Serradella (Ornithopus sp.): maturity range and hard seed studies of some strains of five species

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Dehulled Seed ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Alternating Temperature

Two experiments are described which measured the maturity range and the softening of hard seeds of several species and strains of serradella (Ornithopus sp.) grown in field experiments near Esperance, Western Australia. Softening of hard seeds was measured in a diurnal 15/60�C alternating temperature oven (laboratory oven) and from germination tests of samples collected periodically during summer from the field experiments (field test). Within O. compressus, there was a difference of about 30 days between strains, in time from sowing to appearance of the first flowers. The earliest flowering strains of the other species were included in the experiments; none commenced to flower as early as the earliest flowering O. compressus strains. When stored in the laboratory oven, the rate of softening of podded serradella seed varied markedly depending on species and strain, particularly for strains of O. compressus. Compared to naked (dehulled) seed, podded seeds of O. compressus and O. pinnatus softened in the laboratory oven at a much slower rate. The numbers of soft seeds were between 35 and 75% less, depending on strain and year. However, for O. isthmocarpus and O. perpusillus, the rate of softening was similar for both dehulled and podded seed. Irrespective of pod treatment, O. sativus was very soft-seeded. Within the bounds of the data, compared to the field test, the numbers of soft seeds counted for the laboratory oven tests were generally higher. Qualitatively the trends were similar for both methods.

Germination and the Potential Persistence of Weedy and Domestic Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Seeds

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant H. Egley ◽  
C. Dennis Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Seed Trait ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Seed Coats

Germination and longevity of weedy and three domestic okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench. # ABMES] cultivars were investigated. Hard seed coats are the major reason for okra seed dormancy. Hard seeds of weedy okra, induced to germinate by scarification of seed coats, produced plants yielding 94 to 99% hard seeds. Of these, 40% remained hard but viable after overwintering in the soil at 5 cm deep. Nonhard seeds of weedy okra produced plants that yielded 95 to 99% hard seeds, but only 20% remained hard after overwintering in the soil at 5 cm deep. The ‘White Velvet’ cultivar of okra produced a few hard seeds, but none survived longer than 3 months in the soil. The other domestic cultivars, ‘Dwarf Green Long Pod’ and ‘Clemson Spineless', produced no hard seeds. None of these seeds survived over winter in the soil. Some seeds of White Velvet became slightly harder during dry storage based on time in concentrated H2SO4necessary to induce 80% germination. Although the hard-seed trait existed in the population of this domestic cultivar, it is unlikely that the seeds would overwinter. Seeds that overwinter in a dry condition may be the exception. Because a high percentage of hard seeds overwinter and germinate the following spring, weedy okra has the potential to become a persistent problem.

Production practices for improved grain yield and quality of soft wheats in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
D. Sawkins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Club Head ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Summary. The aim of our experiments was to determine whether the soft-grained, club-head wheats used for the Australian Soft grade (cvv. Tincurrin and Corrigin), required different management to maximise grain yield and quality than the standard-head wheats used for other grades. Two series of field experiments were conducted in the 300–500 mm rainfall zone in the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia between latitudes 32 and 34°S from 1989 to 1993. Agronomic variables examined in the experiments included sowing time, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and seed rate. Grain yield, grain protein concentration, hectolitre weight and small grain sievings (below a 2 mm slotted screen) were measured on the grain samples. It was concluded that the optimum time for sowing the soft wheats, both of which are of mid-season maturity, was May. Small grain sievings and grain proteins of the soft wheats exceeded the receival standards for the grade when sown outside this period and were more sensitive to earlier or later sowings in this regard than the other wheats. The soft wheats had smaller kernels and were more likely than other cultivars to produce grain samples with high levels of sievings associated with sowing at inappropriate times and the use of N fertiliser. They had consistently 1–1.5% lower grain protein concentrations than the other cultivars used in the experiments. Hectolitre weights seldom fell below the receival standard of 74 kg/hL for any of the grain samples. Increasing seed rate did not increase the level of sievings at all sites. Although sievings were affected by sowing time, N fertiliser and cultivar, there were large influences associated with site factors that also caused excessive sievings. Fertile sites where the crop did not respond to N fertiliser and sites where the crop was infected by leaf rust were associated with high levels of sievings. Standard-head wheats were less susceptible to dockages, but lower yielding than the club-head, soft wheats. Seed rates for the soft wheats should be chosen to maximise yield rather than to attempt to avoid price dockages at receival.

High phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings and plants

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
MJ Baker
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Burr Medic

Seed of 2 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and 1 burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) with increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations (wheat 1.4-3.7 g P/kg dry matter, medic 3.3-7.9 g P/kg dry matter) were collected from field experiments with variable levels of applied superphosphate (wheat 0- 577 kg P/ha, medic 0-364 kg P/ha) in south-western Australia. These seeds were used in further experiments to examine the effect of seed P concentration on the subsequent dry matter (DM) production of seedlings and plants in 3 glasshouse pot experiments and 1 field experiment. Seed of the same size (wheat, 35 mg/seed; medic, 3.6 mg/seed) but with increasing P concentration produced substantially higher DM yields in the absence or presence of freshly applied superphosphate P up to 28-35 days after sowing in the pot experiments and 67 days after sowing in the field experiment.

An assessment of the factors controlling the productivity of maize in England

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Other Hand

Between 1942 and 1950, some thirty field experiments have been carried out in the southern half of England to assess the potential value, either for grain or forage production, of seventeen openpollinated flint or dent maizes together with twentynine single or double hybrids of American or Canadian origin.Early-maturing flint varieties will consistently ripen grain, but before mechanical threshing or storage, the cobs require drying. Sibthorp, a mass selection made from an unknown German variety, is the earliest and most productive flint maize so far tested, and in the experiments has yielded as much as 39 cwt. of grain per acre with an average of 24 cwt. The earliest American hybrids, i.e. those with a U.S.A. rating of 80 days from sowing to maturity, give very high yields of grain in favourable seasons. Within the group Wisconsin 240–275, a yield level equal to or exceeding 50 cwt./acre has on occasion been recorded. On the other hand, in the most unfavourable years, such hybrids just failed to produce ripe cobs.Attempts to maintain sixty-five parent inlines of the earliest hybrids have largely failed. However, many of the parent single crosses have matured, and the production on a field scale of the double-cross seed of both Wisconsin 240 and 255 has been carried out.Spacing experiments indicate that for optimum grain production a density of 6 plants/sq.yd. is required for both flint varieties and the earliest hybrids. A spatial arrangement of individual plants is to be preferred to that of groups or hills.American hybrids, in the class of ‘90 days’ to maturity, will in all but the most unfavourable seasons reach the ‘early-dent’ stage of the grain before the incidence of autumn frosts. Yields of dry matter of plants harvested in this phase have ranged from 30 to 85 cwt. of dry matter per acre. In these trials, the plant density was standardized at 4 plants/sq.yd. and higher densities may be demanded for optimal yields.The ratio of the ‘ear’ (that is, the cob, immature grain and enclosing leaf sheaths) to the total shoot weight at harvest varies greatly with the variety or hybrid. With White Horsetooth, the usual variety grown for fodder in England, no cobs are formed before the plants are killed by frost, while with the early hybrids, the ear may be half the weight of the whole shoot.The earliest variety Sibthorp from an early May sowing takes approximately 70–80 days to reach full anthesis, while ‘80-day’ American hybrids are a week later. From sowing to full maturity the period in England is from 140 to 160 days, thus compared to conditions in Minnesota the period is nearly twice as long. Because of the much slower rate of development and because of the humidity of English autumns, it is concluded that until the date of maturity can be advanced some 14 days, grain production on a field scale is not yet feasible. On the other hand, many of the American hybrids are well fitted to the production of silage. The greatest drawback to the introduction of such hybrids is the liability of the seed and seedlings to be attacked by rooks.

