Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. pilosus Murr. to calcareous soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brand ◽  
C. Tang ◽  
A. J. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Caco3 Content

Current varieties of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupin angustifolius L.) are poorly adapted to alkaline and calcareous soils found commonly throughout the south-estern Australian cropping zone. Apot experiment compared the growth of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru with L. pilosus P20954 in a range of soils collected throughout South Australia. The soils displayed a range of texture (clay, 3–82%), pH (1:5 soil:H2O, 7·0–9·6), and calcium carbonate content (CaCO3, 0–47%). Potting mix (pH 5·8) was used as the control. The plants were grown for 7 weeks with weekly measurements of chlorosis score and leaf number. At harvest, dry weights were recorded and the youngest fully expanded leaves were analysed for nutrient concentrations. The line P20954 grew much better in all the soils than Gungurru in terms of plant dry weight relative to the control soil, this being particularly evident in the calcareous soils. Chlorosis score correlated highly with shoot dry weight for Gungurru, but not for P20954. The main soil factor contributing to the chlorosis score of Gungurru was CaCO3 content, whereas none of the soil factors significantly affected P20954, although in Weeks 2 and 3 chlorosis score correlated with CaCO3 content. The dry weight of Gungurru was affected by a combination of factors including clay content, pH, and CaCO3 content, whereas the dry weight of P20954 was affected by most of the soil factors measured. The dry weight of P20954 was positively correlated with aluminium and magnesium concentrations. Concentrations of all nutrients were above critical levels for both genotypes grown in all soils. The results indicate that L. pilosus has the potential to be grown in areas where current varieties of L. angustifolius are poorly adapted.

scholarly journals Influence of iron on mineral status of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian C. da Silveira ◽  
Anna P. de Oliveira ◽  
Raul A. Sperotto ◽  
Luciana S. Espindola ◽  
Lívio Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Fe Toxicity ◽  
Fe Excess ◽  
Staple Crop

Iron is an essential nutrient for plants. In aerobic conditions, Fe is highly unavailable for plant uptake, and Fe deficiency can be severe in plants grown in calcareous soils. In waterlogged soils, however, Fe availability increases and can reach toxic concentrations. Rice is an important staple crop worldwide and faces iron deficiency or excess, depending on the growth conditions. To contribute to the study of mechanisms involved in response to Fe deficiency and resistance to Fe excess, experiments were carried out with rice cultivars BR-IRGA 409 (I409, susceptible to Fe toxicity) and EPAGRI 108 (E108, resistant to Fe toxicity) grown in culture solutions and submitted to Fe excess, control concentration or deficiency (500, 6.5 or zero mg L-1 Fe, respectively). Analysis of shoot dry weight confirmed the resistance of E108 plants to Fe excess. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of four different Fe3+compounds. The parameters obtained match those expected for ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite (and/or citrate) and Fe-nicotianamine. Mineral concentrations were determined using the PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) technique. E108 plants had lower Fe concentrations than I409 plants when exposed to excess Fe. Except for lower Mn levels in roots and shoots, the excess of Fe did not result in lower nutrient concentrations in the susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant one. I409 plants seem to be affected directly by Fe toxicity rather than by secondary effects on mineral nutrition, whereas E108 plants seem to make use of the avoidance mechanism in the resistance to Fe overload. Both cultivars responded to Fe deficiency with allocation of P from roots to shoots. In addition to being more resistant to iron overload, E108 plants seem to be more efficient in inducing Fe deficiency responses.

scholarly journals Fertilizer, Irrigation, and Natural Ericaceous Root and Soil Inoculum (NERS): Effects on Container-grown Ericaceous Nursery Crop Biomass, Tissue Nutrient Concentration, and Leachate Nutrient Quality

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladis M. Zinati ◽  
John Dighton ◽  
Arend-Jan Both
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Substrate Medium

