An examination of some acid soils at Batlow, New-South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
IP Little
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Clay Suspensions

This paper has two components. Firstly it evaluates a set of data for the apple-growing soils of the Batlow district. Secondly it makes some comments on the use of silver thiourea for the determination of exchangeable Al and Mn and the estimation of exchangeable Al by titration of 1 M KCl suspensions. A group of 21 profiles from soils used for apple-growing in the Batlow District were examined in the laboratory. It was found that many of the soils were very acidic, especially in the subsoil. Dilute CaCl2 extracted as much as 50 �g g-1 of Al and considerable exchangeable Al was extracted by silver thiourea. Exchangeable Ca levels were usually adequate for plant growth, hence low levels in apple fruit may reflect the adverse effect of Al on Ca uptake by the plant. Potassium levels were low and may be marginal in some cases and Mg tended to be low in the surface. Principal component analysis showed 77% of the variation in the data was accounted for by three independent components, one involving pH, exchangeable Ca and Al, one involving K and Mg and one involving exchangeable Mn. It was demonstrated that silver thiourea does not replace Al as effectively as the basic exchangeable cations. Also, thiourea reduces Mn so that low values will be obtained for exchangeable Al in soils with much easily reducible Mn because of the increase in pH that accompanies reduction. Silver thiourea appears to overestimate exchangeable Al in some soils with very low cation exchange capacity. Titration of clay suspensions in 1 M KCl is a satisfactory and reliable way of measuring exchangeable Al that also enables an assessment of pH-dependent charge. The method used by the USDA Soil Survey Staff, viz. equilibration of soil samples with 1 M KCl for 16 h, filtration, and determination of Al also gives reproducible results and is taken as the standard. Successive leaching with portions of 1 M KCl tends to give low values for exchangeable Al.

Simultaneous measurement of exchangeable Al and other cations in acidic soils

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Conyers ◽  
Graeme Poile
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
New South ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Average Charge ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Physical Mixing

It is both time consuming and costly to undertake two extractions of acidic soils when there is a need to measure exchangeable Al along with the other cations. There is some evidence that, although 1 M KCl is the standard procedure for exchangeable Al, the extraction of soil with 0.1 M BaCl2 + 0.1 M NH4Cl gives similar values. It would then be possible to measure all cations from one extraction. There is also concern that the assumption of trivalence of Al does not hold true in all situations, as commonly held to be true in the literature of the 1950s to the 1970s. Two experiments were conducted: the first a simple comparison of three extraction procedures in common use in New South Wales and the second a repeated comparison of two extractions but with more detailed measurements to enable interpretation of the results. During the second experiment we also measured the charge on the extracted Al by titration. The three methods for extraction of Al gave similar results despite very different procedures with respect to physical mixing, soil–solution contact time and strength of electrolyte, indicating that the pool of exchangeable Al was operationally well defined. The average charge on KCl-extracted Al was within error of 3 moles per mole of Al, supporting the current trivalent model of Alex. The 0.1 M BaCl2 + 0.1 M NH4Cl procedure estimated Alex successfully on acid soils of low effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (<10 cmolc/kg) and so can be used for extraction of all cations. However, as ECEC increased the 0.1 M BaCl2 + 0.1 M NH4Cl extraction tended to underestimate Alex compared with KCl on soils with above ~1.5 to 2 cmolc/kg of Alex.

The assessment of available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils under subterranean clover pastures of various ages

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Practical Measure

Three methods of estimating available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils were compared on three groups of soils from the Pejar district near Goulburn, New South Wales in which differences in pH had been brought about by different periods under subterranean clover pasture. Managanese extracted by 0.01 M calcium chloride gave the best correlation with the manganese concentration in rape and subterranean clover grown in pot culture, and provided the best index of available manganese. Soil solution manganese was inferior to CaCl2-extractable manganese and was more difficult to determine. Extraction with neutral ammonium acetate was unsatisfactory because this reagent overestimated available forms of manganese in soils containing high levels of reactive manganese. Aluminium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 was well correlated with exchangeable aluminium and with percentage aluminium saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity. None of the three measures of aluminium status alone was an effective index for predicting lime response by rape on these soils because both manganese and aluminium status were involved in this response. These three parameters were equally effective in multiple regressions for yield responses of rape to lime. Because of its relative ease of determination, CaCl2 extraction is preferred as a practical measure of aluminium status. Aluminium interacted with and increased the toxic effects of manganese in rape. Thus CaCl2-extractable manganese alone only provided a satisfactory index of a 'critical' value for manganese toxicity in rape for soils low in available aluminium. Subterranean clover was only slightly affected by aluminium and manganese levels in these soils, and manganese toxicity symptoms were only observed on soils containing 50 ppm or more CaCl2-extractable manganese. Nodulation failure in pots occurred in all soils with pH below 5.2 (water) or below 4.3 in CaCl2, whereas nodulation was normal when these soils were treated with CaCO3 to raise the pH to 5.8-6.0 (water). With one exception nodulation appeared adequate at field sites from which soils showing nodulation failure in the glasshouse had been collected.

