Milk Composition in the Grey-headed Flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae : Chiroptera)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Messer ◽  
Kerryn Parry-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Flying Foxes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽  
Flying Fox

Milk samples from 11 captive flying-foxes were collected at various times during lactation from 5 to 139 days post partum and analysed for protein, carbohydrate, total solids and ash. In addition, samples from 14 free-living animals, collected on a single occasion, were analysed. No significant changes in milk composition were observed during lactation in the captive bats except for a small increase in protein and a small decrease in carbohydrate concentration late in lactation. The milk from captive bats contained less protein and total solids than that from free-living animals (mean values: protein, 2·59 and 3·64%, repectively; total solids, 11·1 and 12·7%, repectively) but there was no significant difference with repect to the carbohydrate (6·13 and 6·44%, respectively). The fat content, estimated from the total solids by difference, was low (1·9 and 2·2%, respectively) in both captive and free-living animals. The results are compared with previously published values for milk composition in Chiroptera and are discussed in the context of nursing behaviour and diet in captive and free-living flying-foxes.

Collection of fore and hind milk from the sow and the changes in milk composition during suckling

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Atwood ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Short Time

SummaryA new sampling method for the collection of fore and hind milk from the sow has been developed which resembles normal milk removal by the piglet, yet overcomes the difficulties of collecting milk that is available for only a short time (10–20 s) at each let-down. Samples of hind milk were collected immediately after the completion of a successful sucking, while the fore milk was collected at the beginning of the next natural let-down. Modification of existing assays for fat, protein and lactose was required to provide rapid analysis of the small volumes (< 0·5 ml) of milk collected using this procedure, and these methods were validated by comparison with reference methods. Total solids and the concentration of fat in whole milk, and protein and lactose in skim milk, were measured in fore and hind milk collected from 4, 20, 12 and 12 sows respectively, 6–11 d post partum. For fore milk, the results (mean ± SD (n)) were: total solids, 199·9±9·9 g/1 (8); fat, 96·7 ± 13·9 g/1 (41), protein, 47·7±4·5 g/1 (27) and lactose, 58·3 + 4±0 g/1 (27). In hind milk, there was a significant increase in the concentration of fat (15·3 g/1, p < 0·001, n = 41) which was reflected by a significant increase in total solids (14·7 g/1, P < 0·001, n = 8) and calculated energy (511 kj/l, P < 0·001, n = 27), but there was no significant difference in the concentration of either protein or lactose. This increase in milk fat during milk letdown is in contrast to the results of most previous studies in the sow and is discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms that may cause the concentration of fat to increase as milk is removed from the mammary gland.

Milk-Composition in the Common Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus-Peregrinus (Petauridae, Marsupialia)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Munks ◽  
B Green ◽  
K Newgrain ◽  
M Messer
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Pseudocheirus Peregrinus ◽  
Marsupial Species ◽  
Ringtail Possum

Milk samples were collected from captive common ringtail possums, Pseudocheirus peregrinus, throughout lactation and from free-living animals during phase 3 of lactation (weeks 15-30 post partum). Both field and captive animals lactated for approximately 30 weeks. In comparison with the milks of other marsupial species, ringtail possum milk was relatively dilute and low in lipid. During phase 2 of lactation (up to week 14) solids represented around 16% (w/w), comprising mostly carbohydrate and protein, increasing to 25% (w/w) at the onset of pouch emergence. During the period of pouch vacation (weeks 15-18) the carbohydrate concentration declined and protein and lipid concentrations peaked. Sodium and potassium concentrations throughout lactation were around 25 mm and 22 mm respectively. Calcium and magnesium levels were around 1.8 g per L and 131 mg per L respectively. Milk carbohydrates consisted mainly of oligosaccharides during phase 2 of lactation and these were replaced by the disaccharide lactose during phase 3 of lactation. The pattern of change in the composition of ringtail possum milk during phase 2 was similar to that shown by those of other marsupials, but during phase 3 the milk had higher levels of carbohydrate and lower levels of lipid than that of other marsupials. Differences in the composition of milk from free-living and captive animals suggest that diet composition may affect the concentration of milk protein and milk fat within a species.

scholarly journals Effects of Spondias mombin l. On milk composition of lactating West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
M. A. Oguike ◽  
M. E. Udeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
West African ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
And Performance

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of Spondias mombin on milk composition using milk from twelve lactating West African dwarf (WAD) ewes. The lactating ewes were assigned to two treatment groups of six ewes per group, designated T1 and T2 representing control and trial group, respectively The ewes in T2, the trial group were fed Spondias mombin L. post partum while those in T1 the control were not fed Spondias mombin. Colostrum samples were collected from each ewe the first four days following parturition while normal milk was sampled for analysis after two weeks of lambing through 12 weeks of lactation. The constituents studied were lactose, milk protein, butterfat, ash, total solids and solid non-fat. Results showed that the colostrums of ewes fed S. mombin had significantly higher (P<0.05) total solids, and solids not fat contents of 18.34 and 11.31% respectively, than those of the control ewes which were 17.32 and 10.35%, respectively. The other constituents of colostrums of the different groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). At week 2 of lactation, lactose (3.98%) and ash (0.98%) concentrations of normal milk of treated ewes were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the control ewes for lactose (3.74%) and ash (0.65%). Also by the 12th week of lactation, ash contents of the two treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) with T2 having higher value. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the normal milk compositions of both groups in weeks 4, 6, 8 and 10. These results suggest that feeding S. mombin to lactating ewes could be useful in improving on the milk composition of WAD ewes and has no adverse effects on their general health and performance.