We tested the effects of using an inoculum containing natural ericoid roots and soil (NERS) with two fertilizer and irrigation rates on plant growth, shoot (stems and leaves) nutrient concentration, leachate quality, and mycorrhizal colonization of container-grown Coast Leucothoe [Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don] and Japanese Pieris [Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don]. Uniform rooted liners were grown in 10.8-L containers in a pine bark, peatmoss, and sand (8:1:1 by volume) substrate medium in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A controlled-release fertilizer, Polyon® Plus 14-16-8 (14N–7P–6.6K), was incorporated in the substrate medium at the 100% manufacturer's recommended fertilizer rate [representing high fertilizer rate (HF)] (56 g per container) to supply 7.84 g nitrogen (N) and at 50% the manufacturer's recommended rate [representing low fertilizer rate (LF)]. Plants were irrigated using a cyclic drip irrigation system at high (HI) and low (LI) irrigation rates calibrated to supply 25.2 L of water and 16.8 L per week, respectively. On average, NERS inoculation increased shoot growth of Leucothoe and Pieris by 56% and 60%, respectively. Shoots of Leucothoe inoculated with NERS had higher N, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) concentrations than non-inoculated plants. At LF, nitrous-N (NOx-N) and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) concentrations in the leachate were reduced by 53% from Leucothoe and 62% from Pieris compared with HF-treated plants. A reduction of 37% and 36% in PO4-P concentration in leachates from Leucothoe and Pieris, respectively, were achieved at the reduced irrigation (LI) rate. The NERS inoculation reduced PO4-P concentrations in leachate from Leucothoe by 26% and NOx-N concentration by 33% in leachates from Pieris compared with non-inoculated plants. Compared with plants grown in the HI–HF treatment, the combination of LI–LF treatment reduced NOx-N concentrations in leachates from Leucothoe by 60% (P = 0.016) and reduced PO4-P leachate concentrations from Pieris by 72% (P = 0.0096). Decreasing the fertilizer rate to 50% of the recommended rate and the irrigation rate to 67% of the recommended rate in conjunction with the incorporation of NERS reduced leachate nutrient concentrations of two main water pollutants (NOx-N and PO4-P). Adopting the practice of adding NERS containing fungi and bacteria can be an effective system to increase shoot dry weight, allow reduction in fertilizer application, conserve water for irrigation, and minimize subsequent nutrient runoff in nursery operations.

scholarly journals Steel Slag Raises pH of Greenhouse Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
James C. Locke ◽  
Wendy L. Zellner ◽  
Jennifer K. Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ph Response ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Foliar Concentration ◽  
Substrate Ph

Dolomitic lime (DL) is the primary liming agent used for increasing pH in peatmoss-based substrates. Steel slag (SS) is a byproduct of the steel manufacturing industry that has been used to elevate field soil pH. The objective of this research was to determine the pH response of a peatmoss-based greenhouse substrate to varying rates of DL or SS. Two experiments were conducted with an 85 peatmoss : 15 perlite substrate. In the first experiment, the substrate was amended with 0, 2.4, 4.8, or 7.1 kg·m−3 of either DL or SS. Half of the containers remained fallow and the other half were potted with a single sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Pacino Gold’). In the second experiment, fallow containers were only used with the substrate amended with 0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.5, or 14.2 kg·m−3 DL or SS. Sunflower were measured for relative foliar chlorophyll content, shoot mass, root ratings, and foliar nutrient concentrations. Substrate electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were measured weekly using the pour-through procedure. All sunflower plants grew vigorously, although nonamended controls had less shoot dry weight than those amended with DL or SS. There were minor differences in foliar concentration of N, Ca, Mg, and Mn; however, these differences did not adversely affect plant growth. Summarizing across both experiments, EC was affected by treatment and time, although all substrates had EC readings within the range recommended for floriculture crop production (1.0–4.6 mS⋅cm−1). Substrate pH differed slightly in Expt. 1 between fallow and planted containers. Substrate pH increased exponentially with increasing rates of either DL or SS. Maximum pH in fallow DL and SS amended substrates was 6.57 and 6.93, respectively, in Expt. 1 and 6.85 and 7.67, respectively, in Expt. 2. The SS used in this experiment resulted in a greater pH response than DL with higher application rates. SS is a viable material for raising pH of soilless substrates.

scholarly journals Influence of Bacteria Isolated from Different Ecological Zone of Turkey on Maize Growth and Nutrient Uptake

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (sp2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Amer Abdulhadi Jawad ◽  
Ali Coşkan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Total N ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrients Uptake ◽  
Plant Nutrient Concentrations

