Grain, sugar and biomass accumulation in photoperiod-sensitive sorghums. II. Biochemical processes at internode level and interaction with phenology

Sugar accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stems is a complex trait that is particularly plastic in response to photoperiod. This study investigated sucrose accumulation in a sterile (no grain filling) and fertile near-isogenic line of the photoperiod-sensitive cultivar IS2848 in two greenhouse experiments. Variable phenology was induced by applying a short (12-h PP) and a long (13-h PP) photoperiod. Dynamics of plant growth, phenology, sugar accumulation and related enzyme activities in internodes were investigated. Under 13-h PP, plants flowered 28 days later and attained threefold higher sucrose concentration at anthesis compared with those under 12-h PP. Sucrose accumulation in individual internodes was driven by organ physiological age, not by plant phenology. Competition with grain filling was marginal but greater under 12-h PP (i.e. when sucrose accumulation in internodes occurred after flowering). Enzyme activities showed marked developmental patterns but contributed little to explaining differences between treatments and genotypes. The study demonstrates that sucrose storage physiology in sweet sorghum resembles that of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) but is more complex due to photoperiod effects on phenology. It confirms the field results on 14 sorghum genotypes contrasting for phenology and photoperiod sensitivity presented in a companion paper. Perspectives for developing sorghum ideotype concepts for food and fuel crops are discussed.

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Sucrose Metabolism in Ripening Muskmelon Fruit as Affected by Leaf Area

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.115.5.798 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 798-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Natalie L. Hubbard ◽

D. Mason Pharr ◽

Steven C. Huber

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽

Invertase Activity ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Sucrose Accumulation ◽

Canopy Photosynthesis ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit lack a stored starch reserve and therefore depend on translocated photoassimilate from the leaf canopy for sugar accumulation during ripening. The influence of canopy photosynthesis on sucrose' accumulation within muskmelon fruit mesocarp was examined. Canopy photosynthetic activities were estimated in a sweet and a nonsweet genotype. Photosynthetic rate of the nonsweet genotype, on a per-plant basis, was only 56% of that of the sweet genotype. The effect of limiting leaf area of the sweet genotype on carbohydrate concentrations and sucrose metabolizing enzymes within the fruit was evaluated. A 50% reduction of leaf area 8 days before initiation of fruit sucrose accumulation resulted in canopy photosynthesis similar to that of the nonsweet genotype. Reduced photosynthetic activity resulted in slightly lower soluble-carbohydrate concentration in the fruit; however, fruit sucrose concentration was three times higher than that reported previously for the nonsweet genotype. The extent to which `fruit sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity increased during maturation was diminished by leaf removal. Acid invertase activity declined in all fruit in a similar manner irrespective of defoliation. A reduction of leaf area of a sweet genotype reduced sucrose accumulation within the fruit. Lower fruit sucrose concentration was associated with lower concentration of raffinose saccharides and lower SPS activity within the fruit. Additionally, insufficient assimilate supply was judged not to be the factor responsible for low sucrose accumulation in a nonsweet genotype.

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Characterizing the impact of high temperature during the grain filling on phytohormone levels, enzyme activities and metabolic profiles of the early indica‐rice variety

Plant Biology ◽

10.1111/plb.13253 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Caihong Shao ◽

Liping Shen ◽

Caifei Qiu ◽

Yuping Wang ◽

Yinfei Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Indica Rice ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Metabolic Profiles ◽

The Impact ◽

Early Indica Rice

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Radiation-use efficiency in biomass accumulation prior to grain-filling for five grain-crop species

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/0378-4290(89)90023-3 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 51-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 240

Author(s):

J.R. Kiniry ◽

C.A. Jones ◽

J.C. O'toole ◽

R. Blanchet ◽

M. Cabelguenne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Radiation Use Efficiency ◽

Crop Species ◽

Grain Crop ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Radiation Use

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Limiting transpiration rate in high evaporative demand conditions to improve Australian wheat productivity

in silico Plants ◽

10.1093/insilicoplants/diab006 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brian Collins ◽

Scott Chapman ◽

Graeme Hammer ◽

Karine Chenu

Keyword(s):

Transpiration Rate ◽

Production Systems ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Climate Scenario ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Evaporative Demand ◽

Lysimeter Experiment ◽

Grain Filling Period

Abstract Limited-transpiration rate at high evaporative demand (‘LTR’ trait) has potential to improve drought adaptation, crop water productivity and food security. The quantification of the implications of LTR for water consumption, biomass accumulation and yield formation requires the use of dynamic crop modelling to simulate physiological and environmental processes and interactions in target environments. Here, a new transpiration module was developed for the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM NextGen) and used to simulate atmospheric and edaphic water stress on wheat crops. This module was parameterised with (i) data from a lysimeter experiment assessing genotypic variability in the LTR trait for four genotypes contrasting in transpiration efficiency, and with (ii) a more pronounced response to high evaporative demand. The potential of the LTR trait for improving crop productivity was investigated across the Australian wheatbelt over 1989-2018. The LTR trait was simulated to allow an increase in national yield by up to 2.6%, mostly due to shift in water use pattern, alleviation of water deficit during grain filling period and a higher harvest index. Greatest productivity gains were found in the northeast (4.9%, on average) where heavy soils allow the conserved water with the LTR trait to be available later at more critical stages. The effect of the LTR trait on yield was enhanced under the future climate scenario, particularly in the northeast. Limiting transpiration at high evaporative demands appears to be a promising trait for selection by breeders, especially in drought-prone environments where crops heavily rely on stored soil moisture.

