Dicyandiamide increased ammonia volatilisation and decreased carbon dioxide emission from calcareous soil during wheat–maize rotation on the Loess Plateau

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Raza ◽  
Xuesong Li ◽  
Na Miao ◽  
Muneer Ahmed ◽  
Zhanjun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nitrification Process

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been found to retard the nitrification process, reduce N losses and increase nitrogen use efficiency; however, their effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from calcareous soil has rarely been reported. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study whether nitrification inhibition by dicyandiamide (DCD) has any effect on CO2 release from calcareous soil. The experiment comprised five treatments: a control (0 kg N ha–1) and two levels of N fertiliser applied on wheat (160 and 220 kg N ha–1) and maize (180 and 280 kg N ha–1) crops, with and without DCD. Compared with the control, a decrease in soil pH (mean 0.21 units in N fertiliser treatments without DCD and 0.11 units with DCD) and increases in cumulative CO2 emission (mean 17% and 23% in wheat and maize respectively) and cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilisation (mean 28% and 446% in wheat and maize respectively) was recorded under all N fertilised treatments (with and without DCD). The application of DCD with N fertiliser retarded the nitrification process, as indicated by a higher NH4+-N and lower NO3–-N content, as well as a relatively higher soil pH, compared with application of N fertiliser without DCD. In addition, DCD application significantly reduced CO2 emission in both wheat (10–20%) and maize (13–14%) crops compared with crops grown with N fertiliser without DCD. However, the losses from NH3 volatilisation increased when DCD was applied at both N fertiliser levels in both wheat (38–41%) and maize (24–36%) crops. Inhibition of nitrification by DCD was more effective during the wheat than during maize season. Controlling nitrification using DCD is an effective approach to minimise CO2 emission from calcareous soils on the Loess Plateau; however, DCD application increases in NH3 volatilisation.

scholarly journals Mitigation of ammonia volatilization with application of urease and nitrification inhibitors from summer maize at the Loess Plateau

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Muneer ◽  
Yu Weijia ◽  
Lei Ming ◽  
Raza Sajjad ◽  
Zhou Jianbin
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Band Placement ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Meteorologic Factors

Field experiments were conducted at three sites: Yangling (YL); Zhouzhi-1 (ZH-1) and Zhouzhi-2 (ZH-2) of the Loess Plateau during summer maize crop, to investigate the effectiveness of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and NBPT + dicyandiamide (DCD) with urea on reducing NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization from different soils under different environmental conditions. Four treatments including control (no N), N-220 kg/ha, N-220 + NBPT and N-220 + NBPT + DCD were applied in two splits through the band placement method. Total NH<sub>3</sub>-N loss observed were 65.8, 40.5 and 20.1 NH<sub>3</sub>-N kg/ha (accounting for 29.9, 18.4 and 9.2% of N applied) from urea for YL, ZH-1 and ZH-2, respectively. The application of NBPT and NBPT + DCD significantly reduced NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization by 80–93% and 75–90%, respectively. The meteorologic factors such as precipitation, air temperature and wind speed significantly affected NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization. These results suggested that the amendment of urea with NBPT and NBPT + DCD have potential to mitigate NH<sub>3</sub>-N losses from alkaline soils in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission an Important Factor Affecting Healthcare Expenditure? Evidence from China, 2005–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen ◽  
Zhuo ◽  
Xu ◽  
Xu ◽  
Gao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Bayesian Quantile Regression ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship

As a result of China’s economic growth, air pollution, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, has caused serious health problems and accompanying heavy economic burdens on healthcare. Therefore, the effect of carbon dioxide emission on healthcare expenditure (HCE) has attracted the interest of many researchers, most of which have adopted traditional empirical methods, such as ordinary least squares (OLS) or quantile regression (QR), to analyze the issue. This paper, however, attempts to introduce Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) to discuss the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and HCE, based on the longitudinal data of 30 provinces in China (2005–2016). It was found that carbon dioxide emission is, indeed, an important factor affecting healthcare expenditure in China, although its influence is not as great as the income variable. It was also revealed that the effect of carbon dioxide emission on HCE at a higher quantile was much smaller, which indicates that most people are not paying sufficient attention to the correlation between air pollution and healthcare. This study also proves the applicability of Bayesian quantile regression and its ability to offer more valuable information, as compared to traditional empirical tools, thus expanding and deepening research capabilities on the topic.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF ENERGY AND CO2 EMISSION INTENSITIES: A STUDY OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (02) ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
SANTOSH K. SAHU ◽  
DEEPANJALI MEHTA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Indian Manufacturing Sector

