Restoration aquaculture of the pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana Jonas): impacts of rearing method on behaviour, growth and survivorship in the hatchery

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Straus ◽  
Carolyn S. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Predator Control ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Predator Treatment ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Successful Recovery ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
And Control

Pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana) populations in Washington State (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) continue to decline despite fisheries closures. For successful recovery, supplementation may be necessary. To determine appropriate culture methods, juveniles were reared in habitat-enriched tanks (supplemented with rocks, macroalgae and sea urchins) or conventional aquaculture tanks and assessed for growth and survivorship in the laboratory over 15 months. No differences in survivorship or growth were observed. Subsequent experiments examined whether abalone behaviour (habitat selection and movement patterns) differed between rearing treatments. Abalone were exposed to one of three predator treatments (sea star arm, small crab, or no predator (control)) and filmed for 8 h. Abalone from habitat-enriched tanks changed habitats significantly more often than abalone from conventional tanks regardless of predator treatment. Significant differences in the percentage of time that abalone occupied the various habitats were also observed. Abalone in the sea star and control treatments primarily occupied the rocks, whereas abalone in the crab treatment behaved differently depending on the rearing method; conventionally reared abalone spent more time in corners, whereas abalone from habitat-enriched tanks spent more time exposed. These results demonstrate that rearing conditions can affect abalone behaviour and should be considered for abalone restoration efforts worldwide.

scholarly journals The influence of carbohydrates in the interaction of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with CCL-6 cells in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Laurindo da Silva ◽  
Raphael Sanzio Pimenta ◽  
Juliana Fonseca Moreira da Silva ◽  
Déborah Aparecida Negrão Corrêa ◽  
Ary Corrêa Junior
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Con A ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Adhesion Behavior ◽  
And Control

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the early events in the interaction between Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its host. To understand the effect of carbohydrates in the interaction between the fungus and epithelial cell in culture, we analyzed the influence of different carbohydrate solutions on the adhesion of P. brasiliensis yeast cells to CCL-6 cells in culture. METHODS: Fungal cells were cultivated with the epithelial cell line, and different concentrations of D-fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, sorbitol and fructose were added at the beginning of the experiment. Six hours after the treatment, the cells were fixed and observed by light microscopy. The number of P. brasiliensis cells that were adhered to the CCL-6 monolayer was estimated. RESULTS: The number of adhesion events was diminished following treatments with D-fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, D-mannose, D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine as compared to the untreated controls. Sorbitol and fructose-treated cells had the same adhesion behavior as the observed in the control. P. brasiliensis propagules were treated with fluorescent lectins. The FITC-labeled lectins WGA and Con-A bound to P. brasiliensis yeast cells, while SBA and PNA did not. CONCLUSIONS: The perceptual of adhesion between P. brasiliensis and CCL-6 cells decreased with the use of D-mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and D-glucosamine. The assay using FITC-labeled lectins suggests the presence of N-acetyl-glucosamine, α-mannose and α-glucose on the P. brasiliensis cell surface. An enhanced knowledge of the mediators of adhesion on P. brasiliensis could be useful in the future for the development of more efficient and less harmful methods for disease treatment and control.

scholarly journals Technologies for the Selection, Culture and Metabolic Profiling of Unique Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Natural Product Discovery

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saliya Gurusinghe ◽  
Tabin L. Brooks ◽  
Russell A. Barrow ◽  
Xiaocheng Zhu ◽  
Agasthya Thotagamuwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Soil Microbial Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Successful Recovery ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

Small molecule discovery has benefitted from the development of technologies that have aided in the culture and identification of soil microorganisms and the subsequent analysis of their respective metabolomes. We report herein on the use of both culture dependent and independent approaches for evaluation of soil microbial diversity in the rhizosphere of canola, a crop known to support a diverse microbiome, including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Initial screening of rhizosphere soils showed that microbial diversity, particularly bacterial, was greatest at crop maturity; therefore organismal recovery was attempted with soil collected at canola harvest. Two standard media (Mueller Hinton and gellan gum) were evaluated following inoculation with soil aqueous suspensions and compared with a novel “rhizochip” prototype buried in a living canola crop rhizosphere for microbial culture in situ. Following successful recovery and identification of 375 rhizosphere microbiota of interest from all culture methods, isolates were identified by Sanger sequencing and/or characterization using morphological and biochemical traits. Three bacterial isolates of interest were randomly selected as case studies for intensive metabolic profiling. After successful culture in liquid media and solvent extraction, individual extracts were subjected to evaluation by UHPLC-DAD-QToF-MS, resulting in the rapid characterization of metabolites of interest from cultures of two isolates. After evaluation of key molecular features, unique or unusual bacterial metabolites were annotated and are reported herein.

