scholarly journals Place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by dissociable cognitive systems in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. 6503-6508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Julian ◽  
Alexander T. Keinath ◽  
Isabel A. Muzzio ◽  
Russell A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Place Recognition ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Sense Of Direction ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Local Space ◽  
Spatial Geometry

A lost navigator must identify its current location and recover its facing direction to restore its bearings. We tested the idea that these two tasks—place recognition and heading retrieval—might be mediated by distinct cognitive systems in mice. Previous work has shown that numerous species, including young children and rodents, use the geometric shape of local space to regain their sense of direction after disorientation, often ignoring nongeometric cues even when they are informative. Notably, these experiments have almost always been performed in single-chamber environments in which there is no ambiguity about place identity. We examined the navigational behavior of mice in a two-chamber paradigm in which animals had to both recognize the chamber in which they were located (place recognition) and recover their facing direction within that chamber (heading retrieval). In two experiments, we found that mice used nongeometric features for place recognition, but simultaneously failed to use these same features for heading retrieval, instead relying exclusively on spatial geometry. These results suggest the existence of separate systems for place recognition and heading retrieval in mice that are differentially sensitive to geometric and nongeometric cues. We speculate that a similar cognitive architecture may underlie human navigational behavior.

scholarly journals The Case for Explicit Ethical Agents

AI Magazine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Scheutz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Competence ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Normative Expectations

Morality is a fundamentally human trait which permeates all levels of human society, from basic etiquette and normative expectations of social groups, to formalized legal principles upheld by societies. Hence, future interactive AI systems, in particular, cognitive systems on robots deployed in human settings, will have to meet human normative expectations, for otherwise these system risk causing harm. While the interest in “machine ethics” has increased rapidly in recent years, there are only very few current efforts in the cognitive systems community to investigate moral and ethical reasoning. And there is currently no cognitive architecture that has even rudimentary moral or ethical competence, i.e., the ability to judge situations based on moral principles such as norms and values and make morally and ethically sound decisions. We hence argue for the urgent need to instill moral and ethical competence in all cognitive system intended to be employed in human social contexts.

Research on the Plight of Place-Identity and Reconstructed Strategy

2014 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 2411-2414
Author(s):  
Ying Xian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Local Characteristic ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Cultural Connotation ◽  
Sense Of Direction ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Emotional Dependence

The construction of numerous elements make modern city into a meaningless abstract space. Excess material construction and similar spatial pattern increasingly blur residents ' sense of direction and ascription. People cannot based on personal experience to locate itself, and also cannot develop emotional reliance to the space. Extreme mode of operation has not only replaced the traces of history, but also led to the loss of local characteristic. In the context of this reality, the concept of local design show us a new method.It focuses on the behavior of specific population and activity. It also emphasizes the principle to create cultural connotation of the design. The place who based on local element and method of construction is not only establish emotional dependence and recognition to people, but also can shape and strengthen the dominant position for the local residents at the same time.

scholarly journals Enaction as a Conceptual Framework for Developmental Cognitive Robotics

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Robotics ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Core Set ◽  
The World

AbstractThis paper provides an accessible introduction to the cognitive systems paradigm of enaction and shows how it forms a practical framework for robotic systems that can develop cognitive abilities. The principal idea of enaction is that a cognitive system develops it own understanding of the world around it through its interactions with the environment. Thus, enaction entails that the cognitive system operates autonomously and that it generates its own models of how the world works. A discussion of the five key elements of enaction — autonomy, embodiment, emergence, experience, and sense-making — leads to a core set of functional, organizational, and developmental requirements which are then used in the design of a cognitive architecture for the iCub humanoid robot.

scholarly journals Path integration in large-scale space and with novel geometries: Comparing Vector Addition and Encoding-Error Models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Harootonian ◽  
R. C. Wilson ◽  
L. Hejtmánek ◽  
E. M. Ziskin ◽  
A. D. Ekstrom
Keyword(s):  
Path Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Vector Addition ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Spatial Geometry ◽  
Homing Vector

