Effect of amount of rumen degradable protein on the utilization of wheat straw by Dohne Merino wethers

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
J. van E. Nolte ◽  
A.V. Ferreirat ◽  
H.H. Köster
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractA 5 ✕ 5 Latin square was conducted with ruminally and duodenally cannulated Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw to determine the effect of different rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels on forage intake, fermentation characteristics, nutrient flow and digestion. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and wheat straw (32 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM); 742 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg DM) that was offered twice daily, immediately after intraruminal infusion of the supplements at 07:00 and 19:00 h. The supplemental RDP (calcium caseinate; 900 g CP per kg DM) levels were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g/day. Each period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. Forage and total organic matter (OM) intakes increased in a linear manner (P < 0•01) with increasing supplemental RDP levels. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < 0•01). The effects of treatments on rumen and total tract digestion, as well as fluid dilution rate were minimal. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0•04) with increased RDP supplementation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations increased linearly (P < 0•01) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to increase linearly (P = 0•07). In conclusion, RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw generally enhanced rumen fermentation and forage intake. A total RDP intake (sources: calcium caseinate and wheat straw) of 3•30 g/kg M0•75 or 0•12 of DOM maximized DOMI.

Feed intake and digestion by Holstein steer calves consuming low-quality grass supplemented with lasalocid or monensin

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Galloway Sr. ◽  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
A. Patil ◽  
L. A. Forster Jr. ◽  
Z. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake

Holstein steer calves were fed late vegetative bermudagrass or mature bromegrass free choice in three Latin-square experiments to determine influences of ionophore type and level, supplementation with cereal grain, and source of low-quality grass on feed intake and digestion. In exp. 1, neither lasalocid nor monensin given at 0.5 mg kg−1 of body weight (BW) affected intake or digestion with either forage source. In exp. 2, steers received lasalocid or monensin at 0, 0.5 or 1.0 mg kg−1 of BW. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not depressed by ionophores and was slightly greater (P < 0.05) for ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW. Digestible organic matter intake with bermudagrass was slightly greater with ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW, but an opposite difference between ionophore levels occurred with bromegrass (ionophore level × forage source interaction; P < 0.07). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid at 4 h post-feeding was lower (P < 0.05) for monensin than for lasalocid; the acetate/propionate ratio was decreased by ionophores and was lower for monensin than for lasalocid (P < 0.05). In exp. 3, lasalocid at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW did not affect intake or digestion or interact with supplemental corn (7.2 g kg−1 of BW) or forage source. In conclusion, level of ionophore maximizing digestible organic matter intake may vary with characteristics of source of low-quality forage. However, when present, effects of ionophores on digestibility or energy intake may be relatively small. Key words: Cattle, ionophore, forage, intake, digestion

Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

scholarly journals PSXIV-1 Effects of passage rate on forage intake and digestion in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 377-377
Author(s):  
Thomas G Jennings ◽  
Angela Green-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
D 12

Abstract The objective was to evaluate treatments designed to increase passage rate on forage intake and digestion. Eight ruminally-cannulated steers were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. All steers were fed an ad libitum diet of prairie grass hay (10.4% CP) with the following treatments designed to increase passage rate: no treatment (control; CON), pelleted (PEL), 7% Ca(OH)2 treated (CAOH), and six 2 kg weights inserted into the rumen (WTS). Molasses (3% of diet DM) was added to all treatments. Feed, orts, and total feces was collected on d 12–17 to determine total tract digestibility. On d 17–20, ruminal pH was recorded every 8 hr. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and period as fixed effects and steer as a random effect. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for ruminal pH; steers fed CAOH had the highest pH (6.97) with WTS and CON intermediate and PEL being the lowest (6.34). Organic matter intake (OMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment with PEL steers consuming the most (7.86 kg). While steers consuming CON had greater OMI than CAOH (P = 0.04), WTS was not different from CON (P = 0.50). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was also affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment as WTS and CON were the greatest (62.8% and 61.7%, respectively) and CAOH (58.7%) tended (P = 0.08) to be greater than PEL (55.9%). Total digestible organic matter intake (TDOMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment; PEL had the greatest TDOMI with CON being intermediate, and CAOH and WTS being the least. Treatments designed to increase passage rate did affect forage intake and digestion with the greatest effect resulting from pelleting grass hay due to the severe reduction in particle size.

scholarly journals Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1158-1164
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
High Level

Background and Aim: Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls. Materials and Methods: Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR. Results: Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment. Conclusion: Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Ingestive Behaviour

