Detection of Epistasis for Seed and Some Phytochemical Traits in Coriander under Different Irrigation Regimes

Coriander (Coriander sativum L.) is an annual herb mainly cultivated for its seed characteristics. Drought stress is a major problem which affects coriander behaviour through biochemical responses. This study aimed to determine the nature and magnitude of epistasis in inheritance of seed yield (SY), percent of dehulled seed (PODS), percent of seed hulls (POSH), essential oil content (EOC), essential oil yield (EOY), dehulled seed fatty acid content (DSFAC), hull fatty acid content (HFAC), fatty acid content (FAC), and fatty acid yield (FAY), and to estimate additive and dominance variance for the traits not influenced by epistasic effects. Three testers, TN-59-158 (highly drought-susceptible), TN-58-230 (highly drought-tolerant, but low-yielding), and their F1 hybrid were each crossed for six genotypes. The experiment was performed under different levels of water deficit: control (C), moderate water deficit (MWD), and severe water deficit (SWD) conditions. Epistasis affected the expression of SY, EOC, EOY, FAC, and FAY in all water conditions, PODS in C, POSH in SWD, HFAC in MWD, and DSFAC in both C and MWD conditions. Total epistasic effects were partitioned, showing that both [i] and [j + l] type interactions were significant, with a prevalent influence of [i] type interactions on these traits except for POSH and FAC in the SWD condition, which exhibited a higher value of the [j + l] type. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were significant for those traits not significantly affected by epistasis in C, MWD, or SWD conditions. An additive type of gene action was preponderant for PODS in MWD and SWD, POSH in MWD, DSFAC in SWD, and HFAC in C and SWD conditions.

Determination of Characteristics Properties of Some Sunflower Seed in Erzurum and Iğdır Irrigated Conditions

This research was carried out between the years of 2015-2016 in order todetermine the seed properties of some sunflower genotypes in Erzurum and Iğdır irrigated conditions. In this study seven type of (Coral, P4Ll62, Pactol, Lg5580, Tarsan, 08Tr003, Cadix) sunflower cultivars were used and grain length, width, thickness, dehulled seed (internal rate of grain) and shell ratio of the samples were examined. In this study significant were found the other features except seed width and thickness where some sunflower of grown in different location. In the designed location in Erzurum; grain length, width, thickness, dehulled seed were determined as 11.8–13.4 mm (Coral: P4Ll62), 5.8-6.2 mm (Coral: Lg5580 and Tarsan), 3.5-4.4 mm (Coral and Pactol: Cadix), 16.3-21.3 mm (Cadix: P4Ll62 and Tarsan 1018) and 56.3-76.3 mm (Tarsan and Cadix: P4Ll62). In the designated location in Iğdır, these values ranged between 11.5-14.2 mm (Coral: P4Ll62), 5.5-6.5 mm (Pactol: Tarsan 1018 and Cadix), 3.6-4.1 mm (Coral and Pactol: Cadix), 16.7-26.7mm (P4Ll62 and Pactol: Cadix) and 66.7-81.7 mm (Pactol: Cadix) respectively. According to these results, the designated location for this research in Iğdır come in to prominence in terms of the investigated properties.

Serradella (Ornithopus sp.): maturity range and hard seed studies of some strains of five species

Two experiments are described which measured the maturity range and the softening of hard seeds of several species and strains of serradella (Ornithopus sp.) grown in field experiments near Esperance, Western Australia. Softening of hard seeds was measured in a diurnal 15/60�C alternating temperature oven (laboratory oven) and from germination tests of samples collected periodically during summer from the field experiments (field test). Within O. compressus, there was a difference of about 30 days between strains, in time from sowing to appearance of the first flowers. The earliest flowering strains of the other species were included in the experiments; none commenced to flower as early as the earliest flowering O. compressus strains. When stored in the laboratory oven, the rate of softening of podded serradella seed varied markedly depending on species and strain, particularly for strains of O. compressus. Compared to naked (dehulled) seed, podded seeds of O. compressus and O. pinnatus softened in the laboratory oven at a much slower rate. The numbers of soft seeds were between 35 and 75% less, depending on strain and year. However, for O. isthmocarpus and O. perpusillus, the rate of softening was similar for both dehulled and podded seed. Irrespective of pod treatment, O. sativus was very soft-seeded. Within the bounds of the data, compared to the field test, the numbers of soft seeds counted for the laboratory oven tests were generally higher. Qualitatively the trends were similar for both methods.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AIR-CLASSIFIED RAPESEED FRACTIONS

Three samples of rapeseed, composed of high, medium, and low glucosinolate cultivars, were air-classified into various fractions and these fractions were subjected to chemical and biological evaluation. The dehulled fraction of the seed had higher protein and fat content and lower fiber content than the original seed. Digestible nitrogen (DN) and digestible energy (DE) content increased when the hull was removed. Net protein utilization was also higher in the dehulled seed than in the intact seed. No effects of glucosinolate level in the seed were noted with respect to DN or DE but feed consumption of chicks was increased on all tests when the low glucosinolate meal was fed.

