Systematic review of equids and telemetry collars: implications for deployment and reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Jacob D. Hennig ◽  
J. Derek Scasta ◽  
Jeffrey L. Beck ◽  
Kathryn A. Schoenecker ◽  
Sarah R. B. King
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Mule Deer ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Antilocapra Americana ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Abstract Data

Abstract Data from animals equipped with global positioning system collars have advanced our understanding of vertebrates, but this technology has rarely been employed to study feral equids. Hesitation to equip feral equids with telemetry collars in the USA can often be attributed to safety concerns stemming from one study from the 1980s, where injuries were sustained by feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) equipped with radio-collars. Improvements in collar design over the ensuing quarter-century may have decreased risk of collar-related complications; however, telemetry-based studies on feral equids continue to be limited. In the present review, studies from wild and feral equids worldwide were systematically reviewed to better understand the mortality and injury risk in application of telemetry collars to equids. Our goals were to: (1) report the number of individual equids fitted with telemetry collars (1979–2017); and (2) document the number of individual equids that reportedly died or suffered injuries from collars or other sources. A comparative review of elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) was also conducted to evaluate the relative risk of collar-related complications among equids and routinely collared North American ungulates. In total, 1089 wild and feral telemetered equids were identified across 48 studies. Of these, 87 (8.0%) were reported to have died, with only one (0.09%) mortality attributable to a collar. Comparatively, 23.0% (1095) of 4761 elk, mule deer and pronghorn fitted with telemetry collars were found to have died in the same number of studies, though no mortalities were reported to be related to the collar. Although wild and feral equids did not experience increased natural mortality compared with the other ungulates, studies have not provided sufficient information to assess relative risk of collar-related complications. Explicit reporting and discussion of telemetry collar impacts in future publications of all animal species are recommended, especially equids, to improve understanding of how telemetry collars can affect study individuals.

scholarly journals Is Acceleration a Valid Proxy for Injury Risk in Minimal Damage Traffic Crashes? A Comparative Review of Volunteer, ADL and Real-World Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2901
Author(s):  
Paul S. Nolet ◽  
Larry Nordhoff ◽  
Vicki L. Kristman ◽  
Arthur C. Croft ◽  
Maurice P. Zeegers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Minimal Damage ◽  
Injury Causation ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Approach

Injury claims associated with minimal damage rear impact traffic crashes are often defended using a “biomechanical approach,” in which the occupant forces of the crash are compared to the forces of activities of daily living (ADLs), resulting in the conclusion that the risk of injury from the crash is the same as for ADLs. The purpose of the present investigation is to evaluate the scientific validity of the central operating premise of the biomechanical approach to injury causation; that occupant acceleration is a scientifically valid proxy for injury risk. Data were abstracted, pooled, and compared from three categories of published literature: (1) volunteer rear impact crash testing studies, (2) ADL studies, and (3) observational studies of real-world rear impacts. We compared the occupant accelerations of minimal or no damage (i.e., 3 to 11 kph speed change or “delta V”) rear impact crash tests to the accelerations described in 6 of the most commonly reported ADLs in the reviewed studies. As a final step, the injury risk observed in real world crashes was compared to the results of the pooled crash test and ADL analyses, controlling for delta V. The results of the analyses indicated that average peak linear and angular acceleration forces observed at the head during rear impact crash tests were typically at least several times greater than average forces observed during ADLs. In contrast, the injury risk of real-world minimal damage rear impact crashes was estimated to be at least 2000 times greater than for any ADL. The results of our analysis indicate that the principle underlying the biomechanical injury causation approach, that occupant acceleration is a proxy for injury risk, is scientifically invalid. The biomechanical approach to injury causation in minimal damage crashes invariably results in the vast underestimation of the actual risk of such crashes, and should be discontinued as it is a scientifically invalid practice.

scholarly journals Use of environmental sites by mule deer: a proxy for relative risk of chronic wasting disease exposure and transmission

Ecosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Mejía‐Salazar ◽  
Cheryl L. Waldner ◽  
Yeen Ten Hwang ◽  
Trent K. Bollinger
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Mule Deer ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Disease Exposure

Relationships Among PlayerLoad, High-Intensity Intermittent Running Ability, and Injury Risk in Professional Rugby League Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy T. Hulin ◽  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Nathan J. Pickworth ◽  
Rich D. Johnston ◽  
David G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Maximal Effort ◽  
Weighted Moving Average ◽  
Exponentially Weighted

Purpose: To examine relationships among physical performance, workload, and injury risk in professional rugby league players. Methods: Maximal-effort (n = 112) and submaximal (n = 1084) running performances of 45 players were recorded from 1 club over 2 consecutive seasons. Poorer and better submaximal running performance was determined by higher and lower exercise heart rates, respectively. Exponentially weighted moving averages and daily rolling averages were used to assess microtechnology-derived acute and chronic field-based workloads. The associations among within-individual submaximal running performance, workload, and noncontact lower-limb injury were then investigated. Results: The injury risk associated with poorer submaximal performance was “likely” greater than stable (relative risk = 1.8; 90% confidence interval, 0.9–3.7) and better submaximal performance (relative risk = 2.0; 90% confidence interval, 0.9–4.4). Compared with greater submaximal performance, poorer performance was associated with lower chronic workloads (effect size [d] = 0.82 [0.13], large) and higher acute:chronic workload ratios (d = 0.49 [0.14], small). Chronic workload demonstrated a “nearly perfect” positive relationship with maximal-effort running performance (exponentially weighted moving average, R2 = .91 [.15]; rolling average, R2 = .91 [.14]). At acute:chronic workload ratios >1.9, no differences in injury risk were found between rolling average and exponentially weighted moving average methods (relative risk = 1.1; 90% confidence interval, 0.3–3.8; unclear). Conclusions: Reductions in submaximal running performance are related with low chronic workloads, high acute:chronic workload ratios, and increased injury risk. These findings demonstrate that a submaximal running assessment can be used to provide information on physical performance and injury risk in professional rugby league players.

Left-Handedness Increases Injury Risk in Adolescent Girls

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 855-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wright ◽  
Joanne Williams ◽  
Candace Currie ◽  
Tom Beattie
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Representative National Sample

In a self-report survey of a representative national sample of 4081 Scottish schoolchildren, injuries requiring medical assistance were more common in left-handers; these were also more severe and likely to involve an overnight stay in hospital. Particularly at risk were adolescent girls with a 32% greater chance of being injured if they were left-handed compared with their right-handed peers. The corresponding relative risk for boys was not significant.

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the context of South Caucasus regional security issues: An Armenian perspective†

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Minasyan
Keyword(s):  
Regional Security ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Impact

For more than a quarter-century, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has been one of the most important factors influencing the political map of the South Caucasus. On 12 May 1994, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, and Azerbaijan signed a cease-fire agreement that ended military operations in the conflict zone and has been observed until recently. Negotiations for a peaceful settlement have been underway within the framework of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Minsk Group co-chaired by the USA, Russia, and France since 1992, but society and the elite in Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Azerbaijan remain largely unprepared for compromise. Considering the settlement process a zero-sum game, they have generally accused one another of escalating the conflict and of a lack of willingness to restore peace. Other countries and international organizations involved in the negotiations do not share a vision of the future and frequently pursue their own interests. Accordingly, the Karabakh conflict could remain unresolved for decades more. The aim of the paper is a general assessment of the current stage and dynamic of this conflict and the impact of new trends and old obstacles on the prospects for further settlement.