Daytime behaviour of the grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera) at an autumn/winter roost.

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Connell ◽  
U. Munro ◽  
F. R. Torpy
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Flying Foxes ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Daytime Behaviour ◽  
Flying Fox

The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck) is a threatened large fruit bat endemic to Australia. It roosts in large colonies in rainforest patches, mangroves, open forest, riparian woodland and, as native habitat is reduced, increasingly in vegetation within urban environments. The general biology, ecology and behaviour of this bat remain largely unknown, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor, protect and manage this species. The current study provides baseline information on the daytime behaviour of P. poliocephalus in an autumn/winter roost in urban Sydney, Australia, between April and August 2003. The most common daytime behaviours expressed by the flying foxes were sleeping (most common), grooming, mating/courtship, and wing spreading (least common). Behaviours differed significantly between times of day and seasons (autumn and winter). Active behaviours (i.e., grooming, mating/courtship, wing spreading) occurred mainly in the morning, while sleeping predominated in the afternoon. Mating/courtship and wing spreading were significantly higher in April (reproductive period) than in winter (non-reproductive period). Grooming was the only behaviour that showed no significant variation between sample periods. These results provide important baseline data for future comparative studies on the behaviours of flying foxes from urban and ?natural? camps, and the development of management strategies for this species.

Milk Composition and Production in Free-Living Allied Rock-Wallabies, Petrogale Assimilis

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
H Marsh ◽  
P Spencer ◽  
G Death
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Milk Solids

Milk composition and the rates of milk consumption by pouch young were examined in free-living allied rock-wallabies, Petrogale assimilis. Milk solids concentrations were approximately 16% (w/w) at 70 days post-partum and increased to about 22% by 170 days when young first left the pouch. By permanent pouch emergence (about 200 days), concentrations had declined and stabilised at about 19%. Milk carbohydrate peaked at 12% (w/v) at 150 days; lipid concentrations averaged 8% (w/w) at 200 days. The subsequent decline in carbohydrates was the main cause of the fall in milk solids. Protein concentrations increased gradually from about 3% (w/v) at 70 days to plateau at 5.5% at about 200 days. Milk consumption rates were measured from 72 to 159 days post-partum with Na-22 turnover. Milk consumption, about 3 mL day(-1) initially, increased to an average of about 15 mL day(-1) by 150 days. The mass gained by a pouch young between 72 and 159 days for each millilitre of milk consumed was not correlated with lactational stage and averaged 0.21 +/- 0.014 (s.e.)g mL(-1).

scholarly journals Mycoplasma agalactiae and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in goat herds in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2261
Author(s):  
Luciana Florêncio Vilaça Lopes ◽  
Elizabete Cristina da Silva ◽  
Anidene Christina Alves de Moraes ◽  
Elizabete Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Kleber Régis Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Species Specific

The objective of this study was to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mmcluster) in 373 goat milk samples of different breeds from herds located in Pernambuco and Paraíba states, as well as to evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) and milk composition from positive animals. For this, DNA extraction from milk samples was carried out, followed by generic and species-specific amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Milk constituents were determined by medium infrared spectrometry and SCC by flow cytometry. Analyses of variance and tests of comparison of means verified the effects of positivity on the evaluated characteristics. The frequencies for Ma and Mmcluster were 43.21 and 5.70%, respectively. In all genetic groups, Ma was detected in all positive samples, whereas Mmcluster was only observed in samples from Moxotó, Parda Sertaneja, and that without a defined racial pattern. Statistical difference was observed (p < 0.05) between mean values of protein, casein and SCC in positive and negative Ma samples. In terms of Mmcluster there was only a statistically significant difference in the SCC parameter. The detection of Mycoplasma in samples of goat milk suggests an introduction of infected animals into the evaluated herds, as well as possible contact with the etiological agents at fairs and exhibitions.

scholarly journals German Shepherd Dog Milk Composition and Its Changes During Lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
A. Dokoupilová ◽  
I. Svobodová ◽  
H. Chaloupková ◽  
L. Kouřimská ◽  
B. Dvořáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
German Shepherd Dog ◽  
Infra Red

Abstract Milk composition of nine lactating German Shepherd nursing females was studied. The experiment took place at the breeding facility of Police of the Czech Republic (breeding centre for service dogs in Domažlice) in days 2−30 of the females’ lactation. Females were given a commercial granulated feeding mixture (starter category). Canine milk samples were analyzed using an infra-red instrument MilkoScan FT 120. Calculated mean values for colostrum (day 2 postpartum) and normal milk (days 4−29 postpartum) were: 23.86 and 24.63% for total solids, 8.14 and 7.22% for protein, 6.04 and 5.76% for casein, 10.22 and 11.32% for fat, 3.40 and 4.48% for lactose. German Shepherd milk showed almost no variation in composition after day 4 of lactation. Differences observed between colostrum and normal milk composition were statistically insignificant but not for lactose. No significant differences in density and other composition parameters between colostrum and normal milk were identified.