The effect of high temperature pretreatments on germination of Townsville stylo seed material

Townsville stylo cv. Gordon dehulled seed and intact pods were exposed to temperatures ranging from 40� to 11 5�C for between 12 and 48 hours in the expectation that a method of reducing hardseededness could be devised. Dry heat temperatures of 75� and 95�C markedly decreased the level of hardseededness in both dehulled seed and intact pods. A temperature of 11 5�C for 12 hours was sufficient to kill all seeds and pods. Fifty per cent germination was achieved after 2.5 days for dehulled seeds and after 5 days for pods exposed to a pretreatment of 95�C. Untreated scarified dehulled seeds took only 1.5 days to achieve 50 per cent germination. It was suggested that a suitable heat pretreatment on Townsville stylo pods should result in a seed material with a soft-seed level similar to dehulled scarified seed, yet with the pods still retaining considerable immunity from 'false starts' to the wet season.

REACTION OF BARLEY VARIETIES TO INFECTION WITH COVERED SMUT (USTILAGO HORDEI PERS. K & S)

Results are presented of tests conducted at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, during the years 1931–34, to determine the relative resistance of barley varieties to the covered smut disease caused by Ustilago hordei.Extensive field trials, including 138 varieties, carried out in 1931, with hulled seed gave inconclusive results owing to low infection percentages. Junior and Eureka, two naturally hulless varieties, evidenced high susceptibility with 66 and 42% infection respectively. Field tests of a number of standard varieties in 1932 in which the seed was dehulled with sulphuric acid, resulted in an increase in the percentage of smutted plants. Unfortunately, the acid treatment of the kernels caused a general impairment in germination which lessened somewhat the significance of the results obtained. In 1934, the comparative infections and stands of varieties grown from hulled, hand-dehulled, scarified and acid-dehulled seed were determined. The data were treated statistically by the analysis of variance method. Significant variations due to varieties, treatments and interaction of varieties and treatments were obtained with regard to both percentage infection and percentage stand. All three of the dehulling measures increased smut infection significantly. Highest infection percentages resulted from hand-dehulled seed, followed by acid-dehulled and scarified seed in the order mentioned.The least reduction in stand resulted from hulled seed and the greatest from acid-dehulled seed. Scarified and hand-dehulled seed gave stands intermediate in numbers. Distinct varietal differences existed in thickness of hull or in the resistance of the hull to acid treatment. The average percentage stands of the different varieties tended to be directly proportional, and the average percentage smut infection inversely proportional to the amount of hull remaining on the kernels following acid treatment. Varieties grown from acid-dehulled and scarified seed were found to be delayed in heading [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] days respectively as compared with varieties grown from hulled or hand-dehulled seed, There was a tendency for the later varieties to be more susceptible to covered smut than the earlier ones.The varieties used in these investigations differed greatly in their reaction to covered smut. A fair degree of correlation was found to exist between the varietal infection percentages induced in 1932 by acid-dehulled seed and those induced by either hand-dehulled or acid-dehulled seed in 1934.Two distinct physiologic forms of U. hordei were found in collections gathered from six points in central Alberta. These are readily distinguished by their reaction on the varieties Eureka and Canadian Thorpe or Hannchen.From the experimental data it was concluded that the following varieties showed resistance to covered smut:Six-rowed, hulled types—O.A.C. No. 21, Atlas, Sacramento Glabron, Velvet, Leiorrhynchum, Wisconsin Barbless No. 38, Shaw, Sol and Success.Two-rowed, hulled types—Spartan, Golden Pheasant and Horn.Hulless types—Himalayan, New Era, Russian, Mongolian and Burbank.The following varieties showed susceptibility to one or more of the smut collections used:Six-rowed, hulled types—Bearer, Lapland, Star, Manchurian, Peatland, Trebi, Silver King, Vaughn, Comfort, Regal, Newal and Colsess.Two-rowed, hulled types—Binder, Canadian Thorpe, Duckbill, Gold, Hannchen, Swanneck and Charlottetown.Hulless types—Junior, Eureka, Improved White Hulless and Trifurcatum.