scholarly journals Convergence of undulatory swimming kinematics across a diversity of fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (49) ◽  
pp. e2113206118
Author(s):  
Valentina Di Santo ◽  
Elsa Goerig ◽  
Dylan K. Wainwright ◽  
Otar Akanyeti ◽  
James C. Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

Fishes exhibit an astounding diversity of locomotor behaviors from classic swimming with their body and fins to jumping, flying, walking, and burrowing. Fishes that use their body and caudal fin (BCF) during undulatory swimming have been traditionally divided into modes based on the length of the propulsive body wave and the ratio of head:tail oscillation amplitude: anguilliform, subcarangiform, carangiform, and thunniform. This classification was first proposed based on key morphological traits, such as body stiffness and elongation, to group fishes based on their expected swimming mechanics. Here, we present a comparative study of 44 diverse species quantifying the kinematics and morphology of BCF-swimming fishes. Our results reveal that most species we studied share similar oscillation amplitude during steady locomotion that can be modeled using a second-degree order polynomial. The length of the propulsive body wave was shorter for species classified as anguilliform and longer for those classified as thunniform, although substantial variability existed both within and among species. Moreover, there was no decrease in head:tail amplitude from the anguilliform to thunniform mode of locomotion as we expected from the traditional classification. While the expected swimming modes correlated with morphological traits, they did not accurately represent the kinematics of BCF locomotion. These results indicate that even fish species differing as substantially in morphology as tuna and eel exhibit statistically similar two-dimensional midline kinematics and point toward unifying locomotor hydrodynamic mechanisms that can serve as the basis for understanding aquatic locomotion and controlling biomimetic aquatic robots.

Phylogenetic reassessment of Specklinia and its allied genera in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM P. KARREMANS ◽  
FEDERICO J. ALBERTAZZI ◽  
FREEK T. BAKKER ◽  
DIEGO BOGARÍN ◽  
MARCEL C.M. EURLINGS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
Matk Sequence

The phylogenetic relationships within Specklinia (Pleurothallidinae; Orchidaceae) and related genera are re-evaluated using Bayesian analyses of nrITS and chloroplast matK sequence data of a wide sampling of species. Specklinia is found paraphyletic in the DNA based trees, with species alternatively assigned to Muscarella proven distinct, monophyletic and easily recognizable. Specklinia as such includes about 100 morphologically highly diverse species. Their phenotypic differences have prompted the creation of up to eleven generic names within this relatively small group. Here we show not only that these morphologically divergent species are closely related, but also that they can still be recognized by certain conserved morphological traits. The genera Acostaea, Areldia, Empusella, Cucumeria, Gerardoa, Pseudoctomeria, Sarcinula, Sylphia, Tribulago and Tridelta are found embedded within Specklinia, and therefore reduced under the synonymy of the latter. Specklinia is confirmed as sister to a clade that includes Platystele, Scaphosepalum and Teagueia. Five well-supported subgenera are proposed for Specklinia and are characterized both geographically and morphologically. The species belonging to each subgenus are listed. Incaea is synonymized with Dryadella, while Rubellia is reduced under Platystele. New combinations for several species are proposed. The criteria for the generic delimitation of Specklinia and other genera in the Pleurothallidinae are discussed.

UNDULATORY SWIMMING: HOW TRAVELING WAVES ARE PRODUCED AND MODULATED IN SUNFISH (LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS)

1994 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Long ◽  
M Mchenry ◽  
N Boetticher
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Axial Muscle ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Swimming Kinematics ◽  
Tail Beat

We have developed an experimental procedure in which the in situ locomotor muscles of dead fishes can be electrically stimulated to generate swimming motions. This procedure gives the experimenter control of muscle activation and the mechanical properties of the body. Using pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, we investigated the mechanics of undulatory swimming by comparing the swimming kinematics of live sunfish with the kinematics of dead sunfish made to swim using electrical stimulation. In electrically stimulated sunfish, undulatory waves can be produced by alternating left­right contractions of either all the axial muscle or just the precaudal axial muscle. As judged by changes in swimming speed, most of the locomotor power is generated precaudally and transmitted to the caudal fin by way of the skin and axial skeleton. The form of the traveling undulatory wave ­ as measured by tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength and maximal caudal curvature ­ can be modulated by experimental control of the body's passive stiffness, which is a property of the skin, connective tissue and axial skeleton.

