The distribution and pedology of soil mosaics, Barossa District, South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
CB Wells
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Normal Expectation ◽  
High Plain ◽  
Soil Pattern ◽  
Soil Groups

Black earths and Australian brown earths occur in ways contrary to normal expectation in the red brown earth zone of southern Australia. The soil pattern is an intimate fine-grained mosaic of the three great soil groups changing within a few yards from one to another in an erosional landscape and quite out of accord with the underlying Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Field studies reported here ascribe the black earths to thin intermittent remnants of a lacustrine Tertiary clay as parent material, and the brown earths to a mixture of the clay with the normal weathering products of the underlying rocks. A substantial part of the evidence for this is derived from their distribution as a horizontal lamina tracing out a contour band in the mid and upper mid slope topography. There is a nice accordance between the elevations of this band and of an adjacent, elevated, dissected black clay plain. The three soils are everywhere found in places which are consistent with the postulate that their parent materials were put there by processes of erosion, dissection, and redistribution of distinctly separate hill and high plain landscapes.

TEM/AEM characterization of fine-grained clay minerals in very-low-grade rocks: Evaluation of contamination by empa involving celadonite family minerals

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
Gejing Li ◽  
D. R. Peacor ◽  
D. S. Coombs ◽  
Y. Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Mineral Aggregates

Recent advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) have led to many new insights into the structural and chemical characteristics of very finegrained, optically homogeneous mineral aggregates in sedimentary and very low-grade metamorphic rocks. Chemical compositions obtained by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) on such materials have been shown by TEM/AEM to result from beam overlap on contaminant phases on a scale below resolution of EMPA, which in turn can lead to errors in interpretation and determination of formation conditions. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the relation between AEM and EMPA data, which leads also to the definition of new mineral phases, and demonstrate the resolution power of AEM relative to EMPA in investigations of very fine-grained mineral aggregates in sedimentary and very low-grade metamorphic rocks.Celadonite, having end-member composition KMgFe3+Si4O10(OH)2, and with minor substitution of Fe2+ for Mg and Al for Fe3+ on octahedral sites, is a fine-grained mica widespread in volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sediments which have undergone low-temperature alteration in the oceanic crust and in burial metamorphic sequences.

scholarly journals Characteristic of Dystrustepts in the Venezuelan Andes

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1777-1784
Author(s):  
Guido Ochoa ◽  
Jajaira Oballos ◽  
Juan Carlos Velásquez ◽  
Isabel López ◽  
Jorge Manrique
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Discrimination Analysis ◽  
Large Group ◽  
The Us ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Soil Groups

The majority (60 %) of the soils in the Venezuelan Andes are Inceptisols, a large percentage of which are classified as Dystrustepts by the US Soil Taxonomy, Second Edition of 1999. Some of these soils were classified as Humitropepts (high organic - C-OC-soils) and Dystropepts by the Soil Taxonomy prior to 1999, but no equivalent large group was created for high-OC soils in the new Ustepts suborder. Dystrusepts developed on different materials, relief and vegetation. Their properties are closely related with the parent material. Soils developed on transported deposits or sediments have darker and thicker A horizons, a slightly acid reaction, greater CEC and OC contents than upland slope soils. Based on the previous classification into large groups (Humitropepts and Dystropepts) we found that: Humitropepts have a slightly less acid and higher values of CEC than Dystropepts. These properties or characteristics seem to be related to the fact that Humitropepts have a higher clay and OC content than the Dystropepts. Canonical discrimination analysis showed that the variables that discriminate the two great soil groups from each other are OC and silt. Data for Humitropepts are grouped around the OC vector (defining axis 3, principal component analysis), while Dystropepts are associated with the clay and sand vectors, with significant correlation. Given the importance of OC for soil properties, we propose the creation of a new large group named Humustepts for the order Inceptisol, suborder Ustepts.

Weathering and soil formation on dolerite in Tasmania with particular reference to several trace elements

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Soil Groups

The mineralogy and chemistry of weathering and soil formation have been studied at 17 widely separated sites with contrasting climatic conditions on comparatively uniform dolerite in Tasmania. The clay and fine sand mineralogy of the soils has been related to their degree of weathering. These studies have shown large chemical and mineralogical changes accompanying the initial stages of weathering in some krasnozem soils. The reorganization of cobalt, zirconium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and zinc during genesis of four soil groups has been considered in terms of the factors involved. Some of these results indicate that the clay horizon of the podzolic soils has probably been formed by weathering in situ. Seasonal waterlogging in certain horizons has strongly mfluenced the chemistry and mineralogy of weathering in many of these soils. This study has shown that the composition of the parent material has only influenced the geochemistry of trace elements in less weathered soils and that pedogenic factors assumed greater significance as the soils became more strongly weathered. Geomorphic processes had a marked influence on the geochemistry of some soils by the truncation of mature soil profiles.

