scholarly journals Measuring the effectiveness of high-performance Co-Optima biofuels on suppressing soot formation at high temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 3451-3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Barak ◽  
Ramees K. Rahman ◽  
Sneha Neupane ◽  
Erik Ninnemann ◽  
Farhan Arafin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Shock Tube ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Shock Heating ◽  
Combustion Processes

Soot emissions in combustion are unwanted consequences of burning hydrocarbon fuels. The presence of soot during and following combustion processes is an indication of incomplete combustion and has several negative consequences including the emission of harmful particulates and increased operational costs. Efforts have been made to reduce soot production in combustion engines through utilizing oxygenated biofuels in lieu of traditional nonoxygenated feedstocks. The ongoing Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) initiative from the US Department of Energy (DOE) is focused on accelerating the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high-efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The Co-Optima program has identified a handful of biofuel compounds from a list of thousands of potential candidates. In this study, a shock tube was used to evaluate the performance of soot reduction of five high-performance biofuels downselected by the Co-Optima program. Current experiments were performed at test conditions between 1,700 and 2,100 K and 4 and 4.7 atm using shock tube and ultrafast, time-resolve laser absorption diagnostic techniques. The combination of shock heating and nonintrusive laser detection provides a state-of-the-art test platform for high-temperature soot formation under engine conditions. Soot reduction was found in ethanol, cyclopentanone, and methyl acetate; conversely, an α-diisobutylene and methyl furan produced more soot compared to the baseline over longer test times. For each biofuel, several reaction pathways that lead towards soot production were identified. The data collected in these experiments are valuable information for the future of renewable biofuel development and their applicability in engines.

Siemens Westinghouse Advanced Turbine Systems Program Final Summary

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihor S. Diakunchak ◽  
Greg R. Gaul ◽  
Gerry McQuiggan ◽  
Leslie R. Southall
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
System Development ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Alloy Casting ◽  
Generation Plant ◽  
Power Generation Plant

This paper summarises achievements in the Siemens Westinghouse Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Program. The ATS Program, co-funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, was a very successful multi-year (from 1992 to 2001) collaborative effort between government, industry and participating universities. The program goals were to develop technologies necessary for achieving significant gains in natural gas-fired power generation plant efficiency, a reduction in emissions, and a decrease in cost of electricity, while maintaining current state-of-the-art electricity generation systems’ reliability, availability, and maintainability levels. Siemens Westinghouse technology development concentrated on the following areas: aerodynamic design, combustion, heat transfer/cooling design, engine mechanical design, advanced alloys, advanced coating systems, and single crystal (SC) alloy casting development. Success was achieved in designing and full scale verification testing of a high pressure high efficiency compressor, airfoil clocking concept verification on a two stage turbine rig test, high temperature bond coat/TBC system development, and demonstrating feasibility of large SC turbine airfoil castings. The ATS program included successful completion of W501G engine development testing. This engine is the first step in the W501ATS engine introduction and incorporates many ATS technologies, such as closed-loop steam cooling, advanced compressor design, advanced sealing and high temperature materials and coatings.

Thermodynamic Study of Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles for High Performance Concentrating Solar Power Systems

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Turchi ◽  
Zhiwen Ma ◽  
Ty Neises ◽  
Michael Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Concentrating Solar Power ◽  
Compact Size

In 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated a “SunShot Concentrating Solar Power R&D” program to develop technologies that have the potential for much higher efficiency, lower cost, and/or more reliable performance than existing CSP systems. The DOE seeks to develop highly disruptive Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies that will meet 6¢/kWh cost targets by the end of the decade, and a high-efficiency, low-cost thermal power cycle is one of the important components to achieve the goal. Supercritical CO2 (s-CO2) operated in a closed-loop Brayton cycle offers the potential of equivalent or higher cycle efficiency versus superheated or supercritical steam cycles at temperatures relevant for CSP applications. Brayton-cycle systems using s-CO2 have a smaller weight and volume, lower thermal mass, and less complex power blocks versus Rankine cycles due to the higher density of the fluid and simpler cycle design. The simpler machinery and compact size of the s-CO2 process may also reduce the installation, maintenance and operation cost of the system.

scholarly journals The Component Test Facility: A National User Facility for Testing of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) Components and Systems

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vondell J. Balls ◽  
David S. Duncan ◽  
Stephanie L. Austad
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Nuclear Plant ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Component Test ◽  
User Facility ◽  
High Temperature Gas

The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) and other High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) Projects require research, development, design, construction, and operation of a nuclear plant intended for both high-efficiency electricity production and high-temperature industrial applications, including hydrogen production. During the life cycle stages of an HTGR, plant systems, structures and components (SSCs) will be developed to support this reactor technology. To mitigate technical, schedule, and project risk associated with development of these SSCs, a large-scale test facility is required to support design verification and qualification prior to operational implementation. As a full-scale helium test facility, the Component Test facility (CTF) will provide prototype testing and qualification of heat transfer system components (e.g., Intermediate Heat Exchanger, valves, hot gas ducts), reactor internals, and hydrogen generation processing. It will perform confirmation tests for large-scale effects, validate component performance requirements, perform transient effects tests, and provide production demonstration of hydrogen and other high-temperature applications. Sponsored wholly or in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, the CTF will support NGNP and will also act as a National User Facility to support worldwide development of High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor technologies.