A field study of competition and interaction between Lemna minor and Lemna trisulca

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2904-2911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. McIlraith ◽  
Gordon G. C. Robinson ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Vegetative Biomass

Field experiments and survey methods were used to assess competition and interaction between Lemna minor L. and Lemna trisulca L. at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Sites were dominated by one or the other species or codominated by both. Replacement series experiments predicted codominance of L. minor and L. trisulca in an unshaded eutrophic site but predicted L. minor dominance when run for a longer time. Similar experiments conducted in a shaded eutrophic site predicted L. minor dominance. Addition series experiments showed that intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred in the unshaded site. In a eutrophic unshaded ditch, high densities of L. minor suppressed L. trisulca. In a eutrophic shaded site, high densities of L. minor and green algae inhibited L. trisulca, and in a sunny, less eutrophic site high density of each species inhibited the other. In a transplant experiment, L. minor biomass in shaded enclosures approached that found naturally in two shaded sites. Lemna trisulca persisted when shaded. Vegetative biomass trends in an unshaded eutrophic marsh ditch indicated spring and fall L. trisulca dominance and summer L. minor dominance. Shaded eutrophic sites were dominated by L. minor, whereas a less eutrophic site was dominated by L. trisulca. A model is developed to explain dominance patterns, and seasonal life-history responses are considered. Key words: Lemna, duckweed, competition, interaction, resources, light, nutrients.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

The Survival of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Over Winter in Western Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-987
Author(s):  
Touhidur Rahman ◽  
Sonya Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Mild Winter

Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most economically important pest insects of fruit crops worldwide. Mediterranean fruit fly can cause up to 100% crop loss in susceptible fruit. In order to formulate best management practices, it is critical to understand how Mediterranean fruit fly overwinters in a given geographical location and bridge the gap between autumn and spring populations. In this study, we evaluated the overwintering potential of Mediterranean fruit fly immature and adult stages in two locations in Perth Hills, Western Australia. We also monitored wild adult Mediterranean fruit fly populations for 2 yr. Adults were present year-round with captures very low in winter to early spring relative to summer and autumn. Field experiments revealed that immature stages in apples (eggs/first instar) and soil (pupae) remained viable in winter, emerging as adults at the onset of warmer weather in spring. In field cages, adults survived 72–110 d, and female laid viable eggs when offered citrus fruit, though only 1–6% eggs survived to emerge as adults. Adults survived longer in field cages when offered live citrus branch. The findings suggest that all Mediterranean fruit fly life stages can survive through mild winter, and surviving adults, eggs in the fruit and/or pupae in the soil are the sources of new population that affect the deciduous fruit crops in Perth. We recommend that Mediterranean fruit fly monitoring is required year-round and control strategies be deployed in spring. Furthermore, we recommend removal of fallen fruit particularly apple and other winter fruit such as citrus.

scholarly journals Uji Ketahanan Klon Kentang Hasil Pesilangan Atlantic x Repita terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Phytophthora infestans

Agrikultura ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Helmi Kurniawan ◽  
Ineu Sulastrini ◽  
Tarkus Suganda
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACTResistance Test of Potato Clones Derived from Crossing of Atlantic x Repita to Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)Late blight, incited by Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease of potato. The management that is effective and environmentally-friendly is the use of resistant variety. The objective of this study was to test the resistance of the six potato clones (AR 04, AR 05, AR 06, AR 07, AR 08 and AR 09) derived from crossing var. Atlantic x var. Repita to late blight caused by P. infestans. Var. Atlantic, Repita and Granola were used as susceptible, resistant and susceptible but the most-grown variety, respectively. Field test was located in Ciwidey, one of the potato growing center where late blight is endemic since potatoes are continuously grown. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The result showed that clones AR 07 and AR 08 were more resistant than the other potato clones, but it still below the resistance level var. Repita. However, based on statistical test on the diseases development (AUDPC), clone AR 08 could be categorized as resistant, equal with of the resistance level of var. Repita.Keywords: Potato clones, Rsistance, P. infestansABSTRAKPenyakit hawar daun yang disebabkan Phytopthora infestans merupakan penyakit utama pada tanaman kentang. Pengendalian yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan adalah dengan penanaman varietas tahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketahanan 6 klon kentang (AR 4, AR5, AR6, AR7, AR 8, dan AR9) yang merupakan hasil persilangan antara var. Atlantic (produksi tinggi tetapi rentan) dengan var. Repita, sebagai tetua tahan terhadap penyakit hawar daun yang disebabkan oleh P. infestans. Varietas Atlantic, Repita dan Granola digunakan sebagai pembanding. Pengujian ketahanan dilakukan di Ciwidey, yang merupakan salah satu sentra produksi kentang di Jawa Barat dan endemik penyakit hawar daun. Perlakuan ditata menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klon AR 07 dan Klon AR 08 memiliki ketahanan yang lebih baik dibanding klon-klon kentang lainnya, namun tingkat ketahanannya masih di bawah cv Repita. Namun, berdasarkan uji statistik terhadap nilai perkembangan penyakit (AUDPC) klon AR 08 dapat dikategorikan tahan, sama dengan derajat tahan var. Repita.Kata Kunci: Klon kentang, Ketahanan, P. infestans