A field study on the biology of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), in South Australia.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Madge
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Surface Growth ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Lower South

This paper describes field studies on the biology and behaviour of Oncopera fasciculata (Walker), an important insect pest of improved pastures in the lower south-east of South Australia and the central and western districts of Victoria. Moths fly at dusk during September-October and mate mainly on upright grasses during these flights. The onset of flights seems to be related to a light stimulus but no correlation could be found from the data collected. Eggs are laid on the ground under pasture, where the female shelters at night and during the day; most eggs are laid within 24 hr after mating. Larvae appear in from 3 to 5 wk and live for a short while in communities at the surface of the ground under silken webbing before building individual vertical tunnels in the soil. Larvae emerge from their tunnels along silken runways to feed on surface growth. Annual grasses and clovers are more susceptible to attack than perennials. Feeding continues from October to July and visible damage appears about May, depending upon seasonal conditions. Prepupae appear in July and pucae during July-September.

scholarly journals Designing everyday automation with well-being in mind

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-779
Author(s):  
Holger Klapperich ◽  
Alarith Uhde ◽  
Marc Hassenzahl
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Press ◽  
Meaningful Experiences ◽  
Automated Processes

AbstractNowadays, automation not only permeates industry but also becomes a substantial part of our private, everyday lives. Driven by the idea of increased convenience and more time for the “important things in life,” automation relieves us from many daily chores—robots vacuum floors and automated coffee makers produce supposedly barista-quality coffee on the press of a button. In many cases, these offers are embraced by people without further questioning. However, while we save time by delegating more and more everyday activities to automation, we also may lose chances for enjoyable and meaningful experiences. In two field studies, we demonstrate that a manual process has experiential benefits over more automated processes by using the example of coffee-making. We present a way to account for potential experiential costs of everyday automation and strategies of how to design interaction with automation to reconcile experience with the advantages of a more and more powerful automation.

scholarly journals Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. García Calderón ◽  
A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽  
G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽  
P. V. Krasilnikov ◽  
A. Hernández Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

scholarly journals 3D Mapping of the Submerged Crowie Barge Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleanthis Simyrdanis ◽  
Ian Moffat ◽  
Nikos Papadopoulos ◽  
Jarrad Kowlessar ◽  
Marian Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
High Resolution Mapping ◽  
Murray River ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Mapping Techniques

This study explores the applicability and effectiveness of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as a tool for the high-resolution mapping of submerged and buried shipwrecks in 3D. This approach was trialled through modelling and field studies of Crowie, a paddle steamer barge which sunk at anchor in the Murray River at Morgan, South Australia, in the late 1950s. The mainly metallic structure of the ship is easily recognisable in the ERT data and was mapped in 3D both subaqueously and beneath the sediment-water interface. The innovative and successful use of ERT in this case study demonstrates that 3D ERT can be used for the detailed mapping of submerged cultural material. It will be particularly useful where other geophysical and diver based mapping techniques may be inappropriate due to shallow water depths, poor visibility, or other constraints.

Investigation of limestone ecotypes of white spruce based on a provenance test series

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R Lesser ◽  
Marilyn Cherry ◽  
William H Parker
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Provenance Trials ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
Limestone Bedrock

Previous laboratory and field studies have presented evidence for the existence of limestone ecotypes in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Remeasurements of the range-wide 410 series of provenance trials were used for further evaluation of the existence of these ecotypes. In 2001, heights were measured of 23 provenances grown at four test sites in Ontario, all located south of 46°N. Bedrock classification for test sites and provenances by limestone or non-limestone parent material was done using a 1993 data set of the Ontario Geological Survey. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among test sites and provenances only. No significant interactions consistent with the existence of limestone ecotypes were detected. This finding is in contrast to that of an earlier field study that detected a strong interaction between test site and provenance bedrock type (p < 0.001). Examination of the relative performance of individual provenances from limestone and non-limestone bedrock types revealed differences in performance at the four different test sites but few instances supporting the existence of limestone ecotypes. Although these more recent results generally support a pattern of between-stand variation in southern Ontario, they do not disprove the existence of limestone ecotypes, owing to the nature of the 410-series test design and the classification of provenances according to bedrock type instead of actual soil analyses.

The Metamorphism of the Pre-Cambrian Dolomites of Southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia

1920 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Late Tertiary

THE basement platform of Southern Eyre Peninsula consists of a series of igneous and metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrianage. Rising from beneath the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of the Nullarbor plains, they may be regarded as a south-easterly prolongation of the great pre-Cambrian Shield of Western Australia. The platform is for the most part within a few hundred feet of sea-level, and large areas of the region are covered by the products of long-continued weathering of the older rocks or by siliceous deposits of late Tertiary age. The best sections for geological study are those exposed along the coastline, and in the hilly areas of Hutchison and Warrow.

scholarly journals Měkkýší fauna (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) z lokality Mušlov (vídeňská pánev)

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Turek ◽  
Šárka Hladilová
Keyword(s):  
Algal Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Calcareous Sand ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Town ◽  
Normal Salinity

The Mušlov locality is situated 3.5 km ESE from the town of Mikulov and it is a part of the Vienna Basin. On the locality a profile rich in shallow-water middle Miocene (Badenian) fauna was uncovered. Its substantial part was deposited in fine-grained calcareous sand, to a lesser extent the fauna also occurred in pebbles and blocks of gray algal limestones. Mainly stone cores with calcareous and degrading shells were found in the limestones, while in the calcareous sands the fossils were well preserved. A rich set of small fauna from fine-grained sand was obtained by washing of samples. There have been determined 73 species of Gastropoda and 25 species of Bivalvia. The most abundant species of gastropods are Tricolia eichwaldi, Rissoina podolica, Bittium reticulatum, Gibbula aff . umbilicalis, Jujubinus striatus, Neritina picta and Turritella bicarinata. Among bivalves the most abundand species are Cardites partschi partschi and Linga columbella. Quantity and degree of conservation of fauna indicate minimal transport and slow sedimentation on the sea floor. Based on the found species, the fauna was mainly bound to a fine-grained substrate but there were also species that preferred the solid substrate. The abundant occurrence living on algal species is evidenced by their rich stands. The fauna lived in the shallow sea with a good oxygenation and a normal salinity. The occurrence of some species documents a warm sea between 20–28 °C.

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