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Sucrose Metabolism in Plants under Drought Stress Condition: A Review

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5805 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anie Thomas ◽

R. Beena

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Turgor Pressure ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Sucrose Metabolism ◽

Drought Condition ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Source To Sink ◽

Root Shoot Ratio

Drought stress reduces photosynthetic rate and leading to depletion of the energy source and lowers the yield. Under drought stress, reduced turgor pressure cause inhibition of cell elongation and impaired mitosis leads to reduction in growth rate. Role of sucrose metabolism under drought adaptation and response of plants to stress in different tissues and at different developmental stages. Cytoplasmic sucrose synthesis is more under drought condition and there is differential expression in tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Under drought condition, plant start consuming its own sink for its survival thus reducing sucrose concentration. But reduction in sucrose concentration is less in drought tolerant plants. Drought stress induced an increase of the root/shoot ratio, which was due to the increased inhibition of biomass accumulation of shoots compared to roots. Drought stress enhanced the activities of sucrose metabolic enzymes and up-regulated the expression of genes such as SPS, SuSy and INV. In addition, drought stress up-regulated the expression levels of SWEET and SUC and promoted the transport of sucrose from source to sink.

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Effect of GA3 and Gly Plant Growth Regulators on Productivity and Sugar Content of Sugarcane

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9070136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 136 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nguyen ◽

Dang ◽

Nguyen ◽

Tran ◽

Giang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Sucrose Accumulation ◽

Net Income ◽

Actual Yield

The use of plant growth regulators is one effective solution to improve sugarcane yields and sugar content in several countries. In this study, we examined the role of gibberellin acid (GA3) and glyphosate (Gly) plant growth regulators to determine the appropriate concentration of GA3 and Gly to increase the yield of sugarcane and sugar accumulation, respectively. The statistical results showed that GA3 was sprayed at 150 ppm to increment the actual yield by 19.94%; sucrose accumulation increased by 2.21%. With Gly treatment, although the yield decreased by 3.17%, sucrose accumulation increased by 11.27% compared to control trials. In this study, the combined concentration of 150 ppm of both GA3 and Gly gave the best results, for which sucrose accumulation increased from 2.21% to 10.74% and from 19.94% to 20.97% for actual yield. The results led to increased net income compared to the control. To address concerns about residues of plant growth regulators, residues of GA3 and Gly were evaluated after the sugarcane harvest using the HPLC and UV-vis methods, respectively. The analyzed results showed that their residues were lower than what is permitted in several countries. This showed the applicability of the study, on a large scale, to increase sucrose accumulation, productivity of sugarcane, and profit for farmers.

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Studies on the Sugar Accumulation and Carbohydrate Splitting Enzyme Levels in Post Harvested and Cold Stored Potatoes

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3748 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 95-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Rezaul Karim ◽

MMH Khan ◽

Md Salim Uddin ◽

NK Sana ◽

F Nikkon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Potato Varieties ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

Significant differences were found in sugar content and carbohydrate splitting enzyme activities in tubers of ten indigenous potato varieties at harvesting and after keeping at cold storage. The activities of invertase, amylase, β-galactosidase and cellulase in all varieties were found to be increased by 2-12, 1.2-4, 1.9-4.5, and 1.1-3.7 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored potatoes. The amount of starch and sucrose were found to be decreased by 1.15-2.8 and 1.02-1.4 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties. Total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents in potatoes were increased by 1.02-1.4 and 4-11 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties of potatoes. The amount of reducing sugar increased in cold stored potatoes due to the increased activities of carbohydrate splitting enzymes. Key words: Potatoes, Indigenous, Carbohydrate splitting enzymes, Sugars. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3748 J. bio-sci. 16: 95-99, 2008

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Possibility of Increasing Yield Potential of Rice by Reducing Panicle Height in the Canopy. II. Canopy Photosynthesis and Yield of Isogenic Lines

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9960161 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

TL Setter ◽

EA Conocono ◽

JA Egdane

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Canopy Height ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Isogenic Line ◽

Canopy Photosynthesis ◽

Area Index ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Isogenic Lines ◽

Single Leaf

Reduced panicle height in a rice crop canopy may have beneficial effects of increasing yield potential through reduced shading of leaves leading to greater canopy photosynthesis. Effects of different panicle height in the canopy were evaluated in glasshouse and field experiments using isogenic lines with elongated upper internodes (EUI lines) from two cultivars. Isogenic lines of IR36 and IR50 with elongated upper internodes (IR36EUI and IR50EUI) had panicle heights at the top of the canopy of 96-100% of canopy height, while lines with low panicle heights had panicles which were 74 and 82% of canopy height respectively. Lines with low panicle height had about 10% more of the total leaf area index (LAI) above panicles and this resulted in up to 35% greater light interception by leaves above panicles relative to high panicle height plants. At 5 days before flowering IR36 and IR36EUI had equal canopy photosynthesis, while at flowering, lines had equal shoot nitrogen percentage and LAI. At maturity spikelets per mainstem were not significantly different. At 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after flowering (DAF), IR36, with low panicle height, had 10-30% greater canopy photosynthesis than IR36EUI; greater canopy photosynthesis was observed for IR50 relative to IR50EUI. These beneficial effects of low panicle height on canopy photosynthesis occurred even though the maximum single leaf photosynthesis and respiration rates were similar in both isogenic lines during grain filling. In the field and in a glasshouse experiment where plants were arranged into canopies, IR36, with low panicle heights had 15-40% greater yields than the isogenic line IR36EUI with high panicle heights; greater yields also occurred for IR50 than IR50EUI.

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