scholarly journals Cutoff low over the southeastern Pacific Ocean: a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Nelson Quispe-Gutiérrez ◽  
Vannia Aliaga-Nestares ◽  
Diego Rodríguez-Zimmermann ◽  
Martí Bonshoms ◽  
Raquel Loayza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Wave Trough ◽  
Southeastern Pacific ◽  
Vorticity Equations ◽  
The Impact

Cutoff lows (COLs) are infrequent events in the tropics that can cause extreme rainfall, flash flooding and landslides in arid areas, such as western South America. In this study, the life cycle of a COL in the southeastern Pacific at the beginning of April 2012 was analysed using the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset. This paper examines: (1) the precursor flow evolution prior to the COL, its development and dissipation by applying the quasi-geostrophic and vorticity equations; and (2) the influence of the COL in the heavy precipitation events over the western Peruvian Andes. During April 2012, the highest amount of precipitation was recorded in Chosica (850 masl) with 37mm on 5 April. Days prior to the formation of the COL, a subtropical trough deepened by the amplification of a ridge over the tropical Pacific and the incursion of cold air from medium and low levels into the trough. The strong cyclonic vorticity advection was intensified by a short-wave trough embedded inside a long-wave one that strengthened the system on 5 April 2012. In the dissipation stage, warm vertical advection predominated, resulting in the reabsorption of the COL by a new trough. Understanding the behaviour COL systems is important for reducing the impact of these extreme weather events on lives and infrastructure in densely populated areas.

Does extreme rainfall lead to heavy losses in the food industry?

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-266
Author(s):  
Edimilson Costa Lucas ◽  
Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva ◽  
Gustavo Silva Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Managing the risks associated to world food production is an important challenge for governments. A range of factors, among them extreme weather events, has threatened food production in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of extreme rainfall events on the food industry in Brazil, a prominent player in this industry. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the AR-GARCH-GPD hybrid methodology to identify whether extreme rainfall affects the stock price of food companies. To do so, the authors collected the daily closing price of the 16 food industry companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange (B3), in January 2015. Findings The results indicate that these events have a significant impact on stock returns: on more than half of the days immediately following the heavy rain that fell between 28 February 2005 and 30 December 2014, returns were significantly low, leading to average daily losses of 1.97 per cent. These results point to the relevance of the need for instruments to hedge against weather risk, particularly in the food industry. Originality/value Given that extreme weather events have been occurring more and more frequently, financial literature has documented attempts at assessing the economic impacts of weather changes. There is little research, however, into assessing the impacts of these events at corporate level.

scholarly journals The Integral Role of a Diabatic Rossby Vortex in a Heavy Snowfall Event

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 1878-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Moore ◽  
Michael T. Montgomery ◽  
Huw C. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wave Trough ◽  
Surface Cyclone ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Surface Disturbance ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Inversion Techniques

Abstract On 24–25 February 2005, a significant East Coast cyclone deposited from 4 to nearly 12 in. (∼10–30 cm) of snow on parts of the northeastern United States. The heaviest snowfall and most rapid deepening of the cyclone coincided with the favorable positioning of an upper-level, short-wave trough immediately upstream of a preexisting surface cyclone. The surface cyclone in question formed approximately 15 h before the heaviest snowfall along a coastal front in a region of frontogenesis and heavy precipitation. The incipient surface cyclone subsequently intensified as it moved to the northeast, consistently generating the strongest convection to the east-northeast of the low-level circulation center. The use of potential vorticity (PV) inversion techniques and a suite of mesoscale model simulations illustrates that the early intensification of the incipient surface cyclone was primarily driven by diabatic effects and was not critically dependent on the upper-level wave. These facts, taken in conjunction with the observed structure, energetics, and Lagrangian evolution of the incipient surface disturbance, identify it as a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV). The antecedent surface vorticity spinup associated with the DRV phase of development is found to be integral to the subsequent rapid growth. The qualitative similarity with a number of observed cases of explosive cyclogenesis leaves open the possibility that a DRV-like feature comprises the preexisting positive low-level PV anomaly in a number of cyclogenetic events that exhibit a two-stage evolution.

scholarly journals EQC and Extreme Weather Events (Part 2): Measuring the Impact of Insurance on New Zealand Landslip, Storm and Flood Recovery Using Nightlights

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Owen ◽  
Ilan Noy ◽  
Jacob Pástor-Paz ◽  
David Fleming
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Community Recovery ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stated Purpose

Climate change is predicted to make extreme weather events worse and more frequent in many places around the world. In New Zealand, the Earthquake Commission (EQC) was created to provide insurance for earthquakes. In some circumstances, however, homeowners affected by extreme weather events can also make claims to the EQC – for landslip, storm or flood events. In this paper, we explore the impact of this public natural hazard insurance on community recovery from weather-related events. We do this by using a proxy for short-term economic recovery: satellite imagery of average monthly night-time radiance. Linking these night-time light data to precipitation data records, we compare houses which experienced damage from extreme rainfall episodes to those that suffered no damage even though they experienced extreme rainfall. Using data from three recent intense storms, we find that households which experienced damage, and were paid in a timely manner by EQC, did not fare any worse than households that suffered no damage from these extreme events. This finding suggests that EQC insurance is serving its stated purpose by protecting households from the adverse impact of extreme weather events.

