Predictors of yield of Lupinus angustifolius (cv. Gungurru) seedlots from different sources in Western Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
HL Tapscott ◽  
WA Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Geographical Source

The growth and yield of 97 seedlots of Gungurm narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) from Western Australia were assessed to identify geographical source or nutritional and physical parameters in the seed that can be used to predict the yield potential of a seedlot. Seedlots were obtained from the 1990 harvest on farms in the south-western cropping region of Western Australia, with up to 7 seedlots from each of 14 crop variety recommendation areas. Each seed lot was assessed for seed size (mean 144 mg), germination percentage (mean 87%), cucumber mosaic virus seed infection (mean 0.11%), and several seed nutrients. Seedlots were sown at 100 kg/ha (without adjusting for germination or seed size) at 4 sites in Western Australia in 1991. Plant density, shoot dry weight (at 6 weeks), and grain yield varied significantly among seedlots, with average grain yield ranging from 951 to 1478 kg/ha (l.s.d. = 240 kg/ha at P = 0.05). Seed size influenced (P<0.001) stand density (r = -0.33) and shoot dry weight (r = 0.58) but not grain yield (r = 0.09, n.s.). No seed nutrient was more than weakly associated with grain yield, nor was there an association of seedlot yield with geographical source of seed. High germination percentage and low cucumber mosaic virus infection were the main predictors of high grain yield in this experiment, but accounted for only 40% of the yield variance among seedlots.

Effects of different cultural practices on spread of cucumber mosaic virus in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bwye ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
W. Proudlove
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) was sown in 7 field experiments to examine the effects of cultural practices on incidence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The factors investigated were row spacing, banding fertiliser below seed, straw groundover, and tillage. The seed sown carried 5–15% CMV infection. Seed-infected plants were the primary source for subsequent virus spread by aphids. Incidence of seed-infected plants and the extent of virus spread were gauged by counting numbers of lupin plants showing typical seed-borne and current-season CMV symptoms. Due to greater competition with other plants within wide than narrow rows, wide row spacing diminished the survival of seed-infected plants by 46%. Increased plant growth from banding superphosphate below seed did not significantly decrease numbers of seed-infected plants surviving. Straw spread on the soil surface suppressed final CMV incidence by 25–40% and, when applied at different rates, diminished recorded CMV incidence more at 4 than 2 t/ha and least at 1 t/ha. Where there was no straw, CMV incidence increased faster with narrow spacing than wide spacing. Soil disturbance from sowing seed with double discs instead of tynes significantly increased incidences of both seed-borne and current-season infection and diminished grain yield. Neither straw nor row spacing treatments significantly affected grain yield, but the decrease in CMV spread due to straw ground cover significantly increased individual seed weight once and overall yields were greater with straw. Myzus persicae was the main colonising aphid species but Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon kondoi also colonised the lupins. There were significantly fewer colonising M. persicae in plots with 4 t/ha of straw than in those with none. This work suggests that stubble retention, minimum tillage, and wide row spacing should be included as components of an integrated disease management strategy for CMVin L. angustifolius crops.

Effects of applying insecticides to control aphid vectors and cucumber mosaic virus in narrow-leafed lupins Lupinus angustifolius)

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bwye ◽  
W. Proudlove ◽  
F. A. Berlandier ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides

Summary. Narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) were sown in 4 field experiments to investigate the effects of applying organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on the spread of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is transmitted non-persistently by aphids. The seed sown carried 0 or 5% CMV infection and seed-infected plants were the primary source for subsequent virus transmission by aphids. Virus incidence was gauged by calculating the percentage of plants per plot showing typical current-season CMV symptoms. At final assessment in plots sown with 5% infected seed, recorded CMV incidence was always significantly smaller (up to 3-fold less) when they received sprays of pirimicarb and/or methamidophos every 2 weeks than when they received no insecticide. When single or double strategic sprays of methamidophos or a mixture of pirimicarb/thiometon were applied in late August or early September, they either decreased recorded CMV incidence (up to 2-fold less infection) or had no significant effect on it. Recorded CMV incidence was not significantly diminished by dressing seed with disulfoton or by single- or double-foliar applications of pirimicarb used alone. However, pirimicarb sprays applied every 2 weeks improved grain yield (24% increase), as also did single or double applications of pirimicarb (14%). In one experiment, applications of methamidophos every 2 weeks to plots originally sown with 5% infected seed resulted in increased grain yield (35%) and yields were increased in plots sown with healthy seed whether sprayed every 2 weeks with methamidophos or left unsprayed (42–61%). Pirimicarb suppressed numbers of colonising Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Aphis craccivora to a greater extent than those of Myzus persicae, especially when sprayed every 2 weeks. Single-, double- and sprays of methamidophos every 2 weeks also decreased numbers of Acyrthosiphon kondoi, but had less effect on M. persicae. When different insecticides were tested for their abilities to kill colonising, insecticide-resistant M. persicae, methamidophos was the most effective. This work suggests that single or double strategic foliar sprays of organophosphorus or carbamate insecticides cannot be relied on to control CMV adequately to be recommended for use in increasing grain yields in CMV-infected lupin grain crops.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. pilosus Murr. to calcareous soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brand ◽  
C. Tang ◽  
A. J. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Caco3 Content

