Effect of pH on the adsorption of phosphate and potassium in batch and in column experiments

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Bolan ◽  
JK Syers ◽  
RW Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Batch Experiment ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
The Difference

The effect of increasing pH, through incubation with Ca(OH)2 and NaOH, on the adsorption of phosphate (P) and potassium (K) was examined in batch and in column experiments. In column experiments, an increase in pH from 5.2 to 8.2 decreased the adsorption of P and increased that of K which resulted in an increased leaching of P and a decreased leaching of K. In a batch experiment, however, an increase in pH resulting from incubation with NaOH gave similar results to those of the column experiment, whereas an increase in pH due to Ca(OH)2 addition caused the opposite effect on the adsorption of both P and K. The difference between the batch and the column experiments in the effect of incubating soil with Ca(OH)2 on the adsorption of P and K is related to the concentration of Ca in the soil solution.

I Like Her, Because I Like Myself: Self-Evaluation as a Source of Interpersonal Attitudes

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Walther ◽  
Claudia Trasselli
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
The Self ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
False Feedback ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that self-evaluation can serve as a source of interpersonal attitudes. In the first study, self-evaluation was manipulated by means of false feedback. A subsequent learning phase demonstrated that the co-occurrence of the self with another individual influenced the evaluation of this previously neutral target. Whereas evaluative self-target similarity increased under conditions of negative self-evaluation, an opposite effect emerged in the positive self-evaluation group. A second study replicated these findings and showed that the difference between positive and negative self-evaluation conditions disappeared when a load manipulation was applied. The implications of self-evaluation for attitude formation processes are discussed.

Effect of pH on metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate by renal cortical mitochondria

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. F120-F126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Tannen ◽  
A. S. Kunin
Keyword(s):  
Low Ph ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Glutamine Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

The effect of acid-base perturbations on mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) metabolism was quantitated by measuring the nitrogen and carbon metabolites of glutamine. alpha-KG metabolized was calculated as the difference between alpha-KG production from glutamine (glutamate deamination plus transamination) and alpha-KG accumulation in the medium. Under all experimental conditions accumulation in the medium of malate plus aspartate was altered similarly to the calculated change in alpha-KG metabolism. Mitochondria from rats with chronic acidosis were compared to pair-fed controls. Chronic acidosis resulted in increased alpha-KG production and its intramitochondrial concentration; the rate of conversion of alpha-KG to succinate was unchanged. When mitochondria from normal animals were incubated at pH 7.0, 7.4, and 7.7, the amount of alpha-KG metabolized was altered, but the magnitude and direction of the response was dependent on the concentration of glutamine (0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mM). A low pH depressed production but stimulated the subsequent metabolism of alpha-KG, whereas an alkaline pH acted in the opposite fashion. The overall response at a given glutamine concentration depended on which effect predominated. Accordingly, chronic acidosis does not induce adaptive changes, but pH, per se, directly alters intramitochondrial alpha-KG metabolism.

Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow Angle

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. A. Graziano ◽  
Kaushal T. Patel ◽  
Charlotte S. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Cortical Map ◽  
Intermediate Effect

This experiment used cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles of the arm in monkeys. The mapping appeared to change depending on the angle at which the elbow was fixed. For sites in the dorsal part of the arm and hand representation, the effects of stimulation were consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to an extended angle. Stimulation evoked more triceps activity than biceps activity, and this difference was largest when the elbow was fixed in a flexed angle. For sites in the ventral part of the arm and hand representation, stimulation had the opposite effect, consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to a flexed angle. For these sites, stimulation evoked more biceps activity than triceps activity, and the difference was largest when the elbow was fixed in an extended angle. For sites located in intermediate positions, stimulation evoked an intermediate effect consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to a middle, partially flexed angle. For these sites, when the elbow was fixed at a flexed angle, the evoked activity was largest in the triceps, and when the elbow was fixed at an extended angle, the evoked activity was largest in the biceps. These effects were obtained with 400-ms-long trains of biphasic pulses presented at 200 Hz and 30 μA. They were also obtained by averaging the effects of individual, 30-μA pulses presented at 15 Hz. How this stimulation-evoked topography relates to the normal function of motor cortex is not yet clear. One hypothesis is that these results reflect a cortical map of desired joint angle.

scholarly journals Discharge Characterization and Variability Determination along Shorter Sections of Soaker Hose Pipe for Soil Column Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Salisu ◽  
Aimrun Wayayok ◽  
Ahmad F. Abdallah ◽  
Rowshon Md. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Pressure Discharge ◽  
Soil Column Experiment ◽  
Soil Wetting ◽  
Micro Irrigation ◽  
Discharge Curves