Effects of ensilage of grass on performance and nutrient utilization by dairy cattle 1. Food intake and milk production

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cushnahan ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractTwelve lactatiug dairy cows were offered either fresh grass (G) or grass silage prepared from the same pasture which had undergone either an extensive (E) or restricted (R) fermentation, in a three-period change-over design experiment. Ensilage resulted in a reduction in forage pH and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration and an increase in ammonia-nitrogen concentration. The ensiling techniques used ensured that both silages were well preserved with pH values for E and R of 3.81 and 4.08 respectively, while the respective lactic acid concentrations were 124.6 and 27.0 g/kg dry matter respectively. Whilst there were no significant differences in dry-matter intake between treatments, when corrected for losses of volatile compounds, animals offered silage with a restricted fermentation consumed their food at a higher rate of intake (P < 0.001) than did animals on the other treatments. It was also found that while there was no significant difference in milk yield between animals offered fresh or ensiled forage, both butterfat and protein concentration and yields of butterfat were significantly higher (P < 0.01 or greater) with grass and restricted fermented silage than with extensively fermented silage. Ensiling of herbage had no significant effect on apparent digestibility. It is concluded that ensiling of herbage per se had little effect on overall animal performance but pattern of silage fermentation resulted in alterations in milk composition.

Accuracy and precision of grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) flyout counts

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Forsyth ◽  
Michael P. Scroggie ◽  
Eve McDonald-Madden
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Flying Foxes ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽  
Observer Effects ◽  
Observer Experience ◽  
Principal Method ◽  
Good Support ◽  
Flying Fox

The principal method for estimating the abundance of bats in roosts is to count the number of bats exiting the roost at dusk (‘flyout counts’). We hypothesised that the accuracy and precision of flyout counts decrease non-linearly as the number of bats moving per unit of time increases, and that accuracy increases with observer experience. To test these hypotheses, we filmed grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) exiting a roost in Melbourne on three consecutive evenings. The film was slowed and the number of flying-foxes flying-out in 30-s intervals was counted and assumed to be the true abundance. Thirteen other observers independently counted the number of flying-foxes flying-out in real time. We formulated our hypotheses into candidate models and compared support for these models using information-theoretic methods. Non-linear models had much greater support than linear models for all three flyouts. There was undercounting in two flyouts and overcounting in the third. There was good support for an effect of observer experience in one of the flyouts, but less support in the others. Precision declined as the true abundance increased in all three flyout counts. Our results indicate that accuracy, precision and observer effects vary with the dynamics of each flyout, and suggest that under some conditions flyout counts will often provide both inaccurate and imprecise estimates of abundance.

scholarly journals Biochemical Variations of Breast Milk Composition Compared with Substitution Formula in Feeding of Preterm of Mothers With or Without Pathologic Pregnancies

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Marius Biris ◽  
Adrian Gluhovschi ◽  
Georgeta Noditi ◽  
Daniela Iacob ◽  
Marius Craina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Automatic Device ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Infrared Transmission ◽  
Significant Difference

Breast milk is the main source of energy and nutrients for preterm and term newborns. The aim of the study was to determine the biochemical differences between breast milk and substitution formula used in feeding of preterm newborns and differences in composition of breast milk according to mothers demographic and pregnancy parameters. A group of 54 mothers with pathologic pregnancies of preterm gestational age between 27-37 weeks was studied to determine the biochemical composition of breast milk in the first 7 days of lactation and then to compare it with milk formula substitution. Most of them (42%) had a diagnosis of chronic hypertension, followed by chronic renal diseases (29%). Several parameters like gestational age, maternal age, lactation day when sampling milk, type of birth (natural / C-section), origin of mother (rural / urban), gender of the child were analyzed. The biochemical analysis of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and energetic value of the collected breast milk was performed by using an indirect method, infrared spectroscopy (mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy) by means of an automatic device. Gestational age, mother�s age and day of lactation (during the first week post-partum) did not produce a statistically significant difference in the composition of breast milk. There were no statistically significant changes with the type of delivery (cesarean versus natural) and gender of the preterm newborn. Higher lipid, carbohydrates and protein concentration was observed in milk substitution formula than in breast milk. Energetic values of analyzed milk substitution formula showed a statistically significant difference (p [0.05) when compared with breast milk.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document