Land-use Planning and the Housing Market: A Comparative Review of the UK and the USA

Urban Studies ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 953-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael White ◽  
Philip Allmendinger
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The Influence of Gait Stance and Vehicle Type on Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wansoo Pak ◽  
Daniel Grindle ◽  
Costin Untaroiu
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Pedestrian Protection ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Active Safety Systems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Human Body Models

Abstract Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road users. In 2018 the USA reported the highest number of pedestrian fatalities number in nearly three decades. Government safety agencies and car manufacturers have started paying greater attention towards pedestrian protection. The pre-impact conditions of Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions (CPC) varies significantly in terms of the characteristics of vehicles (e.g. front-end geometry, stiffness, etc.) and pedestrians (e.g. anthropometry, posture, etc.). The influence of vehicle type and pedestrian gait has not been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the changes in pedestrian kinematics and injuries across various gait postures and two different car types. Five finite element (FE) human body models, representing 50th percentile male in gait cycle, were developed and used to perform CPC simulations with two generic vehicle FE models representing a family car (FCR), and a sport utility vehicle (SUV). In the impacts with the high-profile vehicle (SUV), the pedestrian models usually slide above the bonnet leading edge and report shorter wrap around distances (WAD) than in low-profile vehicle (FCR) impacts. The pedestrian postures influenced the post-impact rotation of the pedestrian and consequently, the impacted head region. The pedestrian posture also influenced the risk of injuries in the lower extremities. Higher risk of bone fractures was observed in the stance phase posture compared to the swing phase. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when examining pedestrian protection protocols. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve the design of active safety systems used to protect pedestrians in collisions.

Youth and young adult risk perceptions and behaviours in response to an outbreak of e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) in the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056090
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Kreslake ◽  
Megan C Diaz ◽  
Muftau Shinaba ◽  
Donna M Vallone ◽  
Elizabeth C Hair
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Intentions To Quit ◽  
The Usa

ObjectiveTo determine whether awareness of emerging vaping-attributable health conditions influences vaping-related risk perceptions and behaviours among young people.DesignRespondents aged 15–24 years (n=3536) were drawn from a repeated cross-sectional online panel survey (222 participants/week) during an e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak in the USA (September 2019–January 2020). Logistic regression models tested for associations between EVALI awareness and perceived lung injury risk and product harm, stratified by e-cigarette/vape use and controlling for awareness of other e-cigarette/vaping news stories, demographic characteristics and outbreak week. Other models measured the association between perceived risk of lung injury and intentions to use (non-users) or intentions to quit (current users) e-cigarettes/vape products. Changes in national retail e-cigarette sales data were examined during national EVALI outbreak reporting.ResultsEVALI awareness was associated with: perceived risk of lung injury (current users OR 1.59, p=0.004; non-users OR 2.11, p<0.001); belief that e-cigarettes/vapes contain dangerous chemicals (current users OR 1.47, p=0.017; non-users OR 1.88, p<0.001) and belief that e-cigarettes/vapes are harmful (current users OR 1.66, p=0.002; non-users OR 1.67, p<0.001). Perceived risk of lung injury from e-cigarette/vape use was associated with intentions to own e-cigarette/vape products (ever-users OR 0.25, p<0.001; never-users OR 0.61, p=0.004) and intentions to quit among current users (OR 2.02, p=0.002). Declines in e-cigarette sales were observed following news of the EVALI outbreak.ConclusionsNews of vaping-attributable health conditions may prevent e-cigarette/vape use and encourage cessation among young people. Tobacco control campaigns should address uncertain health effects of e-cigarettes or vape products and align with risk communication by public health agencies during outbreaks.

P–739 Fertility and its Preservation: Comparative Analysis about the Knowledge between Two Populations of Doctors and Health Professionals from Argentina and the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Sanche. Sarmiento ◽  
M Herran ◽  
V Herrera ◽  
R Martoglio ◽  
S Carrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Right