This paper investigates determinants of energy and emission intensities of manufacturing firms in India, from 2000 to 2014. Given that Indian manufacturing sector is one of the world’s most polluting sectors in terms of CO2 emissions; we arrive at firm level determinants of energy and carbon dioxide emission intensities from consumption of three primary sources of energy, namely (1) Coal, (2) Natural Gas and (3) Petroleum. The results of the regression analysis suggest that there are inter-firm differences in energy and emission intensity. The results indicate that smaller and larger firms are both energy and emission intensive compared to medium sized firms. Similarly, firms spending more in research and development activities are found to be energy and emission efficient, compare to others. Hence, in the global competitive business environment, Government of India should carefully formulate policies suitable for the medium sized firms to make them energy and emission efficient.

Soil carbon dioxide emissions in response to precipitation frequency in the Loess Plateau, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 288-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Quan-Quan Liu ◽  
Rong-Rong Chen ◽  
Wen-Zhao Liu ◽  
Upendra M. Sainju
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Precipitation Frequency ◽  
Soil Carbon Dioxide

Large-scale spatial interpolation of soil pH across the Loess Plateau, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2731-2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Peng Liu ◽  
Ming An Shao ◽  
Yun Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Loess Plateau

scholarly journals CO2 Emission to the Atmosphere from Carbonate Waters: The Study Case of the Lublin Upland and Roztocze Regions

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511
Author(s):  
Stanisław Chmiel ◽  
Stanisław Hałas ◽  
Tomasz Pieńkos ◽  
Sławomir Głowacki ◽  
Ewa Maciejewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Groundwater Outflow

Abstract The concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water (CO2(aq)) was measured in consecutive phases of the hydrological cycle. Its potentially possible degassing from groundwaters to the atmosphere was also assessed. The research was conducted in the area of occurrence of carbonate rocks of the Lublin Upland and Roztocze (SE Poland). The results of the measurements of CO2(aq) concentration varied as follows (min-max/mean): precipitation waters < 1-3/2.6 mg · dm−3, soil waters 3-50/14.2 mg · dm−3, groundwaters 10-70/30.3 mg · dm−3, river waters < 1-21/7.6 mg · dm−3. The measure of degassing of carbon dioxide from groundwaters to the atmosphere was a decrease in CO2(aq) concentration in fluvial outflow. Based on the value of groundwater outflow from the Lublin Upland and Roztocze, the annual carbon dioxide emission from waters to the atmosphere was calculated at a level of 50 thousand Mg · year−1. This value constitutes approximately 1% of anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide originating from environmentally harmful industrial plants in the Lublin province.

Change of orchard soil pH in the Loess Plateau

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Qi YANG ◽  
Ai-Ping ZHANG ◽  
Zheng-Li YANG ◽  
Guo-Qiang LIU
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Orchard Soil

Traditional manual tillage significantly affects soil redistribution and CO2 emission in agricultural plots on the Loess Plateau

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Geng ◽  
Hanqing Yu ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Mahbubul Tarafder ◽  
Guanglong Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission ◽  
Soil Redistribution

