Temporary undernutrition during early gestation, corpora lutea morphometrics, ovarian progesterone secretion and embryo survival in gilts

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Langendijk ◽  
E. G. Bouwman ◽  
T. Y. Chen ◽  
R. E. Koopmanschap ◽  
N. M. Soede
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Embryonic Survival ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Pulsatile Secretion ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Lh Secretion

The present study reports effects of severe undernutrition on luteal function and pregnancy in pigs. Gilts were inseminated and either fasted on Day 10 and 11 after conception (n = 11) or fully fed throughout (n = 10). Fasting did not affect LH or progesterone pulsatile secretion pattern on Day 11 in samples taken from blood vessels draining an ovary. Ultrasonographic measurements of the size of the corpora lutea did not show any effect of fasting either. However, fasted gilts had 10 to 30 % lower systemic progesterone from Day 12 through Day 15 after conception (P < 0.05). All gilts farrowed, but fasted gilts had fewer born piglets than fully fed gilts (8.8 ± 0.8 vs 10.9 ± 0.5 respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, fasting during embryo elongation can compromise embryonic survival by affecting ovarian function in the days after fasting, without having an immediate effect on LH secretion and progesterone output by the ovaries.

scholarly journals Latest Advances in Sow Nutrition during Early Gestation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Pieter Langendijk
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Sow Nutrition ◽  
Seasonal Infertility

In the pig, the establishment and maintenance of luteal function in early gestation is crucial to endometrial function, embryo development, and survival. The level of feed intake has a positive effect on formation of luteal tissue and progesterone secretion by the ovaries in the pre-implantation period, which is important for endometrial remodeling and secretion. These effects are independent of luteinising hormone (LH) and probably driven by metabolic cues, such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and seem to support progesterone secretion and delivery to the endometrium, the latter which occurs directly, bypassing the systemic circulation. Even after implantation, a high feed intake seems to improve embryo survival and the maintenance of pregnancy. In this stage, luteal function is LH-dependent, although normal variations in energy intake may not result in pregnancy failure, but may contribute to nutrient supply to the embryos, since in this phase uterine capacity becomes limiting. Feed incidents, however, such as unintended fasting of animals or severe competition for feed, may result in embryo or even pregnancy loss, especially in periods of seasonal infertility. Specific nutrients such as arginine have a role in the vascularisation of the placenta and can improve the uterine capacity in the period after implantation.

scholarly journals Formation of Cystic Ovarian Follicles Associated with Elevated Luteinizing Hormone Requires Estrogen Receptor-β

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (10) ◽  
pp. 4693-4702 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Couse ◽  
Mariana M. Yates ◽  
Ryan Sanford ◽  
Abraham Nyska ◽  
John H. Nilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Stringent regulation of LH secretion from the pituitary is vital to ovarian function in mammals. Two rodent models of LH hypersecretion are the transgenic LHβ-C-terminal peptide (LHβCTP) and estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-null (αERKO) mice. Both exhibit ovarian phenotypes of chronic anovulation, cystic and hemorrhagic follicles, lack of corpora lutea, interstitial/stromal hyperplasia, and elevated plasma estradiol and testosterone. Because ERβ is highly expressed in granulosa cells of the ovary, we hypothesized the intraovarian actions of ERβ may be necessary for full manifestation of phenotypes associated with LH hyperstimulation. To address this question, we generated female mice that possess elevated LH, but lack ERβ, by breeding the LHβCTP and ERβ-null (βERKO) mice. A comparison of LHβCTP, αERKO, and βERKOLHCTP females has allowed us to elucidate the contribution of each ER form to the pathologies and endocrinopathies that occur during chronic LH stimulation of the ovary. αERKO ovaries respond to elevated LH by exhibiting an amplified steroidogenic pathway characteristic of the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle, whereas wild-typeLHCTP and βERKOLHCTP females exhibit a steroidogenic profile more characteristic of the luteal stage. In addition, the hemorrhagic and cystic follicles of the LHβCTP and αERKO ovaries require the intraovarian actions of ERβ for manifestation, because they were lacking in the βERKOLHCTP ovary. In turn, ectopic expression of the Leydig cell-specific enzyme, Hsd17b3, and male-like testosterone synthesis in the αERKO ovary are unique to this genotype and are therefore the culmination of elevated LH and the loss of functional ERα within the ovary.