Effects of aluminium and calcium in the soil solution of acid soils on root elongation of Glycine max cv. Forrest

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Bruce ◽  
LA Warrell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

In the course of three experiments, soybean (Glycerine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Forrest was grown in 21 soils (four surface soils and 17 subsoils) amended with liming materials (CaCO3 and Mg CO3) and soluble Ca salts (CaSO4.2H20 and CaCl2.2H2O). In most soils, the soluble salts increased concentrations and activities of Al species in solution to levels that restricted root growth, and MgCO3, induced a Ca limitation to root growth. Root lengths after three days were related to so11 and soil solution attributes.Suitable diagnostic indices for the prediction of Ca limitations to root growth were either Ca saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity or Ca activity ratio of the soil solution, which was defined as the ratio of the activity of Ca to the sum of the activities of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. Values corresponding to 90% relative root length (RRL) of soybean were 0.05 for the Ca activity ratio and 11% for Ca saturation. Calcium activity and Ca concentration in the soil solution and exchangeable Ca were less useful for this purpose.Soil Al saturation was not a good predictor of Al toxicity, but soil solution measurements were. The activities of Al3+ and AlOH2+ gave the best associations with RRL, and values corresponding to 90% RRL were 4 8M and 0.5 8M respectively. The results suggested that Al(OH)3� , Al(OH)2+, and AlSO4+, were not toxic species. Soil solution pH and soil pH measured in water were more sensitive indicators of root growth than soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl2.Using a Ca activity ratio of 0.05 and an Al3+ activity of 4 8M as diagnostic indices, none of the 20 soils in two experiments were toxic in Al, while 13 (all subsoils) were deficient in Ca. Thus the first limitation on root growth was Ca deficiency and not Al toxicity, in spite of high Al saturations and relatively low pH in these soils. However, Al toxicity could be induced by increasing the ionic strengths of soil solutions.

scholarly journals Gypsum incubation tests to evaluate its potential effects on acidic soils of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 9349-9359
Author(s):  
Jorge Enrique Cuervo-Alzate ◽  
Nelson Walter Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Ag Addition ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Low Solubility

Tropical soils are characterized by acidity and poor plant nutrient availability, limiting their agricultural productivity. These soils are commonly amended with lime, but its low solubility impairs its effectiveness to enhance soil fertility. The use of gypsum has gained attention among farmers due to its higher solubility and mobility in the soil, local accessibility, and low price. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of Agricultural Gypsum (AG) addition on ten Colombian acid soils that had poor fertility and contrasting their physical and chemical characteristics. Surface (0-20 cm) soil samples were air-dried, sieved (<2 mm), and transferred into plastic vases, 40 g (dry base) per vase. Increasing rates of gypsum were added by duplicate: 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 g kg-1. Then, the soils were incubated for two weeks and watered to maintain 50% of their maximum water holding capacity. Soil pH, Al+3, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, S-SO4-2, and P-H2PO4-2 were measured using standard methods. The results showed that AG addition significantly (P<0.05) increased soil exchangeable Ca+2-K+, Ca+2 saturation, S-SO4-2 concentration, and exchangeable Al+3, particularly with doses above 4.0 g kg-1. In contrast, soil Al+3 saturation, P-H2PO4-2 and pH significantly decreased as the AG doses increased, while soil exchangeable Mg+2 levels were not significantly affected. The use of gypsum incubation tests could be promissory for its effects on soil amelioration associated mainly to increase soil exchangeable Ca2+ and S-SO 42- and to decrease Al3+ saturation.

Lime responses by barley as related to available soil aluminium and manganese

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Conyers ◽  
MK Conyers ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pyrocatechol Violet ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Extractable Al

Twenty-three surface soils (0-10 cm) sampled from major New South Wales lime trials were incubated at six lime rates, from 0 to 10 t/ha, and used in pot trials with barley (Hordeurn vulgare cv. Schooner) which was grown for five weeks. Each replicate pot was soil tested for exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Al), pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, and Al in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract by pyrocatechol violet (total Al) and by reaction for 15 s in 8-hydroxyquinoline (monomeric Al). The latter was also converted to the activity of Al3 in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract. The soil tests were compared for their prediction of the dry matter yield of whole tops of barley. The four tests for aluminium (exchangeable Al as Al/ECEC; total 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; monomeric 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; and Al3+ activity in 0.01 M CaCl2) were each better indicators of the infertility of the acid soils than soil pH. The prediction of the dry matter yield of barley by the four aluminium tests was improved by the inclusion of exchangeable soil manganese in the statistical analysis. The use of 0.01 M CaCl2 is recommended as a routine extraction procedure for diagnosing Al toxicity. Soil Mn should also be measured and included in correlations with barley growth. Pyrocatechol violet is the recommended analytical procedure for Al owing to its comparative simplicity.