Predator Control Policy of the Washington State Department of Game

The Murrelet ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Walter Neubrech
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
State Department ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Predator Control ◽  
Washington State Department

Toxoplasma tachyzoites from cell culture are more appropriate in some situations

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-440
Author(s):  
Jean M W Chatterton ◽  
Susan McDonagh ◽  
Darrel O Ho-Yen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Use ◽  
Cell Culture Methods ◽  
Animal Culture

BackgroundLaboratories traditionally culture toxoplasma tachyzoites in animals for testing and experimental use. This article considers why available cell culture methods are not used more often.AimTo compare HeLa cell culture and animal culture for production of toxoplasma tachyzoites.MethodsIn 2000 HeLa culture replaced animal culture for continuous production of toxoplasma tachyzoites in the Scottish Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory. The performance of animal culture (1994–1998) was compared with HeLa culture (2004–2008). A PubMed search was carried out for 1998 and 2008 to assess the culture methods used in laboratories.ResultsAnimal culture was able to produce higher yields of tachyzoites (109 from a cotton rat peritoneal harvest compared to 107 from a 75 cm2 cell culture flask) but significantly more HeLa cultures were successful (93% versus 84%; p=0.025). There was no difference in the quality of tachyzoites from animal and HeLa cultures as demonstrated by the high levels of success in the dye test. HeLa culture offered significant advantages in flexibility and control. A review of the literature showed no significant change in the method of culture used in laboratories between 1998 and 2008 (p=0.36).ConclusionThe availability of cell culture methods and the increasingly stringent regulations on the use of animals have not resulted in a decline in the use of animal culture. Animals are necessary for certain experiments but many studies could use cell-culture-derived parasites.

scholarly journals Composition of Bacterial Communities Associated with Natural and Laboratory Populations of Asobara tabida Infected with Wolbachia

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 3755-3764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Zouache ◽  
Denis Voronin ◽  
Van Tran-Van ◽  
Patrick Mavingui
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
The Family ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Asobara tabida wasps are fly endoparasitoids that naturally harbor three Wolbachia strains, which induce cytoplasmic incompatibility and control oogenesis. To investigate whether other bacteria play a role in wasp biology, we surveyed the bacterial communities of wild A. tabida populations originating from different regions of France and of laboratory colonies using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and culture methods. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found to be the main phyla represented in these populations. Among these were several cultured and uncultured representatives of the genera Acetobacter, Acidomonas, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Duganella, Herbaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. In addition to Wolbachia, wild individuals harbored Rickettsia, which tended to be lost when insects were reared in the laboratory. The antibiotic treatment used to generate wasp sublines singly infected with Wolbachia also affected the overall bacterial composition, with most fingerprint sequences being characteristic of the family Enterobacteriaceae. We also screened for potentially heritable endosymbionts by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization in stable laboratory lines, with only Wolbachia being consistently found in wasp ovaries.

scholarly journals Community structure of Echinoderms in seagrass beds of Pacitan beaches, East Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
FARID KAMAL MUZAKI ◽  
EDWIN SETIAWAN ◽  
GHULAM FATHIR AUTHAR INSANY ◽  
NURUL KUSUMA DEWI ◽  
IWENDA BELLA SUBAGIO
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Echinometra Mathaei ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Diadema Setosum

Abstract. Muzaki FK, Setiawan E, Insany GFA, Dewi NK, Subagio IB. 2019. Community structure of Echinoderms in seagrass beds of Pacitan beaches, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1787-1793. In this study, we attempt to access diversity and community structure of Echinoderms on seagrass beds in each three belt transect (width 2 m, length 100 m) in Tawang and Pidakan beaches, Pacitan, East Java, Java. Observed parameters were species richness, composition, and abundance, as well as diversity indices: Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (H'), Simpson's dominance index (D) and Pielou's evenness index (J). At the end of the study, we identified one species of sea star (Asteroidea), seven species of brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), ten species of sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) andnine species of sea urchins (Echinoidea). The most dominant species were Ophiocoma dentata (F. Ophiocomidae), Diadema setosum (F. Diadematiidae), Ophiomastix annulosa (F. Ophiocomidae) and Echinometra mathaei (F. Echinometridae). Value of H’ ranged from 0.538 to 1.252 in Tawang and 1.041 to 1.704 in Pidakan; which showing higher species richness and diversity in Pidakan. Echinoderm in the study area was not evenly distributed; D. setosum was very dominant in Tawang beach, while those three other species were more common in Pidakan. Furthermore, most of Holothuroid and Ophiuroid were found only in Pidakan which have relatively more complex habitat.