Abstract Study question Is there any difference in the knowledge that doctors and health professionals from Córdoba (Argentina) and South Carolina (USA) have about fertility preservation or about when it should be applied? Summary answer Both populations have enough knowledge about some aspects of fertility preservation, but its training must be improved so they can give adequate counseling What is known already During the last decades, it has been observed that more young individuals need/decide to preserve fertility, whether for social or medical reasons. This presents a new challenge for the medical community, since, faced with this situation, it is important that society in general has access to information about fertility and the possibilities of preserving it, if necessary. To this end, it is essential that doctors and other health professionals have valid knowledge of the subject and are able to communicate it to their patients. Study design, size, duration Descriptive quantitative study. A total of 721 answers were obtained, 88.7% from Argentina and 11.3% from the United States. 28.43% (205) were doctors and 71.57% (516) were other health professionals. Participants/materials, setting, methods A closed-ended questionnaire of 20 questions was designed (segmentation and aspects about fertility preservation) and distributed to society through social networks. The survey was answered by people from Córdoba (Argentina) and South Carolina (US), of both sexes and different age, educational and socioeconomic levels. Only those with a medical degree or involved in some medical-related activity were selected. All answers were collected through SurveyMonkey and analyzed using calculation programs and statistical tools (Excel–2016, Statistica 8.0). Main results and the role of chance Data showed percentages of correct answers greater than 70% in all groups for the questions that analyze what factors can affect fertility, what situations can determine the need to preserve it, and what is the appropriate age for a woman to cryopreserve her eggs. On average, 82.4% of doctors and 72.87% of other health professionals know when it is the right time for patients diagnosed with cancer to receive information about the possibility of preserving their fertility. However, on average between both countries, only 34.63% of doctors has information about the legal medical coverage of their patients, while the 39.51% is completely unaware of their country’s laws. Finally, the percentages of professionals who do not know what material can be cryopreserved in girls who need to undergo oncological treatments reach 46.34 and 64.33% (doctors and other health professionals respectively). Limitations, reasons for caution The comparison between the two countries may be challenged by the inequality in the response rate to the survey. However, even the smaller number of responses obtained in the USA is sufficient to obtain valid conclusions. Wider implications of the findings: Both populations have sufficient information about factors which affect fertility and its preservation, especially in cancer situations. Misinformation in health personnel about these aspects directly affects possibilities of achieving future pregnancies for patients. Continuous updating and guidance should be a priority, as well as information dissemination and adequate medical counseling. Trial registration number .

Niche relationships within a guild of ungulate species in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, following release from artificial controls

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1383-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Singer ◽  
Jack E. Norland
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Mule Deer ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Antilocapra Americana ◽  
Artemisia Frigida ◽  
Niche Relationships

Niche relationships and diet overlaps were compared among elk (Cervus elaphus), bison (Bison bison), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) between 1967–1970 and 1986–1988, a period when total ungulate numbers nearly tripled on Yellowstone's northern range. Ungulate species ratios on Yellowstone's northern winter range during the latter period were 100 elk : 10 mule deer : 3 bison : 2 pronghorns : 1 bighorns. Elk numbers were positively correlated to bison, mule deer, and pronghorn numbers (r2 = 0.76, 0.97, and 0.48, respectively, P < 0.01). Few other changes in habitat use or habitat overlap occurred, and diets for only 2 of the 10 species pairs, elk-bighorn (Spearman's rank order coefficient (RHO) = 0.55, P < 0.05) and mule deer – pronghorn (RHO = 0.64, P < 0.05), were significantly associated with each other. Bison consumed more grass and fewer sedges, mule deer more fringed sage (Artemisia frigida) and more rabbit-brush (Chrysothamnus spp.), and bighorn sheep more grasses and fewer sedges, while pronghorns ate less saltsage (Atriplex nuttalli) but more big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) during 1986–1988 than during 1967–1970. Bison expanded their range and bison and bighorn sheep used a wider variety of habitats. We found little evidence of change in competitive interactions between ungulate species. A few diet and habitat overlaps increased, the opposite of the prediction from the competitive exclusion principle amongst species, suggesting that intraspecific competition was more important. Several explanations are proposed for the lack of changes in niche relationships during a period of near tripling in density of the ungulate guild.

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