Traditional manual tillage using hand tools is widely used by local farmers in hilly and mountainous regions in China and many South-east Asian countries. Manual tillage could result in severe soil erosion, redistributing slopes from upslope areas (erosion) to lower slopes (deposition). This soil redistribution process may potentially affect the soil carbon cycle, but few studies have quantified soil CO2 emission under different manual tillage practices. In the present study we evaluated the soil redistribution and its effects on in situ CO2 emission as affected by manual tillage of different intensities on three short slopes representing typical cultivated landscapes on the Loess Plateau. Soils were removed at 2, 6 and 10 cm depths by three types of hand tools, namely a hoe, mattock and spade respectively, from the upslope and subsequently accumulated at the downslope to simulate soil erosion and deposition processes by traditional manual tillage. Across the tilled hillslopes, soil CO2 emission was reduced at sites of erosion but enhanced at sites of deposition. Tillage with greater intensity (i.e. hoeing < mattocking < spading) resulted in greater change in CO2 emission. This change in soil CO2 emission was largely associated with the depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at erosion sites and the increments of SOC available for decomposition at deposition sites. Moreover, with increasing tillage intensity, soil redistribution by manual tillage shifted the hillslope from a C sink to C neutral or even a C source. Furthermore, manual tillage resulted in substantial changes in soil CO2 emission and redistributed soil in amounts that dwarf animal-powered tillage. The results of the present study imply that manual tillage-induced soil redistribution could have a large effect on the C balance across the local landscape and therefore may have considerable implications for estimates of regional and global C budgets.

Influence of test fuel properties and composition on UNECE R101 CO2 and fuel economy valuation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Test Fuel ◽  
Lower Heating

AbstractCO2 emission and fuel consumption of passenger cars is now assessed by using a simplistic procedure measuring the emission during a test performed without any control of the fuel properties and computing the fuel consumption through an unsophisticated formula. As pump gasoline and diesel fuels are refinery products mixture of many different hydrocarbons, and in case of gasoline may also contain a significant amount of oxygenates, the fuel properties, including the density, carbon and energy content may strongly vary from one pump fuel to the other. Being the specific test fuels carefully selected by the car manufacturers and everything but randomly chosen pump fuels, the claimed CO2 emission and fuel economy figures may differ largely from the certification values. I show from the analysis of the 2014 UK government data for 2358 diesel and 2103 petrol vehicles how same volumes of only theoretically same pump fuels used during the certification test by the cars manufacturers unfortunately do not produce the same carbon dioxide emission, and very likely do not have the same energy content. The CO2 emission per liter of diesel fuel is shown to oscillate froma maximum of 3049 g to a minimum of 2125 g, with an average of 2625 g, froma +16.13% to a -19.06% of the average. TheCO2 emission per liter of petrol fuel is shown to oscillate even more from a maximum of 3735 g to a minimum of 1767 g with an average of 2327 g, from a +60.48% to a -24.05% of the average. The proposed solution is to center the assessment on the energy demand by measuring with accuracy the mass of fuel consumed and the fuel properties of the test fuel starting from the lower heating. The corrected fuel consumption and the corrected carbon dioxide emission to mention from the test are then computed by using pure hydrocarbon reference fuels for diesel and petrol having a given lower heating value and a given hydrocarbon composition. Alternatively, exactly the same test fuel should be used by all the manufacturers.

scholarly journals Effect of Tillage Practices and Rice Straw Management on Soil Environment and Carbon Dioxide Emission

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
JC Biswas ◽  
M Maniruzzaman ◽  
AK Choudhury ◽  
F Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Tillage Operations ◽  
Straw Application

Carbon (C) inputs and tillage intensity impinge on C degradation and thus CO2 emission and soil properties get influenced. Information on CO2 emission and soil properties under different tillage practices and straw application in rice based cropping system in Bangladesh is lacking. The effects of rice straw and tillage operations on CO2 emission and soil properties were quantified in four consecutive seasons of transplanted Aman and Boro rice grown under two tillage operations (minimum and traditional) and three levels of rice straw (control, incorporation and mulch) during 2010 to 2012. Irrespective of tillage practices, CO2 emission peak reached after 3-4 weeks of straw application. Carbon dioxide emission ranged from 26 to 59 kg ha-1 day-1 under minimum tillage and 25 to 96 kg ha-1 day-1 under traditional tillage. Minimum tillage accumulated more C in soil, which could be attributed to lower rates of emission and straw degradation. Carbon degradation rate constants, k were 0.000300 and 0.000394 (day-1) under minimum and traditional tillage, respectively. Small increment in soil C might help reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. Mineralization of straw increased nutrient contents and thereby improved the soil fertility and availability to the crops for nutrients’ uptake. Traditional tillage significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased field capacity of the soil, whereas in addition, rice straw application furthermore increased permanent wilting point and available water content in the soil. The present study may help in identifying suitable tillage and residue management options in reducing CO2 emission from rice fields.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 127-142

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