Computational Analysis of 3D Fin-Fin Interaction in Fish’s Steady Swimming

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Han ◽  
Geng Liu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Haibo Dong
Keyword(s):  
Immersed Boundary Method ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Immersed Boundary ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Wake Patterns ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Swimming Kinematics ◽  
Full Body

Three-dimensional numerical simulations are used to investigate the hydrodynamic performance and the wake patterns of a sunfish in steady swimming. Immersed boundary method for deformable attaching bodies (IBM-DAB) are used to handle complex moving boundaries of one solid body (fish body) attached with several membranes (fins). The effects of the vortices shed from both the dorsal and anal fins on the hydrodynamic performance of the caudal fin are analyzed by prescribing an undulatory swimming kinematics to a full body sunfish model. Results show that both the dorsal fin vortices and the anal fin vortices can increase the thrust and efficiency of the caudal fin comparing to caudal fin only case. This is because the dorsal/anal fin not only can feed vorticity into the caudal fin wake via vortex shedding, but also can modulate the flow in the downstream in a way of forming a jet with stronger backward component.

scholarly journals Swimming kinematics and performance of spinal transected lampreys with different levels of axon regeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob. Fies ◽  
Brad J. Gemmell ◽  
Stephanie M. Fogerson ◽  
John H. Costello ◽  
Jennifer R. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Wave Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Recovery ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

AbstractNeural and functional recovery in lampreys from spinal cord transection has been well documented. However, the extent of axon regeneration is highly variable and it is not known whether it is related to the level of behavioral recovery. To address this, we examined how swimming kinematics were related to axon regeneration by quantifying the relationship between swimming performance and percent axon regeneration of transected lampreys after 11 weeks of recovery. We found that swimming speed was not related to percent axon regeneration but it was closely related to body wave frequency and speed. However, wave frequency and speed varied greatly within individuals which resulted in swimming speed also varying within individuals. In fact, most recovered individuals, regardless of percent axon regeneration, could swim at fast and slow speeds. However, none of the transected individuals were able to generate body waves as large as the control lampreys. In order to swim faster, transected lampreys increased their wave frequencies and, as a result, transected lampreys had much higher frequencies than control lamprey at comparable swimming velocities. These data suggest that the control lampreys swam more efficiently than transected lampreys. In conclusion, there appears to be a minimal recovery threshold in terms of percent axon regeneration required for lampreys to be capable of swimming, however, there also seems to be a limit to how much they can behaviorally recover.

A comparison of stride parameters and carpal and tarsal joint angles during terrestrial and swimming locomotion in domestic dogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
S. O’Rourke ◽  
A.P. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Underwater Camera ◽  
Stride Parameters ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

In recent years, canine hydrotherapy has become increasingly popular to treat a range of conditions despite a lack of empirical evidence. It is currently unclear whether joint angles and limb movements performed by dogs during swimming are quantifiably beneficial for healthy animals. This study investigated the swimming kinematics of healthy dogs to establish baseline data for this activity and compare limb kinematics to that of overground locomotion. Kinematic data were recorded from eight healthy dolichocephalic dogs (mean age: 3.4±2.2) of a variety of breeds. Overground data were collected prior to swimming and consisted of dogs trotting on a flat surface. Swimming data were collected using an underwater camera during a standard hydrotherapy session conducted by a trained canine hydrotherapist. Range of motion, primarily due to an increase in flexion, was significantly greater (P<0.005) during swimming than trotting. Stride length (P<0.001) and frequency (P<0.005) were both significantly reduced in swimming compared to trot. Swimming kinematics recorded in this study are consistent with previously published data on canine aquatic locomotion but differ from those previously reported for water treadmill exercise. This study provides an insight into aquatic locomotion in healthy dogs indicating that range of motion exceeds that of terrestrial gaits. It is unclear whether these changes are beneficial for healthy animals and therefore further research is required to develop evidence-based protocols for industry practice.

scholarly journals Myotonia Congenita-Associated Mutations in Chloride Channel-1 Affect Zebrafish Body Wave Swimming Kinematics

