Morphological Variation between Seedling Progenies of Viminaria juncea (Schrad. & Wendl.) Hoffmans. (Fabaceae) and its Physiological Significance

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Walker ◽  
JS Pate

Seed of Viminaria juncea was collected from single plants in a range of habitats throughout SW. Australia and the resulting seedling progenies grown in sand culture in a glasshouse. Each set of seedlings displayed highly uniform shoot morphology regardless of growth conditions, but differed markedly from other progenies in branching habit and timing of the transition from juvenile spathulate and trifoliolate leaves to adult phyllodineous foliage. Root flooding inhibited growth of progenies of squat phyllodineous habit more than tall leafy types. Seedling growth responded linearly to increased phosphate supply (0.6-16.0 mg P/I). Percentage plant dry weight as nodules increased 2-3-fold with increasing phosphate but proportional mass as cluster (proteoid) roots declined sharply. Statistically significant differences between progenies in nodulation and cluster root production were evident in certain phosphate treatments. Extreme early phyllodineous and prolonged leafy morphotypes were selected from a mixed population of seedlings (parent seed pooled from 70 habitats) and their growth and water use recorded under continuous root flooding, mesic, or drought-simulating conditions. Leafy morphotypes outgrew phyllodineous counterparts in flooded or mesic conditions, but shed their leaflets when droughted and thereafter behaved as phyllodineous morphotypes. Water-use efficiencies were similar between morphotypes and treatments (range 2.58-2.74 g dry matter gain/l water used), except for flooded phyllodineous seedlings for which 2.16 g/l was recorded. The genecological significance of the data is discussed.


1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith

SUMMARYPearl millet was grown on stored water at Niamey, Niger, using three row spacings. Water extraction based on neutron probe readings was compared with crop transpiration using a porometer and allied measurements. Between 23 and 52 days after sowing, plants at the narrow and medium spacings used about 77 and 100 mm of water, respectively, and those at the wide spacing used between 59 and 75 mm. Estimates of seasonal crop evaporation from leaf resistances and from the green leaf area index (GLAI) of the crops were 103, 130 and 123 mm for the narrow, medium and wide spacings, respectively. The water use per unit of dry weight produced was similar for both narrow and medium spacings but water was used more efficiently in the wide spacing. Dry weight increased in proportion to intercepted radiation with the same efficiency (1·3 g MJ−1) irrespective of spacing.



1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Holloway ◽  
AM Alston

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Warigal) was grown in a glasshouse in deep pots (0.125 x 0.125 x 1.2 m) containing sieved solonized brown soil (calcixerollic xerochrept) comprising 0.2 m sandy loam topsoil above 0.6 m treated calcareous sandy loam subsoil and a base layer of light clay 0.26 m thick. The subsoil was treated with a mixture of salts (0, 13, 39, 75 mmolc kg-1) and with boric acid (0, 20, 38 and 73 mg B kg-1) in factorial combination. The soil was initially watered to field capacity and water use was determined by regularly weighing the pots. The soil was allowed to dry gradually during the season, but the weights of the pots were not permitted to fall below that corresponding to 17% of the available water holding capacity of the soil. Tillering, dry weight of shoots and grain, and root length density were determined. Water-use efficiency was calculated with respect to total dry weight and grain production. Salt decreased tillering, dry matter production, grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight): it increased sodium and decreased boron concentrations in the plants. Boron decreased dry matter production (but not tillering), grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight and grain yield): it increased the concentrations of boron and decreased the concentration of sodium in the plants. At the concentrations of salt and boron used (which cover the range normally encountered in subsoils in much of Upper Eyre Peninsula), boron had more deleterious effects on wheat than did salt. Yield was depressed by salt at concentrations of sodium in the tissue commonly found in field-grown plants.



1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Gregory ◽  
D Tennant ◽  
RK Belford

Growth, interception of radiation and water use of three genotypes of barley (Beecher, O'Connor and Syrian) and one of wheat (Gutha) were measured on a duplex soil at East Beverley, W.A. All crops received 11 kg P ha-1 with the seed but no nitrogen fertilizer. Growth was initially slow until 69 days after sowing (das) with only small and inconsistent differences between crops. Thereafter, Beecher and O'Connor grew faster than Syrian and Gutha, maintained growth for longer, and at harvest weighed about 7.5 t ha-1 shoot dry matter, while Syrian and Gutha were about 5.0 t ha-1. Total root weight and length of Gutha increased until anthesis but reached their maxima at 83 das in all barley crops. Root weight as a percentage of total plant weight was about 40% during the winter decreasing to about 15% by anthesis. Root distributions of Beecher and O'Connor were similar but different from those of Syrian and Gutha; the former had up to 25% of the total root length at anthesis below 40 cm, but the latter had only about 5%. Dry matter production was linearly related to the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted, although the relations showed a break at about the time of flag leaf emergence, and efficiencies of conversion of PAR to dry matter were higher prior to this than after. Efficiencies for the barley crops were similar (about 2 g total dry weight MJ-1 before flag leaf emergence) and about 20% greater than for Gutha. Despite the large differences in dry matter production between crops, evapotranspiration (ET) was similar. For Beecher and O'Connor, evaporation E was about 40% of seasonal ET but for Syrian and Gutha it was about 50%. Values of water use efficiency (about 30 kg shoot ha-1 mm-1 for Beecher and OIConnor and 20 kg ha-1 mm-1 for Syrian and Gutha) were similar to other cereal crops and the amount of shoot dry matter per unit of water transpired for barley crops grown in W.A., U.K. and Syria was nearly constant; the value of the 'crop specific constant' was 3.0 Pa.



