scholarly journals Neural specification, targeting, and circuit formation during visual system assembly

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (28) ◽  
pp. e2101823118
Author(s):  
Jennifer Malin ◽  
Claude Desplan
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Neural Specification ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Circuit Formation ◽  
Correct Target ◽  
Retinotopic Map

Like other sensory systems, the visual system is topographically organized: Its sensory neurons, the photoreceptors, and their targets maintain point-to-point correspondence in physical space, forming a retinotopic map. The iterative wiring of circuits in the visual system conveniently facilitates the study of its development. Over the past few decades, experiments in Drosophila have shed light on the principles that guide the specification and connectivity of visual system neurons. In this review, we describe the main findings unearthed by the study of the Drosophila visual system and compare them with similar events in mammals. We focus on how temporal and spatial patterning generates diverse cell types, how guidance molecules distribute the axons and dendrites of neurons within the correct target regions, how vertebrates and invertebrates generate their retinotopic map, and the molecules and mechanisms required for neuronal migration. We suggest that basic principles used to wire the fly visual system are broadly applicable to other systems and highlight its importance as a model to study nervous system development.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review: Sphingolipid Metabolism and Implications of Disruption in Sphingolipid Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5793
Author(s):  
Brianna M. Quinville ◽  
Natalie M. Deschenes ◽  
Alex E. Ryckman ◽  
Jagdeep S. Walia
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Development ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Sphingolipids are a specialized group of lipids essential to the composition of the plasma membrane of many cell types; however, they are primarily localized within the nervous system. The amphipathic properties of sphingolipids enable their participation in a variety of intricate metabolic pathways. Sphingoid bases are the building blocks for all sphingolipid derivatives, comprising a complex class of lipids. The biosynthesis and catabolism of these lipids play an integral role in small- and large-scale body functions, including participation in membrane domains and signalling; cell proliferation, death, migration, and invasiveness; inflammation; and central nervous system development. Recently, sphingolipids have become the focus of several fields of research in the medical and biological sciences, as these bioactive lipids have been identified as potent signalling and messenger molecules. Sphingolipids are now being exploited as therapeutic targets for several pathologies. Here we present a comprehensive review of the structure and metabolism of sphingolipids and their many functional roles within the cell. In addition, we highlight the role of sphingolipids in several pathologies, including inflammatory disease, cystic fibrosis, cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and lysosomal storage disorders.

Spalt modifies EGFR-mediated induction of chordotonal precursors in the embryonic PNS of Drosophila promoting the development of oenocytes

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Rusten ◽  
R. Cantera ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
G. Technau ◽  
F.C. Kafatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Migration

Genes of the spalt family encode nuclear zinc finger proteins. In Drosophila melanogaster, they are necessary for the establishment of head/trunk identity, correct tracheal migration and patterning of the wing imaginal disc. Spalt proteins display a predominant pattern of expression in the nervous system, not only in Drosophila but also in species of fish, mouse, frog and human, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in nervous system development. Here we show that Spalt works as a cell fate switch between two EGFR-induced cell types, the oenocytes and the precursors of the pentascolopodial organ in the embryonic peripheral nervous system. We show that removal of spalt increases the number of scolopodia, as a result of extra secondary recruitment of precursor cells at the expense of the oenocytes. In addition, the absence of spalt causes defects in the normal migration of the pentascolopodial organ. The dual function of spalt in the development of this organ, recruitment of precursors and migration, is reminiscent of its role in tracheal formation and of the role of a spalt homologue, sem-4, in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Association of a Plus End–Directed Microtubule Motor Expressed during Mitosis in Drosophila

1997 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 1081-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Pereira ◽  
Brian Dalby ◽  
Russell J. Stewart ◽  
Stephen J. Doxsey ◽  
Lawrence S.B. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
In Vitro Motility Assay ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
In Vitro Motility ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