The aim of this study was to find potential PGPR from sub-forest soil located different region soils of Turkey. Previous research indicated that the existing bacteria in arable soil are not capable to represent their individual performance most probably due to the competition. To overcome this phenomenon, soils are collected from sub-forest soil of Adana (Ad), Antalya (An), Hatay (Ha), Isparta (Is), Ordu (Or) and Sivas (Si) provinces. Experiment was carried out on the soil existing in Isparta in a greenhouse condition. Four fast growing bacteria colonies in tryptic soy (CASO) agar medium from each province were isolated and then, each isolate cultivated at liquid CASO broth until they reach 106 cfu ml-1. Experiments were carried out with a total of 24 bacteria including 6 province and 4 bacteria cultures from each region. The effects of those bacteria on biomass development and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays) were investigated. Sterile broth was applied treatment defined as control. The results revealed that 23 isolates out of 24 stimulated plants shoot dry weight. The highest value observed in the Or1 and Is4 isolates as 12.8 and 12.7 g plant-1 which around 77% higher than control whereas the lowest was in Or2 as 6.45 g plant-1. Plant nutrient concentrations were also influenced from inoculates where An1, Ad1, Or1, Is1 and Is3 significantly increased macro nutrients uptake where total N, available P, K, Ca and Mg were higher by 19%, 14%, 14%, 59% and 41% over the control, respectively. The Fe concentration was found 48% higher in Ad3 isolate. The Cu, Mn and Zn were the highest in Si3 as 43%, 30% and 31%, respectively. In general 4 out of 24 isolates were selected as promising PGPR for both plant development and nutrient uptake of maize.

Correction of manganese deficiency in barley crops on calcareous soils. 3. Application of elemental sulphur

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AM Alston ◽  
TG Heard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Manganese Availability ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Sulphur Uptake

Infield experiments elemental sulphur (0 to 126 kg ha-1), incorporated in mixed and compound fertilizers with superphosphate (19 to 39 kg ha-1P) and manganous sulphate (0 to 16 kg ha-1Mn) was applied to calcareous soils of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. The response of barley was measured in terms of grain yield, dry weight, and the manganese, phosphorus, and sulphur content of the shoots. Elemental sulphur (40 mg) alone or in compound fertilizers was incubated with 20 g surface soil for up to 52 weeks. The rate of oxidation of the sulphur and its effect on extractable manganese was measured. During 52 weeks' incubation, 20 to 50 per cent of the sulphur added to the soil was oxidized. The sulphur had little effect on the amounts of divalent and easily-reducible manganese extracted from the soil. Grain yields were increased by application of manganese and by increasing the amount of phosphorus applied from 19 to 39 kg ha-1. Elemental sulphur increased grain yield only at the low rate of phosphorus application. In one experiment a greater response to sulphur was obtained in the absence than in the presence of applied manganese. Sulphur applied with low amounts of phosphorus increased the uptake of manganese and phosphorus in the barley shoots sampled at stem extension in one experiment. In another experiment the effect on phosphorus content was not significant. Sulphur uptake was not affected. In no case did sulphur prevent the occurrence of manganese deficiency and its use to increase manganese availability and hence barley yields on these soils is not justified.

Grain yield and flowering of some introduced grain legumes in South Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Genotype A

Data are presented for time of flowering, total shoot dry weight and grain yield of White Brunswick pea (Pisum sativum), six introduced peas and one introduction each of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera from ten plot experiments conducted in South Australia over the period 1955-1 960.None of the introduced legumes flowered earlier than White Brunswick peas and only one, possibly, has a greater capacity for higher grain yield. L. cicera on the other hand gave 25 per cent greater yield over all sites and seasons with an average of 2.84 tonne ha-1.The ratio between grain yield and total shoot dry weight varied with genotype and between seasons with a genotype. A low ratio was not always associated with low dry matter production.