The Introduction and Analysis of the World’s First High-Temperature Retrofit Project on a Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Unit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhong Feng ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
New Construction

Abstract Global warming concerns have pushed coal-fired power plants to develop innovative solutions which reduce CO2 emissions by increasing efficiency. While new ultra-supercritical units are built with extremely high efficiency, with Pingshan II approaching 50% LHV[1], subcritical units with much lower efficiency are a major source of installed capacity. The typical annual average net efficiency of subcritical units in China is about 37% LHV, and some are lower than 35% LHV. Since the total subcritical capacity in China is about 350GW and accounts for over one third of its total coal-fired power capacity, shutting all subcritical units down is not practical. Finding existing coal-fired plants a cost-effective solution which successfully combines advanced flexibility with high efficiency and low emissions, all while extending service lives, has challenged energy engineers worldwide. However, the (now proven) benefits a high temperature upgrade offers, compared to new construction options, made this an achievement worth pursuing. After many years of substantial incremental improvements to best-in-class technology, this first-of-its-kind subcritical high temperature retrofit successfully proves that a technically and economically feasible solution exists. It increases the main and reheat steam temperatures from 538°C (1000°F) to 600°C (1112°F), and the plant cycle and turbine internal efficiencies are greatly improved. This upgrade’s greatest efficiency gains occur at low loads, which is important as fossil plants respond to renewable energy’s increased grid contributions. These are combined with best-in-class flexibility, energy-savings, and technological advances, i.e., flue gas heat recovery technology and generalized regeneration technologies [4]. This project, the world’s first high-temperature subcritical coal-fired power plant retrofit, was initiated in April 2017 and finished in August 2019. Performance reports created by Siemens and GE record unit net efficiency at rated conditions improved from 38.6% to 43.5% LHV. The boiler’s lowest stable combustion load with operational SCR, without oil-firing support, was reduced from 55% to 19%. Substitution or upgrading of high-temperature components extended the lifetime of the unit by more than 30 years. At a third of the cost of new construction, this project set a high-water-mark for retrofitting subcritical units, and meets or supports the requisite attributes for Coal FIRST, Coal Plant of the Future, proposed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) in 2019 [2].

Aromatic Polyurea for High Temperature High Energy Density Capacitors

2008 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Minren Lin ◽  
Sheng-Guo David Lu ◽  
Jun-Hong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Breakdown Strength ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Dissipation

AbstractWe investigate aromatic polyureas which can be fabricated in the form of thin films through CVD. It was found that the polymer possesses a flat dielectric response (k∼ 4.2 and loss <1%)) to more than 200°C. The frequency-independent dielectric properties in the investigated frequency range(1kHz∼1MHz), low conductance, low dissipation factor (∼0.005), high breakdown strength (>800MV/m), high energy density (>12J/cm3) and high efficiency suggest this polymer can be a good candidate material for high temperature energy storage capacitors. Breakdown strength was analyzed with Weibull model over a broad temperature range (25°C ∼180°C). Experimental results indicate that aromatic polyurea is more like a nonpolar linear dielectric material because of its highly cross-linked structures. The experiment results further show that this polymer maintains its high performance even at high temperatures.

scholarly journals High-Performance YBCO-Coated Superconductor Wires

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parans Paranthaman ◽  
Teruo Izumi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Oxide Superconductors ◽  
High Temperature Oxide ◽  
Fault Current Limiters

AbstractThis issue of MRS Bulletin provides an overview of the current status of research and development in the area of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wires. High-temperature oxide superconductors, discovered in the late 1980s, are moving into the second generation of their development.The first generation relied on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, and the second generation is based on yttrium barium copper oxide, which has the potential to be less expensive and to perform better.The potential uses of HTS wires for electric power applications include underground transmission cables, oil-free transformers, superconducting magnetic-energy storage units, fault-current limiters, high-efficiency motors, and compact generators.Wires of 10–100 m in length can now be made, but material and processing issues must be solved before an optimized production scheme can be achieved.This issue covers a range of processing techniques using energetic beams, rolling, and laser and chemical methods to form wires with good superconducting properties.

scholarly journals Formation of Soot in Oxygen-Enriched Turbulent Propane Flames at the Technical Scale

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Rikard Edland ◽  
Thomas Allgurén ◽  
Fredrik Normann ◽  
Klas Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Total Flow Rate ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Combustion Processes