The determination of exchangeable cations in acid soils: Errors caused by weathering reactions during neutral salt extraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat E. Rasmussen ◽  
Sherry L. Schiff ◽  
H. Wayne Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Salt Extraction ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxides ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Acid Forest Soils ◽  
Series Of Experiments

To investigate pH-controlled chemical reactions associated with the neutral salt measurement of exchangeable cations in acid soils, and to estimate the potential error caused by such reactions, a series of experiments was performed which modify an established BaCl2 extraction method. Results showed that dissolution of amorphous silica, aluminum hydroxides and organic material occurs during neutral salt extraction, contributing cations to solution which are indistinguishable from exchangeable cations. As a result overestimates of exchangeable Al and Ca occur, but the error is not significant (> 10%) except in certain Ae horizons which are low in total CEC and high in exchangeable acidity. The 2-h BaCl2 method is recommended over the 4-hour NaCl method to minimize interference from weathering reactions. Key words: Cation exchange, exchangeable acidity, Al, H, acid forest soils, weathering

scholarly journals A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soils/Porównanie Metod Oznaczania Pojemności Wymiany Kationów I Sumy Kationów Wymiennych W Glebach

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Jaremko ◽  
Dorota Kalembasa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content

Abstract The object of this study was to compare the results obtained with four methods of determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sum of exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) in soils. One of these methods is Kappen’s method and the others methods are based on different extracting reagents: sodium acetate (pH = 8.2), barium chloride and hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride. Values measured with barium ions and hexaamminecobalt(III) ions as index cations are very comparable and these two methods can be considered as equivalent. Kappen’s method gives overestimated results, especially for acid soils reach in organic matter and very calcareous soils. Sodium acetate, buffering the pH of the extracting solution, causes increase of numbers of negatively charged sites and particularly those bonded to organic matter and for this reason values obtained with this method are overestimated. Nevertheless, it is possible to correct this error for a given soil sample by regression equation considering pH of soil, clay and organic carbon content.

scholarly journals High coffee population density to improve fertility of an oxisol

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antonio Pavan ◽  
Júlio César Dias Chaves ◽  
Rubens Siqueira ◽  
Armando Androcioli Filho ◽  
Arnaldo Colozzi Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Coffee Tree ◽  
Tree Population ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Extractable P

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) population densities on the chemical and microbiological properties of an Oxisol. The work was carried out on soil samples of 0-20 cm depth originated from an experimental site which had been used for coffee tree spacing studies during 15 years, in Paraná State, Brazil. Eight coffee tree populations were evaluated: 7143, 3571, 2381, 1786, 1429, 1190, 1020, and 893 trees/ha. Increasing plant population increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, extractable P, organic carbon, moisture content and coffee root colonization by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and decreased exchangeable Al and microbial biomass. Such results were attributed to better erosion control, improved plant residue management and nutrient cycling, and decreased leaching losses. Increasing coffee tree population per unit of area has shown to be an important reclamation recuperation strategy for improving fertility of the acid soils in Paraná, Brazil.

FERTILITY GROUPING OF MONTREAL LOWLANDS SOIL MAPPING UNITS BASED ON SELECTED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLOW LAYER

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. NOLIN ◽  
C. WANG ◽  
M. J. CAILLIER
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Mapping Units

Ten soil properties, including texture, pH, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and organic carbon, were determined from the Ap horizons of 91 map units of two Montreal Lowlands counties. Multivariate analysis techniques were used to classify the soils into fertility groups. Nine fertility groups were derived from cluster analysis. Principal component analysis yielded two components which accounted for more that 75% of the variance. These principal components were related to soil texture and fertilizer management factors. They confirmed the grouping obtained by cluster analysis. Multiple discriminant analysis distinguished these fertility groups and allocated new soil mapping units to one of them using discriminant functions. Clay content, pH, exchangeable Ca and available P were selected as the more potent and significant variables in descriminating groups. This work demonstrated that multivariate analysis has considerable promise in deriving meaningful interpretive grouping from selected soil parameters. Key words: Fertility, interpretive grouping, soil quality, multivariate analysis

Spectral analysis of gilgai soil

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Webster
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Spatial variation in gilgai soil mas studied on a transect across typical gilgai terrain of the Bland Plain of New South Wales. The soil was sampled at 4 m intervals over a distance of 1.5 km at Caragabal (33�50�S, 147�40�E). Soil morphology was recorded to 1 m and samples taken for laboratory determination of pH, electrical conductivity and chloride content from 0-10, 30-40 and 80-90 cm. Bulk density was determined for the 0-10 cm depth also. All soil properties, when graphed against their sampling positions, appear very erratic; but when filtered by a five-point moving average show recurrent short range variation, associated to some extent with the visible elements of the gilgai pattern. Block variance increases steadily with increasing block size to approximately 32 m for conductivity, pH at 80-90 cm, colour hue and chroma, depth to gypsum and the first principal component. Thereafter the rate of increase is less. Spectral densities were computed from correlograms for each property. Spectra for the properties above showed more or less strong peaks at 0.12 cycles, equivalent to a wavelength of 33.3 m. Gilgai evidently recurs sufficiently regularly on the transect for spectral analysis to reveal a periodicity, and the technique is judged to be sufficiently sensitive for analysing records made directly by data logger.

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