‘Unmasking’ of stored maternal mRNAs and the activation of protein synthesis at fertilization in sea urchins

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Kelso-Winemiller ◽  
M.M. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Translational Machinery ◽  
Maternal Mrnas ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
And Control

The isolation and in vitro assay of maternal mRNPs has led to differing conclusions as to whether maternal mRNAs in sea urchin eggs are in a repressed or ‘masked’ form. To circumvent the problems involved with in vitro approaches, we have used an in vivo assay to determine if the availability of mRNA and/or components of the translational machinery are limiting protein synthesis in the unfertilized egg. This assay involves the use of a protein synthesis elongation inhibitor to create a situation in the egg in which there is excess translational machinery available to bind mRNA. Eggs were fertilized and the rate of entry into polysomes of individual mRNAs was measured in inhibitor-treated and control embryos using 32P-labeled cDNA probes. The fraction of ribosomes in polysomes and the polysome size were also determined. The results from this in vivo approach provide strong evidence for the coactivation of both mRNAs and components of the translational machinery following fertilization. The average polysome size increases from 7.5 ribosomes per message in 15 min embryos to approximately 10.8 ribosomes in 2 h embryos. This result gives additional support to the idea that translational machinery, as well as mRNA, is activated following fertilization. We also found that individual mRNAs are recruited into polysomes with different kinetics, and that the fraction of an mRNA in polysomes in the unfertilized egg correlates with the rate at which that mRNA is recruited into polysomes following fertilization.

scholarly journals Developmental transcriptomes of the sea star, Patiria miniata, illuminate how gene expression changes with evolutionary distance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsvia Gildor ◽  
Gregory A. Cary ◽  
Maya Lalzar ◽  
Veronica F. Hinman ◽  
Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Evolutionary Distance ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Developmental Gene Expression ◽  
Phylotypic Stage ◽  
Patiria Miniata

Abstract Understanding how changes in developmental gene expression alter morphogenesis is a fundamental problem in development and evolution. A promising approach to address this problem is to compare the developmental transcriptomes between related species. The echinoderm phylum consists of several model species that have significantly contributed to the understanding of gene regulation and evolution. Particularly, the regulatory networks of the sea star, Patiria miniata (P. miniata), have been extensively studied, however developmental transcriptomes for this species were lacking. Here we generated developmental transcriptomes of P. miniata and compared these with those of two sea urchins species. We demonstrate that the conservation of gene expression depends on gene function, cell type and evolutionary distance. With increasing evolutionary distance the interspecies correlations in gene expression decreases. The reduction is more severe in the correlations between morphologically equivalent stages (diagonal elements) than in the correlation between morphologically distinct stages (off-diagonal elements). This could reflect a decrease in the morphological constraints compared to other constraints that shape gene expression at large evolutionary divergence. Within this trend, the interspecies correlations of developmental control genes maintain their diagonality at large evolutionary distance, and peak at the onset of gastrulation, supporting the hourglass model of phylotypic stage conservation.

scholarly journals Characterization of Reproductive Microbiota of Primiparous Cows During Early Postpartum Periods in the Presence and Absence of Endometritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayami Kudo ◽  
Tomochika Sugiura ◽  
Seiya Higashi ◽  
Kentaro Oka ◽  
Motomichi Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Differential Abundance ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Early Postpartum ◽  
And Control ◽  
Differential Abundance Analysis

Endometritis has a major impact on fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Since previous studies showed an association between reproductive microbiota and perinatal disease, we monitored both bovine uterine and vaginal microbiota in primiparous cows to elucidate the effect of early postpartum microbiota on endometritis. Uterine and vaginal samples were collected at time points from pre-calving to 35 days postpartum (DPP), and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, combined with ancillary bacterial culture. A total of seven healthy cows and seven cows diagnosed with endometritis on 35 DPP were used in the current study. The uterine and vaginal microbiota showed a maximum of 20.1% shared amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at linked time points. 16S rRNA based analysis and traditional culture methods revealed that Trueperella showed a higher abundance in both uterus and vagina of the endometritis group compared to the healthy group on 21 DPP (U-test p < 0.05). Differential abundance analysis of the uterine microbiota showed that Enterococcus and six bacterial genera including Bifidobacterium were unique to the healthy group on the day of calving (0 DPP) and 28 DPP, respectively. In contrast, Histophilus and Mogibacteriaceae were characteristic bacteria in the vagina pre-calving in cows that later developed endometritis, suggesting that these bacteria could be valuable to predict clinical outcomes. Comparing the abundances of bacterial genera in the uterine microbiota, a negative correlation was observed between Trueperella and several bacteria including Lactobacillus. These results suggest that building an environment where there is an increase in bacteria that are generally recognized as beneficial, such as Lactobacillus, may be one possible solution to reduce the abundance of Trueperella and control endometritis.

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