Regulation of luteal function by luteinizing hormone and prolactin at different times of the luteal phase

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Hinney ◽  
Christina Henze ◽  
Wolfgang Wuttke
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Autonomous Regulation ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Estradiol Secretion ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Ovulatory Period

Hinney B, Henze C, Wuttke W. Regulation of luteal function by luteinizing hormone and prolactin at different times of the luteal phase. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:701–17. ISSN 0804–4643 In 54 healthy women luteal function was assessed by sequential withdrawals of blood samples at 10-min intervals for 8–10 h. Subgroups of the women were studied during the early and late ovulatory period and during the early, mid- and late luteal phase. Bio- and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone levels were determined in each sample. While the bio- and immunoreactivity of LH pulses correlated fairly well, a number of bio- or immunoreactive LH pulses were observed that were not detected by the respective other method. Responsivity of the corpus luteum to LH episodes developed during the second half of the luteal phase and was most marked in cases where LH episodes were accompanied by prolactin episodes. In the absence of prolactin episodes, LH episodes did not stimulate progesterone or estradiol secretion. The highest incidence of coincident LH and prolactin pulses was observed during the mid- and late luteal phase. Serum testosterone levels showed also some fluctuations but these were independent of immuno- or bioactive LH episodes and therefore most likely not of luteal origin. Prior to menstruation LH episodes were not any more stimulatory to progesterone secretion, indicating that it is not the withdrawal of LH but, rather, another possibly intraovarian mechanism that results in luteolysis. In a number of women, increased estradiol and progesterone secretion was strictly related to the prior occurrence of LH and prolactin pulses. In other subjects, both gonadal steroids fluctuated largely with no discernible correlation to LH fluctuations. This may indicate that in these subjects the corpora lutea have some degree of autonomous regulation. W Wuttke, Abteilung für Klinische und Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany

Effects of melatonin on the production of GnRH and LH in luteal cells of pregnant sows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlong Zhang ◽  
Dewen Tong ◽  
Zelin Zhang ◽  
Jiang Peng ◽  
Sitian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Lh Secretion

Effects of melatonin on the release and synthesis of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) at the hypothalamus and pituitary levels have been explored in some species, but a similar study in the corpora lutea (CL) has not yet been conducted. In this study, the immunostaining for GnRH and LH was observed in luteal cells of porcine CL during pregnancy, and a significant effect of pregnant stage on the level of GnRH and LH was found; higher values for GnRH and LH immunostaining and mRNA were detected in the early- and mid- stages CL than in the later-stage CL (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the patterns of melatonin membrane receptors (MT1 and MT2) expression were consistent with those of GnRH and LH expression in the CL of pregnant sows; the relative levels of MT1 and MT2 in the early- and mid- stages were significantly higher than those in the later-stage (P < 0.01). In luteal cells, melatonin dose-dependently increased in GnRH and LH secretion and mRNA expression. Melatonin also increased the GnRH–induced accumulation of LH, and the LH–induced secretion of P4 in luteal cells. Additionally, the effects of melatonin on luteal GnRH and LH production, were blocked by luzindole, a nonselective MT1 and MT2 receptor antagonist. Our results demonstrate the stimulatory effects of melatonin on GnRH and LH production in luteal cells of pregnant sows, suggesting a potential role for melatonin in luteal function through regulating the release and synthesis of GnRH and LH in luteal cells.

The effect of level of diet intake after mating on the serum concentration of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, growth hormone, insulin and glucose, and embryonic survival in the gilt

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Dyck ◽  
A. D. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Diet Intake