Measuring the Impact of Insurance on Recovery after Extreme Weather Events Using Nightlights

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Owen ◽  
Ilan Noy ◽  
Jacob Pástor-Paz ◽  
David Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract Climate change is predicted to make extreme weather events worse and more frequent in many places around the world. In New Zealand, the Earthquake Commission (EQC) was created to provide insurance for earthquakes. In some circumstances, however, homeowners affected by extreme weather events can also make claims to the EQC – for landslip, storm or flood events. In this paper, we explore the impact of this public natural hazard insurance on recovery from weather-related events. We do this by using a proxy for short-term economic recovery: satellite imagery of average monthly night-time radiance. Linking these night-time light data to precipitation data records, we compare areas which experienced damage from extreme rainfall episodes to those that suffered no damage even though they experienced extreme rainfall. Using data from three recent intense storms, we find that areas that experienced property damage, and were paid in a timely manner by EQC, did not fare any worse than areas that suffered no property damage but were exposed to these extreme precipitation events. This finding suggests that EQC insurance is serving its stated purpose by protecting claimants from the adverse impact of extreme weather events.

Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry S. Levy ◽  
Jonathan A. Patz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

Environmental consequences of climate change include increases in temperature as well as frequency, severity, and/or duration of heat waves; heavy precipitation events; intensity and/or duration of drought; intense tropical cyclone activity, and sea level. Adverse health consequences of climate change include heat-related disorders, respiratory disorders, allergic disorders, vector-borne diseases, waterborne and foodborne disease, and injuries related to extreme weather events. Adverse health consequences also include indirect effects of climate change on health related to decreased agriculture yields and food shortages, distress migration, and collective violence. In addition, all of the consequences of climate change can adversely affect the mental health of individuals, communities, and entire nations. The primary ways of addressing climate change are mitigation (policies and actions to stabilize or reduce the emission of greenhouse gases) and adaptation (policies and actions to reduce the impact of climate change). Building popular and political will to address climate change is essential.

scholarly journals The Representation of Cumulus Convection in High-Resolution Simulations of the 2013 Colorado Front Range Flood

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (11) ◽  
pp. 4265-4278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Model simulations of the 2013 Colorado Front Range floods are performed using 4-km horizontal grid spacing to evaluate the impact of using explicit convection (EC) versus parameterized convection (CP) in the model convective physics “gray zone.” Significant differences in heavy precipitation forecasts are found across multiple regions in which heavy rain and high-impact flooding occurred. The relative contribution of CP-generated precipitation to total precipitation suggests that greater CP scheme activity in areas upstream of the Front Range flooding may have led to significant downstream model error. Heavy convective precipitation simulated by the Kain–Fritsch CP scheme in particular led to an alteration of the low-level moisture flux and moisture transport fields that ultimately prevented the generation of heavy precipitation in downstream areas as observed. An updated, scale-aware version of the Kain–Fritsch scheme is also tested, and decreased model errors both up- and downstream suggest that scale-aware updates yield improvements in the simulation of this event. Comparisons among multiple CP schemes demonstrate that there are model convective physics gray zone considerations that significantly impact the simulation of extreme rainfall in this event.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dropwindsonde and Supplemental Rawinsonde Observations on Track Forecasts for Hurricane Irene (2011)

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanya J. Majumdar ◽  
Michael J. Brennan ◽  
Kate Howard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Wave Trough ◽  
Hurricane Irene ◽  
Environmental Prediction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rawinsonde Data

