goulburn, New South Wales in which differences in pH had been brought about by different periods under subterranean clover pasture. Managanese extracted by 0.01 M calcium chloride gave the best correlation with the manganese concentration in rape and subterranean clover grown in pot culture, and provided the best index of available manganese. Soil solution manganese was inferior to CaCl2-extractable manganese and was more difficult to determine. Extraction with neutral ammonium acetate was unsatisfactory because this reagent overestimated available forms of manganese in soils containing high levels of reactive manganese. Aluminium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 was well correlated with exchangeable aluminium and with percentage aluminium saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity. None of the three measures of aluminium status alone was an effective index for predicting lime response by rape on these soils because both manganese and aluminium status were involved in this response. These three parameters were equally effective in multiple regressions for yield responses of rape to lime. Because of its relative ease of determination, CaCl2 extraction is preferred as a practical measure of aluminium status. Aluminium interacted with and increased the toxic effects of manganese in rape. Thus CaCl2-extractable manganese alone only provided a satisfactory index of a 'critical' value for manganese toxicity in rape for soils low in available aluminium. Subterranean clover was only slightly affected by aluminium and manganese levels in these soils, and manganese toxicity symptoms were only observed on soils containing 50 ppm or more CaCl2-extractable manganese. Nodulation failure in pots occurred in all soils with pH below 5.2 (water) or below 4.3 in CaCl2, whereas nodulation was normal when these soils were treated with CaCO3 to raise the pH to 5.8-6.0 (water). With one exception nodulation appeared adequate at field sites from which soils showing nodulation failure in the glasshouse had been collected.

Some factors affecting the extraction of soil 'available' phosphate

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
GD Batten
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Laboratory Error ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Available Phosphate

Twenty soils from southern New South Wales were analysed for acid extractable phosphate in 1971, and again in 1977 when it was found that an increase had occurred. These same samples were also analysed using reciprocating shakers with different distances of travel. More phosphate was extracted when a shaker with a greater distance of travel was used and when more soil, but at the same soil : solution ratio, was placed in a large vessel. It is suggested that such variations in technique contribute to inter-laboratory error in soil tests for phosphate.

Erratic nodulation and nitrogen fixation in field-grown pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brockwell ◽  
JA Andrews ◽  
RR Gault ◽  
LG Gemell ◽  
GW Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Experimental Findings

Following numerous reports of nodulation failures in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] crops in New South Wales, a series of experiments was conducted in glasshouses and at 6 locations in the field. When inoculated seed was grown in moist vermiculite or in sand beds in the glasshouse, pigeonpea nodulated, and fixed N2, normally; but at 3 sites in the field, we could detect neither nodulation nor N2 fixation, despite adequate inoculation or a population of suitable rhizobia in the soil. At another site there was only sporadic occurrence of effective nodules. Nitrogen was fixed at 2 of the 3 field sites on acid soils, but at 1 site it appeared that nodulation was due to a naturally occurring population of soil rhizobia and not to the inoculant. When comparisons were made, pigeonpea was invariably inferior to symbiotically related legumes, cowpea and adzuki bean, in nodulation and N2 fixation. This inferiority was associated with substantially poorer rhizobial colonisation of pigeonpea rhizospheres. The experimental findings confirmed the anecdotal evidence that pigeonpea is an erratically nodulating grain legume on neutral and alkaline soils.

Failure of liming to increase grain yield of wheat and triticale in acid soils may be due to the associated increase in incidence of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Murray ◽  
BJ Scott ◽  
Z Hochman ◽  
BJ Butler
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Expected Increase ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Lime was applied at rates from 0 to 5.0 t ha-1 at 4 sites in southern and central New South Wales. A root and crown disease characterised by basal stem blackening affected up to 60% of wheat plants and 80% of triticale plants when the soil pH in 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 was above 5.0 at all 4 sites. Below pH 4.8, incidence was less than 5%. The take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was consistently associated with this symptom. Losses in grain yield from the disease ranged from 26 to 77% depending on site. Regression analysis indicates that each 10% increase in plants with basal stem blackening decreased yield by 0.76%. These results demonstrate that the disease can reverse the expected increase in yield after liming, and that progressive acidification of the soils in the region may have caused the present reduced amount of take-all.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document