scholarly journals PISA-LIKE MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS: USING TAEKWONDO CONTEXT OF ASIAN GAMES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Rawani ◽  
Ratu Ilma Indra Putri ◽  
Hapizah Hapizah
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Design Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Mathematics Problems ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Reasoning And Argument

This research aims to produce a valid, practical, and having potential effects PISA-like mathematics problems using taekwondo context in Asian Games. The subjects were MIA 3 student of SMA 10 Palembang. This study was design research of development study in which had two stages: the preliminary and formative evaluation. The formative evaluation includes self-evaluation, one-to-one and expert review, small group, and field test. The context is used to have the students estimate maximum numbers of exercising athletes in a hall with a specific size. The result of the analysis shows that the problems which were reviewed by three expert reviews are valid qualitatively based on the PISA framework; it is also practical and easy to understand the problem. Based on the analysis of students’ answer, the developed problems display potential effects on student’s diverse basic mathematical abilities on the various process of answering the problems. The basic mathematics abilities emerging among which are reasoning and argument ability. It appears that students can develop and solve the problem by modeling using their assumptions. Also, the other ability is designing strategies to solve problems in which students use various procedures in solving problems leading the conclusion.

scholarly journals Planungsrechnungen zur Optimierung von Zuchtplänen der Rasse Merinofleischschaf

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-280
Author(s):  
U. Müller ◽  
K. Strittmatter ◽  
G. Nitter
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Basic Scheme ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Step Selection

Abstract. Title of the paper: Alternative selection strategies for the Mutton Merino breed to optimize breedine Systems This paper deals with the investigation of alternative selection strategies for the Mutton Merino breed to improve lamb meat production and fertility. A main topic is the application of ultrasonic scanning to evaluate the meat content on live animals. The aim of model calculations was the optimisation and comparison of five different selection strategies within three different schemes of gene dissimation. First a basic scheme was defined and optimised (selection on field records, one-step selection, no scanning). It was regarded as the reference scheme to which all other breeding Systems were related. The following schemes considered both, selection with and without scanning. A second scheme, also based on field records, includes two-step selection of rams (called improved field test scheme). In a third and fourth scheme a level of uniform environment was assumed for ram progeny testing. These are a central testing Station on the one hand with slaughtering and carcass evaluation on progeny, and one or more contract farms on the other (without slaughtering). For a fifth selection scheme an open nucleus was assumed with ram progeny testing in associated test herds. In a dcterministic approach using the ZPLAN Computer program, the monetary genetic gain for the breeding objeetive (traits lambs weaned, litter weight at weaning, postweaning daily gain and lean meat content) and the profit were calculated for each scheme after optimisation of various biological-technical coefficients. The highest profit was achieved with a nucleus scheme (DM 9,16). Due to low recording costs the basic scheme was second (DM 7,19) and, because of high costs, the Station scheme was last (DM 4,22). The other two schemes were intermediate (DM 6,98 for the scheme with contract farms and DM 6,58 for the improved field test scheme). On an average over all schemes, scanning resulted in a 0,24 DM (i.e. almost 30 per cent) increase of the monetary genetic gain and a threefold higher genetic gain for lean meat percentage. In all schemes scanning lead also to a higher profit because the higher retum of selection based on scanning exceeded the higher costs.

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