ABSTRACTTo separate ingestive factors involving palatability from post-ingestive factors responsible for forage intake being depressed by ensiling, silages were evaluated using sham-fed animals. Protocol for all experiments was to formulate low dry matter (DM) silages from a high DM lucerne silage reconstituted with either water, solutions containing constituents commonly found in silage, or extracts of low DM silage. Solutions of silage constituents were adjusted before reconstitution to a pH typical of silage. Tests were performed by offering silages one at a time once daily to oesophageal fistulated sheep, maintained on lucerne hay, but starved for 5 h prior to the test. Intake was measured over 30 min. Sheep were adapted to intermediate levels of each test ingredient(s) before experiments were done to evaluate effects of four to five levels of each ingredient using Latin-square designs. Animals were sham fed during both periods of adaptation and of testing ingredient levels. Mean of 30-min intakes for control silages was 573 g DM. Lactic and acetic acids added together, to levels of 53·2 and 35·4 g/kg, respectively, enhanced intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05). Acetic acid added by itself to 88·0 g/kg depressed intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05) in which 10 g/kg added acetic acid depressed 30-min intake by 13·5 g. Acetic and butyric acids added together to levels of 36·2 and 54·4 g/kg respectively, were without effect as was ammonia added to 3·8 g/kg as ammonia nitrogen (N). A mixture of free amino acids added to a level of 9·2 g amino-N per kg was without effect, but at a level of 13·8 g/kg, intake was depressed to proportionately 0·75 of the control. A mixture of two amines and gamma amino butyric acid added to a level of 4·6 g N per kg caused a quadratic response (P < 005) in which intermediate levels enhanced intake but the highest level was without effect. An extract from good-quality silage had no effect on intake and that from a poor-quality silage enhanced intake in a linear manner (P < 0·05). These data indicate that elevation of acetic acid in silage without increases in amounts of other constituents decreased intake of silage through an effect on palatability. This conclusion modifies interpretation on the significance of palatability, determined from studies of ingestive behaviour of ruminants, as a factor to explain reduced intake of sheep given silage.

The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽  
Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽  
Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽  
Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 4. Digestion in the Stomach and the Intestine of Macropus Giganteus, Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

4. Digestion in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) fed on chopped lucerne hay freely was estimated in a slaughter experiment by reference to chromic sesquioxide added to the diet. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and pH, indicated that microbial activity in the forestomach and large intestine (caecum and proximal colon) was extensive. In all 3 species virtually all of the soluble carbohydrate, 17% of apparently digestible crude protein, 62 to 65% of apparently digestible organic matter and 82 to 85% of digestible acid-detergent fibre were digested in the forestomach. There was a progressive loss of dietary substrates along the length of the forestomach; readily fermentable carbohydrate was digested largely in the sacciform forestomach and cranial region of the tubiform forestomach, and the rate of apparent loss of organic matter decreased along the tubiform forestomach.

scholarly journals Effect of ammonia treatment of wheat straw with or without supplementation of potato protein on intake, digestion and kinetics of comminution, rumen degradation and passage in steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Oosting ◽  
P. J. M. Vlemmix ◽  
J. Van Bruchem
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Potato Protein ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Kinetics Of

Untreated wheat straw (UWS) or ammoniated wheat straw without (AWS) or with (AWSP) a supplement of potato protein of a low rumen degradability was fed to three steers according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. All rations were supplemented with sugar-beet pulp and minerals. Voluntary organic matter intake (OMI, g/kg0.75 per d) was 67.8, 76.0 and 80.1 for whole rations (51.1, 59.7 and 59.2 for straw) for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively, which was significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS. Organic matter digestibility (OMD, g/kg) was 561, 596 and 625 for the respective rations UWS, AWS and AWSP, also significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS. The increased voluntary intake and digestion of ammoniated wheat-straw-based rations were associated with a significantly higher potentially degradable fraction (D) of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in offered straw (556 and 661 g/kg for untreated and ammoniated wheat straw respectively) and in the rumen pool (469, 555 and 554 g/kg for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively). Isolated small rumen particles (retained on sieves with a pore size < 1.25 and > 0.041 mm) had a significantly lower D of NDF (average 588 g/kg) than isolated large rumen particles (average 663 g/kg). Fractional rates of degradation of NDF did not differ significantly either between untreated and ammonia-treated wheat straw offered (2.9 and 2.6%/h respectively) or between rumen pools (1.8, 1.7 and 2.1 %/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively). Rations based on ammoniated wheat straw had a significantly higher rumen NH3-N concentration than UWS. Although the rumen pool size of total contents differed significantly between treatments, those of dry and organic matter and of cell wall constituents were not significantly different. The proportion of rumen dry matter passing through a sieve with a pore size of 1.25 mm averaged 0.684 over rations (not significantly different between rations). Daily rumination (96 min) and eating (52 min) times/kg NDF ingested did not differ between rations. The rate of comminution of large particles estimated from the disappearance of indigestible NDF in large rumen particles from the rumen of animals without access to feed was 4.1, 6.3 and 7.1 %/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively. These values were not significantly different. The fractional rate of passage estimated from the faecal excretion of Cr-NDF was 5.4, 6.1 and 6.3%/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively (significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS) but the turnover rate of indigestible NDF did not differ between treatments.

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