The kinesin superfamily is a large group of proteins (kinesin-like proteins [KLPs]) that share sequence similarity with the microtubule (MT) motor kinesin. Several members of this superfamily have been implicated in various stages of mitosis and meiosis. Here we report our studies on KLP67A of Drosophila. DNA sequence analysis of KLP67A predicts an MT motor protein with an amino-terminal motor domain. To prove this directly, KLP67A expressed in Escherichia coli was shown in an in vitro motility assay to move MTs in the plus direction. We also report expression analyses at both the mRNA and protein level, which implicate KLP67A in the localization of mitochondria in undifferentiated cell types. In situ hybridization studies of the KLP67A mRNA during embryogenesis and larval central nervous system development indicate a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Furthermore, when affinity-purified anti-KLP67A antisera are used to stain blastoderm embryos, mitochondria in the region of the spindle asters are labeled. These data suggest that KLP67A is a mitotic motor of Drosophila that may have the unique role of positioning mitochondria near the spindle.

scholarly journals Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Enriquez ◽  
Laura Quintana Rio ◽  
Richard Blazeski ◽  
Carol Mason ◽  
Richard S. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Factor Code ◽  
Individual Motor

SummaryIn both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurons and glia are generated in a stereotyped order from dedicated progenitors called neural stem cells, but the purpose of invariant lineages is not understood. Here we show that three of the stem cells that produce leg motor neurons in Drosophila also generate a specialized subset of glia, the neuropil glia, which wrap and send processes into the neuropil where motor neuron dendrites arborize. The development of the neuropil glia and leg motor neurons is highly coordinated. However, although individual motor neurons have a stereotyped birth order and transcription factor code, both the number and individual morphologies of the glia born from these lineages are highly plastic, even though the final structure they contribute to is highly stereotyped. We suggest that the shared lineages of these two cell types facilitates the assembly of complex neural circuits, and that the two different birth order strategies – hardwired for motor neurons and flexible for glia – are important for robust nervous system development and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Multiomic Approaches Reveal Diverse Labeling of the Nervous System by Common Cre-Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Keuls ◽  
Ronald J. Parchem
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Neural Crest Development

Neural crest development involves a series of dynamic, carefully coordinated events that result in human disease when not properly orchestrated. Cranial neural crest cells acquire unique multipotent developmental potential upon specification to generate a broad variety of cell types. Studies of early mammalian neural crest and nervous system development often use the Cre-loxP system to lineage trace and mark cells for further investigation. Here, we carefully profile the activity of two common neural crest Cre-drivers at the end of neurulation in mice. RNA sequencing of labeled cells at E9.5 reveals that Wnt1-Cre2 marks cells with neuronal characteristics consistent with neuroepithelial expression, whereas Sox10-Cre predominantly labels the migratory neural crest. We used single-cell mRNA and single-cell ATAC sequencing to profile the expression of Wnt1 and Sox10 and identify transcription factors that may regulate the expression of Wnt1-Cre2 in the neuroepithelium and Sox10-Cre in the migratory neural crest. Our data identify cellular heterogeneity during cranial neural crest development and identify specific populations labeled by two Cre-drivers in the developing nervous system.

scholarly journals Revealing RCOR2 as a regulatory component of nuclear speckles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rivera ◽  
Daniel Verbel ◽  
Duxan Arancibia ◽  
Anna Lappala ◽  
Marcela González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Nuclear Bodies ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
Nuclear Speckle ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Rna Maturation ◽  
Nuclear Processes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Nuclear processes such as transcription and RNA maturation can be impacted by subnuclear compartmentalization in condensates and nuclear bodies. Here we characterize the nature of nuclear granules formed by REST corepressor 2 (RCOR2), a nuclear protein essential for pluripotency maintenance and central nervous system development. Results Using biochemical approaches and high-resolution microscopy, we reveal that RCOR2 is localized in nuclear speckles across multiple cell types, including neurons in the brain. RCOR2 forms complexes with nuclear speckle components such as SON, SRSF7, and SRRM2. When cells are exposed to chemical stress, RCOR2 behaves as a core component of the nuclear speckle and is stabilized by RNA. In turn, nuclear speckle morphology appears to depend on RCOR2. Specifically, RCOR2 knockdown results larger nuclear speckles, whereas overexpressing RCOR2 leads to smaller and rounder nuclear speckles. Conclusion Our study suggests that RCOR2 is a regulatory component of the nuclear speckle bodies, setting this co-repressor protein as a factor that controls nuclear speckles behavior.