Two experiments were undertaken to determine whether there was a relationship between embryo survival and the blood serum concentration of thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), glucose (Glc) and progesterone (P4), as influenced by diet intake. In exp. 1, serum concentrations of T4, T3, INS, Glc and P4 were measured in samples collected at 0.0 (preprandial), 0.33, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 h (postprandial) on days 7, 11, 15 and 25 of gestation. In exp. 2, 16 control (C) gilts gained 0.49 ± 0.04 kg d−1, while 19 restricted (R) gilts were fed at the same level, except from days 1 to 10 after mating, when diet intake was restricted to 50% of the C gilts. The R gilts from days 0–10 and days 10–20 gained −0.01 ± 0.05 kg d−1 and 0.59 ± 0.06 kg d−1, respectively. Gilts were bled at 5 h postprandial on days 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20 and 25, and eight samples were collected on days 7, 11, 15 and 25, from 0–5 h postprandial. Embryo survival was expressed as a percentage of the number of corpora lutea. In exp. 1, T4 and T3 concentrations on day 7 were greater than those on days 11 and 15 (and day 25 for T4). The INS profile was not affected by day of gestation, while Glc profiles differed for days 7 and 25. In exp. 2, a day-of-gestation effect was observed for T4 and T3, with elevated levels on days 1 and 4. Postprandially, T4 increased by 20 min and remained constant, while T3 peaked at 1.5 h; GH showed no change; and INS peaked at 1 h. The INS peak for R gilts was lower on day 11, and GH concentration was lower for R gilts on days 7, 11 and 15. Correlations were only consistently significant between T4 and T3, and between INS and Glc, and for days 1–11 for progesterone with T4 and T3. Correlations of hormone concentrations with embryo survival were generally not significant. These results show that T4 and T3, GH and INS responded differently to the day of early gestation and to diet intake. There were no changes in hormone concentration that could be associated with embryo survival. Key words: Pregnant gilts, diet intake, metabolic hormones

Autoradiographical localization of oxytocin-binding sites in the guinea-pig ovary at different stages of the oestrous cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
J. J. Dreifuss ◽  
M. Dubois-Dauphin ◽  
E. Tribollet
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Specific Binding Sites ◽  
Ovarian Stroma ◽  
Theca Externa ◽  
Theca Interna

ABSTRACT The discovery that oxytocin is synthesized and stored in corpora lutea of ruminants has fostered a renewed interest in the possible roles of oxytocin in ovarian function. In the present study we describe the distribution of binding sites for oxytocin in the guinea-pig ovary. Sections were reacted with a radioiodinated oxytocin antagonist (125I-labelled OTA) to yield autoradiograms on film. Specific binding sites for oxytocin were defined as those which bound 0·05 nmol 125I-labelled OTA/l and where 1 μmol non-radioactive oxytocin/1 displaced the radioactivity. 125I-Labelled OTA consistently labelled the ovarian stroma and the theca interna, but not the corpora lutea, the granulosa cells or the theca externa. The amount of 125I-labelled OTA bound to ovarian stroma and theca interna was high in animals killed during dioestrus, and low during and shortly after oestrus. These data suggest that the binding sites are regulated by steroid hormone levels and that in the guinea-pig ovary oxytocin could exert a role in follicular steroidogenesis, maturation or ovulation rather than in luteal function. Oxytocin-binding sites were also shown in the uterus but their numbers varied only slightly during the cycle. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 421–426

Feeding level and dietary energy source have no effect on embryo survival in gilts, despite changes in systemic progesterone levels

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Z. Athorn ◽  
P. Stott ◽  
E. G. Bouwman ◽  
A. C. Edwards ◽  
M. A. Blackberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Starch Diet

This study was designed to assess the effect of feeding level and dietary energy source on luteal function, systemic progesterone concentration and embryo survival in gilts during early gestation. At Day 0 of pregnancy, 104 gilts were allocated to one of four experimental diets (LStarch: 1.2 × maintenance requirement (M) Starch diet (43.3% starch), n = 31; HStarch: 2.4 × M Starch diet (43.3% starch), n = 21; HFat: 2.4 × M Fat diet (13.5% fat), n = 23; and HFibre: 2.4 × M Fibre diet (7.2% fibre), n = 23). On Day 5 of gestation, no significant difference in circulating concentration of systemic progesterone was seen among the treatments. However, on Day 15 of pregnancy, gilts on the HStarch diet had a significantly lower concentration of systemic progesterone than did gilts on both the LStarch and HFat diets (P < 0.05; 24.8 ± 2.4 v. 32.7 ± 2.4 and 36.1 ± 2.1 ng/mL, respectively). At Day 35 of gestation, there was also a tendency for gilts on the HStarch and HFat diets to have a higher total luteal weight than for gilts on the LStarch diets (7.2 ± 0.2 and 7.1 ± 0.2 v. 6.7 ± 0.2 g (P < 0.05)). No difference in embryo survival was seen among the treatments. From the present study, we can conclude that altering feeding level and dietary energy source did not affect embryo survival, despite the fact that systemic progesterone concentrations were affected on Day 15 of gestation. Also, luteal weight was greater for those gilts on the high feeding level than for those on the low feeding level when fed the same energy source.