AbstractPath integration is thought to rely on vestibular and proprioceptive cues yet most studies in humans involve primarily visual input, providing limited insight into their contributions. We developed a paradigm involving walking in an omnidirectional treadmill in which participants were guided on two legs of a triangle and then found their back way to origin. In Experiment 1, we tested a range of different triangle types while keeping distance relatively constant to determine the influence of spatial geometry. Participants overshot the angle they needed to turn and undershot the distance they needed to walk, with no consistent effect of triangle type. In Experiment 2, we manipulated distance while keeping angle relatively constant to determine how path integration operated over both shorter and longer distances. Participants underestimated the distance they needed to walk to the origin, with error increasing as a function of the walked distance. To attempt to account for our findings, we developed computational models involving vector addition, the second of which included terms for the influence of past trials on the current one. We compared against a previously developed model of human path integration, the Encoding Error model. We found that the vector addition models captured the tendency of participants to under-encode guided legs of the triangles and an influence of past trials on current trials. Together, our findings expand our understanding of body-based contributions to human path integration, further suggesting the value of vector addition models in understanding these important components of human navigation.Author SummaryHow do we remember where we have been? One important mechanism for doing so is called path integration, which refers to the ability to track one’s position in space with only self-motion cues. By tracking the direction and distance we have walked, we can create a mental arrow from the current location to the origin, termed the homing vector. Previous studies have shown that the homing vector is subject to systematic distortions depending on previously experienced paths, yet what influences these patterns of errors, particularly in humans, remains uncertain. In this study, we compare two models of path integration based on participants walking two legs of a triangle without vision and then completing the third leg based on their estimate of the homing vector. We found no effect of triangle shape on systematic errors, while path length scaled the systematic errors logarithmically, similar to Weber-Fechner law. While we show that both models captured participant’s behavior, a model based on vector addition best captured the patterns of error in the homing vector. Our study therefore has important implications for how humans track their location, suggesting that vector-based models provide a reasonable and simple explanation for how we do so.

Attention and Consciousness in Intentional Action: Steps Toward Rich Artificial Agency

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Paul Bello ◽  
Will Bridewell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Machine Interaction ◽  
Insight Into

If artificial agents are to be created such that they occupy space in our social and cultural milieu, then we should expect them to be targets of folk psychological explanation. That is to say, their behavior ought to be explicable in terms of beliefs, desires, obligations, and especially intentions. Herein, we focus on the concept of intentional action, and especially its relationship to consciousness. After outlining some lessons learned from philosophy and psychology that give insight into the structure of intentional action, we find that attention plays a critical role in agency, and indeed, in the production of intentional action. We argue that the insights offered by the literature on agency and intentional action motivate a particular kind of computational cognitive architecture, and one that hasn’t been well-explicated or computationally fleshed out among the community of AI researchers and computational cognitive scientists who work on cognitive systems. To give a sense of what such a system might look like, we present the ARCADIA attention-driven cognitive system as first steps toward an architecture to support the type of agency that rich human–machine interaction will undoubtedly demand.

The cognitive systems toolkit and the CST reference cognitive architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 32-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L.O. Paraense ◽  
Klaus Raizer ◽  
Suelen M. de Paula ◽  
Eric Rohmer ◽  
Ricardo R. Gudwin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Systems

scholarly journals Analogy and Relational Representations in the Companion Cognitive Architecture

AI Magazine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Forbus ◽  
Thomas Hinrich
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Software Social

The Companion cognitive architecture is aimed at reaching human-level AI by creating software social organisms, systems that interact with people using natural modalities, working and learning over extended periods of time as collaborators rather than tools. Our two central hypotheses about how to achieve this are (1) analogical reasoning and learning are central to cognition, and (2) qualitative representations provide a level of description that facilitates reasoning, learning, and communication. This paper discusses the evidence we have gathered supporting these hypotheses from our experiments with the Companion architecture. Although we are far from our ultimate goals, these experiments provide strong breadth for the utility of analogy and QR across a range of tasks. We also discuss three lessons learned and highlight three important open problems for cognitive systems research more broadly.

Scale-free architectures support representational diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Fields ◽  
James F. Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Computational Architecture ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Cognition Scale

Abstract Gilead et al. propose an ontology of abstract representations based on folk-psychological conceptions of cognitive architecture. There is, however, no evidence that the experience of cognition reveals the architecture of cognition. Scale-free architectural models propose that cognition has the same computational architecture from sub-cellular to whole-organism scales. This scale-free architecture supports representations with diverse functions and levels of abstraction.

The Modification of Hypernasality in Young Children

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moya L. Andrews ◽  
Sarah J. Tardy ◽  
Lisa G. Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Voice Therapy

This paper presents an approach to voice therapy programming for young children who are hypernasal. Some general principles underlying the approach are presented and discussed.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

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