scholarly journals Cell-type specific patterned stimulus-independent neuronal activity in the Drosophila visual system during synapse formation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orkun Akin ◽  
Bryce T. Bajar ◽  
Mehmet F. Keles ◽  
Mark A. Frye ◽  
S. Lawrence Zipursky
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific

SummaryStereotyped synaptic connections define the neural circuits of the brain. In vertebrates, stimulus-independent activity contributes to neural circuit formation. It is unknown whether this type of activity is a general feature of nervous system development. Here, we report patterned, stimulus-independent neural activity in the Drosophila visual system during synaptogenesis. Using in vivo calcium, voltage, and glutamate imaging, we found that all neurons participate in this spontaneous activity, which is characterized by brain-wide periodic active and silent phases. Glia are active in a complementary pattern. Each of the 15 examined of the over 100 specific neuron types in the fly visual system exhibited a unique activity signature. The activity of neurons that are synaptic partners in the adult was highly correlated during development. We propose that this cell type-specific activity coordinates the development of the functional circuitry of the adult brain.

scholarly journals Revealing RCOR2 as a regulatory component of nuclear speckles

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rivera ◽  
Daniel Verbel-Vergara ◽  
Duxan Arancibia ◽  
Anna Lappala ◽  
Marcela González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Nuclear Bodies ◽  
Nuclear Speckles ◽  
Nuclear Speckle ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Rna Maturation ◽  
Nuclear Processes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Nuclear processes such as transcription and RNA maturation can be impacted by subnuclear compartmentalization in condensates and nuclear bodies. Here, we characterize the nature of nuclear granules formed by REST corepressor 2 (RCOR2), a nuclear protein essential for pluripotency maintenance and central nervous system development. Results Using biochemical approaches and high-resolution microscopy, we reveal that RCOR2 is localized in nuclear speckles across multiple cell types, including neurons in the brain. RCOR2 forms complexes with nuclear speckle components such as SON, SRSF7, and SRRM2. When cells are exposed to chemical stress, RCOR2 behaves as a core component of the nuclear speckle and is stabilized by RNA. In turn, nuclear speckle morphology appears to depend on RCOR2. Specifically, RCOR2 knockdown results larger nuclear speckles, whereas overexpressing RCOR2 leads to smaller and rounder nuclear speckles. Conclusion Our study suggests that RCOR2 is a regulatory component of the nuclear speckle bodies, setting this co-repressor protein as a factor that controls nuclear speckles behavior.

Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in the nervous system and its pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ostasov ◽  
Zbynek Houdek ◽  
Jan Cendelin ◽  
Milena Kralickova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
And Function

AbstractLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunction cytokine that has various effects on different tissues and cell types in rodents and humans; however, its insufficiency has a relatively mild impact. This could explain why only some aspects of LIF activity are in the limelight, whereas other aspects are not well known. In this review, the LIF structure, signaling pathway, and primary roles in the development and function of an organism are reviewed, and the effects of LIF on stem cell growth and differentiation, which are important for its use in cell culturing, are described. The focus is on the roles of LIF in central nervous system development and on the modulation of its physiological functions as well as the involvement of LIF in the pathogenesis of brain diseases and injuries. Finally, LIF and its signaling pathway are discussed as potential targets of therapeutic interventions to influence both negative phenomena and regenerative processes following brain injury.

scholarly journals More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Lago-Baldaia ◽  
Vilaiwan M. Fernandes ◽  
Sarah D. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Neuronal Disease ◽  
Neural Specification ◽  
Circuit Function ◽  
Early Developmental

Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization—neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

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