scholarly journals A rodent model of human dose-equivalent progestin-only implantable contraception

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather C. M. Allaway ◽  
Roger A. Pierson ◽  
Jesse Invik ◽  
Susan A. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background Long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARC; progestin only) are an increasingly common hormonal contraceptive choice in reproductive aged women looking to suppress ovarian function and menstrual cyclicity. The overall objective was to develop and validate a rodent model of implanted etonogestrel (ENG) LARC, at body size equivalent doses to the average dose received by women during each of the first 3 years of ENG subdermal rod LARC use. Methods Intact, virgin, female Sprague-Dawley rats (16-wk-old) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups (n = 8/group) of ENG LARC (high-0.30μg/d, medium-0.17μg/d, low-0.09μg/d, placebo-0.00μg/d) via a slow-release pellet implanted subcutaneously. Animals were monitored for 21 days before and 29 days following pellet implantation using vaginal smears, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), saphenous blood draws, food consumption, and body weights. Data were analyzed by chi-square, non-parametric, univariate, and repeated measures 2-way ANOVA. Results Prior to pellet implantation there was no difference in time spent in estrus cycle phases among the treatment groups (p > 0.30). Following pellet implantation there was a dose-dependent impact on the time spent in diestrus and estrus (p < 0.05), with the high dose group spending more days in diestrus and fewer days in estrus. Prior to pellet insertion there was not an association between treatment group and estrus cycle classification (p = 0.57) but following pellet implantation there was a dose-dependent association with cycle classification (p < 0.02). Measurements from the UBM (ovarian volume, follicle count, corpora lutea count) indicate an alteration of ovarian function following pellet implantation. Conclusion Assessment of estrus cyclicity indicated a dose-response relationship in the shift to a larger number of acyclic rats and longer in duration spent in the diestrus phase. Therefore, each dose in this model mimics some of the changes observed in the ovaries of women using ENG LARC and provides an opportunity for investigating the impacts on non-reproductive tissues in the future.

Pineal denervation by cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy suppresses the role of photoperiod on pregnancy or pseudopregnancy, body weight and moulting periods in the mink (Mustela vison)

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Martinet ◽  
D. Allain ◽  
Y. Chabi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Implantation Period ◽  
Short Days

ABSTRACT In mink, termination of the delayed implantation period, following reactivation of the corpora lutea, and onset of the spring moult are associated with a rise in prolactin secretion triggered by increasing daylength, while decreasing daylength induces the autumn moult. To establish whether suppression of the function of the pineal rendered the mink unresponsive to daylength changes, the superior cervical ganglion was removed bilaterally 2–4 weeks before mating. Intact and operated females were then left outdoors or were put under a lighting regime of either 15 h light: 9 h darkness (15L: 9D) or 8L: 16D. In July, at the end of the spring moult, the 15L: 9D lighting regime was changed to one of 8L: 16D. Under artificial photoperiods ganglionectomy suppressed the stimulatory role of long days and the inhibitory role of short days on prolactin secretion, and consequently on progesterone secretion and spring moult. Neither was the autumn moult, induced early in intact females by the change to a short photoperiod, advanced in ganglionectomized females, showing that the latter were unresponsive to the artificial modification of the photoperiod. However, in animals kept outdoors, prolactin and progesterone secretion and spring moult were not changed by ganglionectomy. Increase in body weight and autumn moult were only slightly delayed by the operation suggesting that other environmental factors had replaced the synchronizing effect of the daylength changes. Alternatively the desynchronization between intact females responsive to photoperiodism and those rendered unresponsive may be too slow to be observed soon after ganglionectomy. J. Endocr. (1985) 107, 31–39

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