Current varieties of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupin angustifolius L.) are poorly adapted to alkaline and calcareous soils found commonly throughout the south-estern Australian cropping zone. Apot experiment compared the growth of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru with L. pilosus P20954 in a range of soils collected throughout South Australia. The soils displayed a range of texture (clay, 3–82%), pH (1:5 soil:H2O, 7·0–9·6), and calcium carbonate content (CaCO3, 0–47%). Potting mix (pH 5·8) was used as the control. The plants were grown for 7 weeks with weekly measurements of chlorosis score and leaf number. At harvest, dry weights were recorded and the youngest fully expanded leaves were analysed for nutrient concentrations. The line P20954 grew much better in all the soils than Gungurru in terms of plant dry weight relative to the control soil, this being particularly evident in the calcareous soils. Chlorosis score correlated highly with shoot dry weight for Gungurru, but not for P20954. The main soil factor contributing to the chlorosis score of Gungurru was CaCO3 content, whereas none of the soil factors significantly affected P20954, although in Weeks 2 and 3 chlorosis score correlated with CaCO3 content. The dry weight of Gungurru was affected by a combination of factors including clay content, pH, and CaCO3 content, whereas the dry weight of P20954 was affected by most of the soil factors measured. The dry weight of P20954 was positively correlated with aluminium and magnesium concentrations. Concentrations of all nutrients were above critical levels for both genotypes grown in all soils. The results indicate that L. pilosus has the potential to be grown in areas where current varieties of L. angustifolius are poorly adapted.

Effects of seed size and seed weight on seedling establishment, seedling vigour and tolerance of summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa) to flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp.

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
L. W. Mann ◽  
O. O. Olfert
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Beetle Damage

A 3-yr study was conducted on three synthetic Brassica rapa L. cultivars to determine the effects of seed size and seed weight on seedling establishment, seedling growth and susceptibility to feeding damage by flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Seed lots of AC Boreal, Fairview and Hysyn 110 were sieved to obtain small, medium and large seeds (1.4–1.6, 1.6–1.8 and 1.8–2.0 mm, respectively). In the laboratory, seedlings grown from large seeds had the largest cotyledons, highest shoot dry weight and highest biomass. Shoot weights increased as seed size increased. Sized seeds of the three cultivars were grown in the field without insecticides in 1998–2000. Seedlings of small seeds had the highest flea beetle damage and poorest seedling establishment. Shoot dry weight and biomass 14–35 d after planting increased as seed size and seed weight increased. Compared with small seeds, large seeds improved shoot dry weight, biomass and seed yield by 13–43, 25–57 and 12%, respectively. Results indicated that seedlings of medium and large seeds are more vigorous and tolerant to flea beetle damage than seedlings of small seeds. Tolerance was due to a higher initial seedling weight rather than higher relative growth rate. Shoot dry weights, biomass and yield of the three cultivars were more strongly correlated with 1000-seed weight than with seed diameter. Key words: Canola, flea beetles, seed size, seedling vigour, tolerance, seed weight

Yield losses caused by virus infection in four combinations of non-persistently aphid-transmitted virus and cool-season crop legume

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Latham ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
B. A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Individual Seed ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Field experiments provided quantitative information on the yield losses caused by virus infection within 4 different combinations of non-persistently aphid-transmitted virus and cool-season crop legume: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in chickpea, faba bean and lentil, and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in lentil. Virus infection foci were introduced into plots and naturally occurring aphids spread infection from these to the other plants. Plants were tagged individually when typical virus symptoms first appeared during the growing period. Paired plant comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were made to measure different yield loss parameters. Late infection with AMV in faba bean cv. Fiord diminished shoot dry weight by 41% and seed yield by 45%, but plants infected earlier recovered sufficiently from their initial shock reaction not to produce significant yield losses. In plants of lentil cv. Matilda first showing symptoms at different times, infection with AMV decreased shoot dry weight by 74–76%, seed yield by 81–87% and individual seed weight by 10–21%, while CMV diminished shoot dry weight by 72–81%, seed yield by 80–90% and individual seed yield by 17–25%. Early infection with AMV killed plants of chickpea cv. Tyson while later infection decreased shoot dry weight by 50%, seed yield by 98% and individual seed weight by 90%. The first tentative evidence for seed transmission of AMV in faba bean is reported with a transmission rate of 0.04%.