Soot is an important component for heat transfer in combustion processes. However, it is also a harmful pollutant for humans, and strict emissions legislation motivates research on how to control soot formation and release. The formation of soot is known to be triggered by high temperature and high pressure during combustion, and it is also strongly influenced by the local stoichiometry. The current study investigates how the formation of soot is affected by increasing the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer, since this affects both the temperature profile and partial pressures of reactants. The oxygen-to-fuel ratio is kept constant, i.e., the total flow rate of the oxidizer decreases with increasing oxygen concentration. Propane is combusted (80 kWth) while applying oxygen-enriched air, and in-flame measurements of the temperature and gas concentrations are performed and combined with available soot measurements. The results show that increasing the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer from 21% to 27% slightly increases soot formation, due to higher temperatures or the lower momentum of the oxidizer. At 30% oxygen, however, soot formation increases by orders of magnitude. Detailed reaction modeling is performed and the increase in soot formation is captured by the model. Both the soot inception rates and surface growth rates are significantly increased by the changes in combustion conditions, with the increase in soot inception being the most important. Under atmospheric conditions, there is a distinct threshold for soot formation at around 1200 °C for equivalence ratios >3. The increase in temperature, and the slower mixing that results from the lower momentum of the oxidizer, have the potential to push the combustion conditions over this threshold when the oxygen concentration is increased.

Development of a High-Temperature Molten Lithium Pump

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
G. M. Wood ◽  
J. J. Milich ◽  
C. Ferguson ◽  
D. V. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Molten Lithium

The circulation of the liquid-metal heat-transport fluids used in high-performance, mobile, nuclear power plants requires high-temperature pumps. These pumps must be capable of moderately high efficiency over a very long lifetime and have small size, low weight, and high reliability. As an initial phase of a lithium pump development program and to provide pumps for companion development programs, a 195-gpm pump was designed and successfully developed. Extensive testing of pump components, as well as water and liquid-metal tests of complete pump assemblies, was accomplished to meet the program objectives of high performance and high reliability for the required long operating lifetime. Several successful lithium tests of 10,000-hr duration were accomplished with the lithium development pumps and a pump used in a companion heat-exchanger development program.

Integration of High Performance Power Systems (HIPPS) Into Vision 21

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred L. Robson ◽  
John D. Ruby ◽  
Daniel J. Seery
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Research Center

The U.S. Department of Energy/Federal Energy Technology Center (DOE/FETC)-sponsored High Performance Power Systems (HIPPS) program headed by United Technologies Research Center has identified coal-based combined-cycle power systems using advanced technology gas turbines that could operate at efficiencies approaching 55% (HHV). The HIPPS uses a High Temperature Advanced Furnace (HITAF) to preheat combustion turbine air. The HITAF’s metallic air heaters include a radiator section located in the furnace slagging zone and a convection section located in the downstream portion. The compressor discharge air is heated to 925 C – 1150 C. Additional heat for the turbine, if required in the cycle, is added by special low-NOx gas-fired combustors. The HITAF design has been successfully tested at the desired temperatures for short durations at the Energy and Environmental Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, with tests continuing to expand the systems experience and capabilities. The HIPPS concept with its HITAF advanced air heater are valuable technology candidates for integration into Vision 21, the DoE’s evolving plan to utilize coal and other fossil fuels in energy complexes producing power, chemicals, process heat and other byproducts. For example, the HIPPS would be combined with high temperature fuel cells, e.g., the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), resulting in power systems having overall electrical efficiencies greater than 60% (HHV) with 50% or more of the energy input from coal. These power plants would have near zero emissions with a goal for power costs 10% below current coal-fired systems. Emissions of CO2, an important greenhouse gas, will be drastically reduced by the higher efficiencies of HIPPS cycles. Very important from a power and coproduction market viewpoint, HIPPS can be an attractive repowering technology. This will allow Vision 21 technology to be used in those plants that seek to continue using coal and other alternative solid fuels to capture the economic benefits of their low energy costs. Here, HIPPS adds high efficiency; increased capacity; load following and dispatching flexibility, as well as important environmental benefits to sites having existing fuel and transmission infrastructure.

Siemens Westinghouse Advanced Turbine Systems Program Final Summary

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihor S. Diakunchak ◽  
Greg R. Gaul ◽  
Gerry McQuiggan ◽  
Leslie R. Southall
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
System Development ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Alloy Casting ◽  
Generation Plant ◽  
Power Generation Plant

This paper summarizes achievements in the Siemens Westinghouse Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Program. The ATS Program, co-funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, was a very successful multiyear (from 1992 to 2001) collaborative effort between government, industry, and participating universities. The program goals were to develop technologies necessary for achieving significant gains in natural gas-fired power generation plant efficiency, a reduction in emissions, and a decrease in cost of electricity, while maintaining current state-of-the-art electricity generation systems’ reliability, availability, and maintainability levels. Siemens Westinghouse technology development concentrated on the following areas: aerodynamic design, combustion, heat transfer/cooling design, engine mechanical design, advanced alloys, advanced coating systems, and single crystal (SC) alloy casting development. Success was achieved in designing and full scale verification testing of a high-pressure high-efficiency compressor, airfoil clocking concept verification on a two-stage turbine rig test, high-temperature bond coat/TBC system development, and demonstrating feasibility of large SC turbine airfoil castings. The ATS program included successful completion of W501G engine development testing. This engine is the first step in the W501ATS engine introduction and incorporates many ATS technologies, such as closed-loop steam cooling, advanced compressor design, advanced sealing, and high-temperature materials and coatings.

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