Short-term effects of soil compaction on growth of Pinuscontorta seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S.S. Conlin ◽  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Compaction Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Water Tables

A growth chamber experiment was conducted with Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. seedlings grown in soil compacted at 0.1, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 MPa pressure. Three moisture regimes were applied factorially to compaction levels by watering from above or by maintaining 2- or 10-cm water tables at the base of the 40-cm soil columns. All treatments were grown at either 22:14 °C or 26:18 °C (light:dark) for 13 weeks. Soil compaction increased bulk density, penetrometer resistance, and soil CO2 and ethylene. The presence of water tables resulted in elevated soil gravimetric water content, which rose with increased compaction and resulted in reduced penetrometer resistance and soil O2. Increased compaction was associated with decreased needle lengths, root dry weights, and net photosynthesis and increased rates of shoot respiration. Compaction had a small effect on height growth, with the tallest seedlings occurring at the greatest compaction rate. Shoot concentrations of mineral nutrients also decreased as soil compaction increased. Within the water table treatments, increased gravimetric soil water content was generally paralleled by a rise in the negative effects of compaction on growth, root/shoot dry weight ratios, and shoot mineral nutrient concentrations.

scholarly journals Fertilizer Rate and Pot-In-Pot Production Increase Growth of Heritage River Birch

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of three fertilizer rates [High N Southern Formula, 23N–1.7P–6.6K (23–4–8) at 1.3, 1.7, and 2.0 kg N/m3 (2.2, 2.8, and 3.4 lb N/yd3)] and two production systems [pot-in-pot (PIP) or conventional above-ground (CAG)] on the growth of Heritage river birch (Betula nigra L. ‘Cully’) in 26 liter (#7) containers. Plants grown PIP had greater shoot dry weight (20%), root dry weight (31%), total biomass (27%) and root:shoot ratios (12%). Increasing fertilizer rates increased shoot dry weights but decreased root:shoot ratios. Rate of fertilizer application influenced foliar Mg, Zn, and Fe while production system had no effect. The foliar P:Zn ratio increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased. Soluble salts and NO3-N in the leachate increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased at 15 and 60 days after application (DAA), whereas the response was curvilinear at 120 DAA. When different, nutrient concentrations in the leachate were greater for plants grown CAG. Fertilizer longevity based on prill analysis was greater when the PIP system was used, presumably due to lower substrate temperatures during the experimental period.

Predictors of yield of Lupinus angustifolius (cv. Gungurru) seedlots from different sources in Western Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
HL Tapscott ◽  
WA Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Geographical Source

The growth and yield of 97 seedlots of Gungurm narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) from Western Australia were assessed to identify geographical source or nutritional and physical parameters in the seed that can be used to predict the yield potential of a seedlot. Seedlots were obtained from the 1990 harvest on farms in the south-western cropping region of Western Australia, with up to 7 seedlots from each of 14 crop variety recommendation areas. Each seed lot was assessed for seed size (mean 144 mg), germination percentage (mean 87%), cucumber mosaic virus seed infection (mean 0.11%), and several seed nutrients. Seedlots were sown at 100 kg/ha (without adjusting for germination or seed size) at 4 sites in Western Australia in 1991. Plant density, shoot dry weight (at 6 weeks), and grain yield varied significantly among seedlots, with average grain yield ranging from 951 to 1478 kg/ha (l.s.d. = 240 kg/ha at P = 0.05). Seed size influenced (P<0.001) stand density (r = -0.33) and shoot dry weight (r = 0.58) but not grain yield (r = 0.09, n.s.). No seed nutrient was more than weakly associated with grain yield, nor was there an association of seedlot yield with geographical source of seed. High germination percentage and low cucumber mosaic virus infection were the main predictors of high grain yield in this experiment, but accounted for only 40% of the yield variance among seedlots.

Rate of Fertilizer Application and Pot-in-Pot Production Increase Growth of Heritage River Birch

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 515d-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

A study was conducted to compare the effects of three rates of fertilizer (High N–Southern Formula, 23N–1.7P–6.6K at 1.3, 1.7, and 2.0 kg N/m3) and two production systems [pot-in-pot (PIP) or conventional above-ground (CAG)] on the growth of Heritage river birch (Betula nigra L. `Cully') in 26 L (#7) containers. Plants grown PIP had higher shoot dry weight (20%), root dry weight (31%), total biomass (27%) and root:shoot ratios (12%). Fertilizer rate increased shoot dry weights but decreased root:shoot ratios. Rate of fertilizer application influenced foliar Mg, Zn, and Fe while production system had no effect. The foliar P:Zn ratio increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased. Soluble salts and NO3-N in the leachate increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased at 15 and 60 days after application (DAA), whereas the response was curvilinear at 120 DAA. When different, nutrient concentrations in the leachate were greater for plants grown CAG. Fertilizer longevity was greater when the PIP system was used, presumably due to lower substrate temperatures during the experiment period.

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