Predictability of wheat growth and yield in light-limited conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. BEED ◽  
N. D. PAVELEY ◽  
R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Solar Radiation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Source And Sink

In seeking better predictions of grain yield under light-limited conditions, shading was applied to field-grown winter wheat cv. Slejpner during each of five consecutive phases (canopy expansion, ear expansion, pre-flowering, grain expansion and grain filling). Absolute measures were taken of solar radiation and its effects on growth in three seasons, at a site where water and nutrient supplies were not limiting. Replicate mobile shades automatically occluded 0·80 of incident light when mean total solar radiation exceeded 250 J/m2 per s. Mean effects over seasons of shading on incident total solar radiation were −296, −139, −78, −157 and −357 MJ/m2 for the five phases respectively, and corresponding effects on shoot dry weight were −236, −184, −58, −122 and −105 g/m2. Estimated efficiency of radiation use after flowering was 1·2 g/MJ unshaded, tending to increase with shading. Shading in all phases reduced grain dry matter yield: mean effects over seasons were −106, −64, −61, −93 and −281 g/m2 for the five consecutive shading periods. Shading from GS31–39 increased mean maximum area of the two top leaves from 2700 to 3100 mm2 per leaf but, with fewer stems, canopy size remained unaffected. This and the next shading, from GS39–55, reduced specific leaf weight from 42 g/m2 by 4 and 3 g/m2 respectively, but effects on shoot dry weight were largely due to stem and ear. By flowering, stem weights, and especially their reserves of water-soluble carbohydrates, had partially recovered. Effects on yield of shading from GS31–39 were explained by a reduction in grains/m2 of 3070 from 26109. Shading from GS39–55 reduced grains/m2 by 4211 due to fewer grains per ear, whilst mean weight per grain increased in compensation. Shading from GS55–61 decreased grains/ear by 2·5. Shading from GS61–71 decreased ear growth and reduced stem weight, and at harvest resulted in 4·3 less grains/ear. Effects of the final shading from GS71–87 were fully explained by a reduction in mean dry weight/grain of 10·3 mg. Except for shading from GS71–87, source- and sink-based explanations of grain yield both proved feasible, within the precision of the measurements. Constraints to accurate comparison of source- and sink-based approaches are identified, and the implications for yield forecasting are discussed.

Effects of sowing seed with different levels of infection, plant density and the growth stage at which plants first develop symptoms on cucumber mosaic-virus infection of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Bwye ◽  
RAC Jones ◽  
W Proudlove
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Seed

During 1990-92, narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) cv. Gungurru, were grown in six field experiments in which plots were sown with healthy seed or seed that carried 0.5-5% infection with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Seed-infected plants were the primary source for subsequent virus spread by aphids. The rate of CMV spread and the extent of infection in plots depended on the level of infection in the seed sown, the proportion of infected seeds that successfully developed into established plants and the time of arrival and number of aphid vectors. In general, higher seed infection levels, better establishment of seed-infected plants and early aphid arrival favoured greater virus spread, yield loss and infection in the harvested seed. In 1991, in two experiments, late arrival of aphids resulted in minimal CMV spread, no effect on yield and much less infection in the harvested seed than in the seed sown. In the other four experiments, significant yield losses (25-42%) always resulted when seed with 5% or 3% infection was sown. Sowing 1% infected seed resulted in significantly decreased yields in two experiments, while 0.75% and 0.5% infected seed caused significant losses in one experiment (16-19% losses). Yield decreases were due to both fewer seeds being formed and decreased seed size. Levels of infection in harvested seed did not exceed 15%. In a further field experiment in 1991, individual plants that developed CMV symptoms before initiation of flowering or during flowering had significantly smaller yields than those that developed symptoms after flowering had finished. In four field experiments during 1990-91, 10-15% CMV-infected lupin seed was sown at rates of 20-150 kg ha-1 to generate a range of plant densities. The numbers of seed-infected plants were recorded at different times. The extent of loss of seed-infected plants due to shading by neighbouring healthy plants depended on plant density and the time when canopy closure developed. Where no canopy formed there was little or no loss of seed-infected plants, while early canopy formation at high plant density was most effective in removing them. Current-season spread was also decreased by early canopy formation and high plant density, but this effect was smaller when aphids arrived early. This work supports recommendations for management of CMV infection in lupins by sowing seed with low infection (<0.5%) to minimize infection sources, and sowing early at high seeding rates to remove seed-infected plants through improved canopy formation.

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