Unlike other micro-irrigation facilities like a drip, trickle, and sprinklers that emits water at regularly spaced intervals with predefined discharges, porous rubber pipes (soaker hose) has openings of variable sizes that become unevenly spaced with uneven distribution. The latter makes discharge to be variant along its lateral. Shorter sections are used under laboratory column experiments of soil wetting pattern studies and for this reason, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the extent of emission rates variability on short sections of commercial Irrigation Soaker Hose, 16 mm diameter. Three sections of 10 cm length pipes were randomly selected from 15 no's cuts from different parts of the twenty meters length pipe bundle and used to investigate the extent of variability on emission rates characteristics under six different operating pressures. The result was achieved by collecting and measuring water emitted through the pipe sections at pre-determined pressures. The various discharges, coefficient of variation, and pressure-discharge curves of the section of the pipe then determined from the data. The result shows somewhat similar trends on the increase for water collected with an increase in pressures; however, when statistically compared, the discharges among the pipe sections vary. The values of Coefficient of Variation (CV) are less than 10 % as the values CV range from 0.92 % to 5.82 %, which is within a good category, according to ASAE Standard EP405.1 of 0-10%. The findings indicate that, despite variations among the investigated sections, it can use any part as a representative unit in the soil column experiments with reasonable accuracy.

Retention and plant availability of chromium in soils as affected by lime and organic matter amendments

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Bolan ◽  
S. Thiagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Tannery Industry ◽  
Cr Concentration ◽  
Pinus Radiata Bark

Chromium is used as Cr(III) in the tannery industry and as Cr(VI) in the timber treatment industry. In this experiment, the effect of 2 liming materials [fluidised bed boiler ash (FBA) and lime] and an organic amendment (Pinus radiata bark) on the retention of Cr by 2 soils (Egmont and Tokomaru) was examined using both ‘batch’ and ‘column’ experiments. The effect of these amendments on the uptake of Cr from the Egmont soil, treated with various levels of Cr (0–3200 mg Cr/kg soil), was examined using sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants. The transformation of Cr was examined by fractionation of Cr in soils. Addition of FBA and lime increased the retention of Cr(III), but had the opposite effect on the retention of Cr(VI). Addition of bark did not affect the retention of Cr(III), but it increased the retention of Cr(VI). Increasing additions of Cr increased Cr concentration in plants, resulting in decreased plant growth. The liming materials were found to be effective in reducing the phytotoxicity of Cr(III) and the Pinus radiata bark was effective for Cr(VI). In both Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, the concentrations of Cr were higher in the organic-bound, oxide-bound, and residual fractions than in the soluble and the exchangeable fractions. The concentrations of Cr in the soluble and the exchangeable fractions were higher in the Cr(VI)-contaminated than the Cr(III)-contaminated soil. Addition of the liming materials decreased the concentration of the soluble Cr(III) and bark decreased soluble Cr(VI) in soil. There was evidence for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the bark-treated soils.

Effect of pH on Hydrogen Evolution Yield from Water Dispersing Titania Nanoparticles Enhanced by Gamma Ray

2001 ◽  
Vol 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Seino ◽  
Takao A. Yamamoto ◽  
Ryosuke Fujimoto ◽  
Kensuke Hashimoto ◽  
Masahiro Katsura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Titania Nanoparticles ◽  
Gas Evolution ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Enhancement Mechanism ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Size

ABSTRACTHydrogen gas evolution from water dispersing nanoparticles induced by 60Co gamma-ray irradiation was studied. Nanoparticle of TiO2 with average size of 30 nm was examined. It was indicated that the hydrogen yields were affected significantly by pH of the dispersion. Difference in agglomeration could explain the difference in hydrogen yields. Reactions that enhance the hydrogen yields were discussed, and it was concluded that the radiolysis process is dominant in the total enhancement mechanism.

scholarly journals Using spectator distributions to measure the initial geometry fluctuation

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1550069
Author(s):  
Md. Nasim
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Glauber Model ◽  
Final State ◽  
Peripheral Collisions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Spectator Distribution ◽  
Initial Geometry

A study of eccentricity (εn) fluctuations and its possible impact on final state momentum anisotropy (υn) for symmetric collisions are presented in the framework of Glauber model. Effect of fluctuations of nucleon's position on the initial geometry has been studied using a new method, where the difference between oppositely moving spectators is taken as a measurement of eccentricity fluctuations. This study shows that higher harmonics (n = 3, 4 and 5) of eccentricity are less sensitive to fluctuations in transverse plane compared to the 2nd harmonic. Position fluctuations in transverse plane will increase ε2 and hence possibly υ2 for the most central nucleus–nucleus collisions. For semi-central and peripheral collisions, the fluctuations have opposite effect, it decreases the eccentricity ε2. The fluctuation of initial geometry can be studied in collider experiments by studying the spectator distribution on the both sides of the beam.

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