2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Anchondo ◽  
M.M. Wall ◽  
V.P. Gutschick ◽  
D.W. Smith

Growth and yield responses of `New Mexico 6-4' and `NuMex R Naky' chile pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Longum Group)] to four Fe levels were studied under sand culture. A balanced nutrient solution (total nutrient concentration <2 mmol·L-1) was recirculated continuously to plants potted in acid-washed sand from the seedling stage to red fruit harvest. Plants received 1, 3, 10 or 30 μm Fe as ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate). Plant growth was determined by leaf area, specific leaf area [(SLA), leaf area per unit dry weight of leaves], instantaneous leaf photosynthetic rates, and dry matter partitioning. Low Fe (1 or 3 μm Fe) in the nutrient solution was associated with lower relative growth rates (RGR), increased SLA, and higher root to shoot ratios (3 μm Fe plants only) at final harvest. High Fe levels (10 or 30 μm Fe) in the nutrient solution were associated with an increased yield of red fruit and total plant dry matter. RGR of low-Fe young chile plants was reduced before any chlorotic symptoms appeared.



1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
J. A. Bonnet ◽  
A. R. Riera ◽  
J. Roldán

Sugarcane variety M. 336 was grown in sand cultures in 28 pits under cover to study the effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on crop yield and the correlation between the nitrogen, the green- or dry-matter contents, and crop yield. Seven increments of nitrogen, replicated four times, were studied with other nutrients and water at optimum levels. The yield in tons per acre varied as follows: Cane, 20.0 to 83.1; sugar, 2.1 to 11.0; trash, 5.8 to 19.0; roots, 4.0 to 8.4. The sugar in the cane varied from 10.3 to 13.7 percent when the crop was harvested at the age of 15 months. There were significant responses to nitrogen at the 1-percent level in the yields of cane, sugar, trash, and roots. The nitrogen content of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth leaves varied from 0.95 to 3.10 percent when the cane was between 3 and 15 months old; the green weight of these four leaves varied from 100 to 315 gm. and their dry weight from 22 to 85 gm. Results indicate that nitrogen, and the green- or dry-matter contents of the cane leaves can be used to predict relative crop yields at specific crop ages. This is illustrated with three formulas derived from the data.



HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 883B-883
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart* ◽  
William R. Graves

Some buckthorn species from other continents have proven invasive in North American landscapes. Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.) is an attractive, native species that would merit increased use in horticultural landscapes if concerns about its potential invasiveness are allayed. Invasiveness often is associated with efficient use of water and other resources. We tested for differences between Carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) in photosynthesis, aboveground dry matter accumulation, and water-use efficiency. Seedlings were grown in columns of field soil within insulated pots outdoors for 98 days. Net photosynthesis of Carolina buckthorn was 17% to 39% greater than that of common buckthorn through day 22. This difference between species was reversed through the end of the treatment period with a concomitant increase in leaf temperature of Carolina buckthorn. Final dry weight of aboveground tissues was similar for the two species, but a greater proportion of dry matter was partitioned to stems for common buckthorn compared to Carolina buckthorn. Although common buckthorn initially had higher water-use efficiency (110 mg·g-1 per day) than did Carolina buckthorn (60 mg·g-1 per day), the water-use efficiency of both species decreased to similar values for the remainder of the treatment period. We conclude that young plants of common buckthorn do not use water more efficiently than do young Carolina buckthorn under field conditions in central Iowa. Considering the possible species differences in the relationship between temperature and photosynthesis, comparative water-use efficiency should be tested further in other environments where Carolina buckthorn might be used for landscaping.



2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Hasan ◽  
M.S. Islam ◽  
M.R. Islam ◽  
H.N. Ismaan ◽  
A. El Sabagh

Abstract A laboratory experiment regarding germination and seedling growth test was conducted with three black gram genotypes tested under three salinity levels (0, 75 and 150 mM), for 10 days, in sand culture within small plastic pot, to investigate the germination and seedling growth characteristics. Different germination traits of all black gram genotypes, like germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) greatly reduced, as well as mean germination time (MGT) increased with increasing salt stress. At high salt stress, BARI Mash-3 provided the highest GP reduction (28.58%), while the lowest was recorded (15.79% to control) in BARI Mash-1. Salinity have the negative impact on shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights. The highest (50.32% to control) and lowest reduction (36.39%) of shoot length were recorded in BARI Mash-2 and BARI Mash-1, respectively, under 150 mM NaCl saline conditions. There were significant reduction of root lengths, root fresh and dry weight, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight in all genotypes under saline condition. The genotypes were arranged as BARI Mash-1 > BARI Mash-3 > BARI Mash-2, with respect to salinity tolerance.



2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Е.В. Янченко

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.



2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1432-1440
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yan ZHENG ◽  
Shi-Ming CUI ◽  
Dong WANG ◽  
Zhen-Wen YU ◽  
Yong-Li ZHANG ◽  
...  


2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1457-1463
Author(s):  
Bing WU ◽  
Yu-Hong GAO ◽  
Li ZHAO ◽  
Yong-Jun CHEN ◽  
Peng LING ◽  
...  


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