Abstract Because of the threat that Hurricane Irene (2011) posed to the United States, supplemental observations were collected for assimilation into operational numerical models in the hope of improving forecasts of the storm. Synoptic surveillance aircraft equipped with dropwindsondes were deployed twice daily over a 5-day period, and supplemental rawinsondes were launched from all upper-air sites in the continental United States east of the Rocky Mountains at 0600 and 1800 UTC, marking an unprecedented magnitude of coverage of special rawinsondes at the time. The impact of assimilating the supplemental observations on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) model track forecasts of Irene was evaluated over the period that these observations were collected. The GFS track forecasts possessed small errors even in the absence of the supplemental observations, providing little room for improvement on average. The assimilation of the combined dropwindsonde and supplemental rawinsonde data provided small but statistically significant improvements in the 42–60-h range for GFS forecasts initialized at 0600 and 1800 UTC. The primary improvement from the dropwindsonde data was also within this time range, with an average improvement of 20% for 48-h forecasts. The rawinsonde data mostly improved the forecasts beyond 3 days by modest amounts. Both sets of observations provided small, additive improvements to the average cross-track errors. Investigations of individual forecasts identified corrections to the model analyses of the Atlantic subtropical ridge and an upstream midlatitude short-wave trough over the contiguous United States due to the assimilation of the extra data.

scholarly journals EQC and Extreme Weather Events (Part 2): Measuring the Impact of Insurance on New Zealand Landslip, Storm and Flood Recovery Using Nightlights

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Owen ◽  
Ilan Noy ◽  
Jacob Pástor-Paz ◽  
David Fleming
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Community Recovery ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stated Purpose

Climate change is predicted to make extreme weather events worse and more frequent in many places around the world. In New Zealand, the Earthquake Commission (EQC) was created to provide insurance for earthquakes. In some circumstances, however, homeowners affected by extreme weather events can also make claims to the EQC – for landslip, storm or flood events. In this paper, we explore the impact of this public natural hazard insurance on community recovery from weather-related events. We do this by using a proxy for short-term economic recovery: satellite imagery of average monthly night-time radiance. Linking these night-time light data to precipitation data records, we compare houses which experienced damage from extreme rainfall episodes to those that suffered no damage even though they experienced extreme rainfall. Using data from three recent intense storms, we find that households which experienced damage, and were paid in a timely manner by EQC, did not fare any worse than households that suffered no damage from these extreme events. This finding suggests that EQC insurance is serving its stated purpose by protecting households from the adverse impact of extreme weather events.

scholarly journals Urban Heat Islands and Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Zorrotzaurre Island in Bilbao

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6106
Author(s):  
Irantzu Alvarez ◽  
Laura Quesada-Ganuza ◽  
Estibaliz Briz ◽  
Leire Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the impact of a heat wave on the thermal comfort of an unconstructed area: the North Zone of the Island of Zorrotzaurre (Bilbao, Spain). In this study, the impact of urban planning as proposed in the master plan on thermal comfort is modeled using the ENVI-met program. Likewise, the question of whether the urbanistic proposals are designed to create more resilient urban environments is analyzed in the face of increasingly frequent extreme weather events, especially heat waves. The study is centered on the analysis of temperature variables (air temperature and average radiant temperature) as well as wind speed and relative humidity. This was completed with the parameters of thermal comfort, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the Universal Temperature Climate Index (UTCI) for the hours of the maximum and minimum daily temperatures. The results demonstrated the viability of analyzing thermal comfort through simulations with the ENVI-met program in order to analyze the behavior of urban spaces in various climate scenarios.

scholarly journals Potential Impact of the Current and Future Climate on the Yield, Quality, and Climate Suitability for Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]: A Systematic Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Sadeeka Layomi Jayasinghe ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Tea Quality ◽  
Climate Suitability ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
The Impact

Even though climate change is having an increasing impact on tea plants, systematic reviews on the impact of climate change on the tea system are scarce. This review was undertaken to assess and synthesize the knowledge around the impacts of current and future climate on yield, quality, and climate suitability for tea; the historical roots and the most influential papers on the aforementioned topics; and the key adaptation and mitigation strategies that are practiced in tea fields. Our findings show that a large number of studies have focused on the impact of climate change on tea quality, followed by tea yield, while a smaller number of studies have concentrated on climate suitability. Three pronounced reference peaks found in Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy (RYPS) represent the most significant papers associated with the yield, quality, and climate suitability for tea. Tea yield increases with elevated CO2 levels, but this increment could be substantially affected by an increasing temperature. Other climatic factors are uneven rainfall, extreme weather events, and climate-driven abiotic stressors. An altered climate presents both advantages and disadvantages for tea quality due to the uncertainty of the concentrations of biochemicals in tea leaves. Climate change creates losses, gains, and shifts of climate suitability for tea habitats. Further studies are required in order to fill the knowledge gaps identified through the present review, such as an investigation of the interaction between the tea plant and multiple environmental factors that mimic real-world conditions and then studies on its impact on the tea system, as well as the design of ensemble modeling approaches to predict climate suitability for tea. Finally, we outline multifaceted and evidence-based adaptive and mitigation strategies that can be implemented in tea fields to alleviate the undesirable impacts of climate change.

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