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e103445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Jing Tian ◽  
Jean-Marc Burgunder ◽  
Walter Hunziker ◽  
How-Lung Eng
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Myotonia Congenita ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

Self-similar kinematics among efficient slender swimmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 840 ◽  
pp. 106-130
Author(s):  
A. J. Wiens ◽  
A. E. Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Thrust Coefficient ◽  
Dimensionless Variable ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optimal Region ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Body Theory ◽  
Swimming Kinematics ◽  
Wave Properties

We present an analysis of efficient undulatory propulsion for slender animals swimming at high Reynolds number. Using Lighthill’s large-amplitude elongated-body theory, we show that optimally efficient swimming kinematics can be characterized through a single dimensionless variable $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$. This variable, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$, is defined by a simple function of a swimming animal’s body wave properties. Physically, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ characterizes how the velocity of an animal’s tail varies throughout its swimming stroke. Lighthill’s model predicts that swimming efficiency is near optimal in the range $0.3<\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}<1.0$ and peaks at $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}=0.87$. At this point, the average magnitude of the tail velocity is minimized and swimming kinematics are tuned such that the thrust coefficient is as close to constant as possible throughout the swimming stroke. We use a compiled dataset of over 250 unique measurements to show that species across a wide range of size and shape fall within the optimal region.

scholarly journals Amplitude Induced Nonlinearity in Piston Mode Resonant Flow: A Fully Viscous Numerical Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bonfiglio ◽  
Stefano Brizzolara
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Vortex Shedding ◽  
Potential Flow ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Linear Potential ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Piston Mode

Near field flow characteristics around catamarans close to resonant conditions involve violent viscous flow such as energetic vortex shedding and steep wave making. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive numerical investigation of these phenomena at various oscillating frequencies and separation distances of twin sections. The numerical model is based on the solution of Navier–Stokes equations assuming laminar-flow conditions with a volume of fluid (VOF) approach which has proven to be particularly effective in predicting strongly nonlinear radiated waves which directly affect the magnitude of the hydrodynamic forces around resonant frequencies. Considered nonlinear effects include wave breaking, vortex shedding and wave-body wave-wave interactions. The method is first validated using available experiments on twin circular sections: the agreement in a very wide frequency range is improved over traditional linear potential flow based solutions. Particular attention is given to the prediction of added mass and damping coefficients at resonant conditions where linear potential flow methods fail, if empirical viscous corrections are not included. The results of the systematic investigation show for the first time how the so-called piston-mode motion characteristics are nonlinearly dependent on the gap width and motion amplitude. At low oscillation amplitudes, flow velocity reduces and so does the energy lost for viscous effects. On the other hand for higher oscillation amplitude, the internal free surface breaks dissipating energy hence reducing the piston mode amplitude. These effects cannot be numerically demonstrated without a computational technique able to capture free surface nonlinearity and viscous effects.

scholarly journals Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (19) ◽  
pp. 3261-3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinnamon M. Pace ◽  
Richard W. Blob ◽  
Mark W. Westneat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
Apalone Spinifera ◽  
Softshell Turtles ◽  
Thrust Production ◽  
Swimming Kinematics

SUMMARYSoftshell turtles (Family Trionychidae) possess extensive webbing between the digits of the manus, suggesting that the forelimb may serve as an effective thrust generator during aquatic locomotion. However, the hindlimb has previously been viewed as the dominant propulsive organ in swimming freshwater turtles. To evaluate the potential role of the forelimb in thrust production during swimming in freshwater turtles, we compared the forelimb morphology and three-dimensional forelimb kinematics of a highly aquatic trionychid turtle, the spiny softshell Apalone spinifera, and a morphologically generalized emydid turtle, the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta. Spiny softshells possess nearly twice as much forelimb surface area as sliders for generating drag-based thrust. In addition, although both species use drag-based propulsion, several aspects of forelimb kinematics differ significantly between these species. During the thrust phase of the forelimb cycle, spiny softshells hold the elbow and wrist joints significantly straighter than sliders, thereby further increasing the surface area of the limb that can move water posteriorly and increasing the velocity of the distal portion of the forelimb. These aspects of swimming kinematics in softshells should increase forelimb thrust production and suggest that the forelimbs make more substantial contributions to forward thrust in softshell turtles than in sliders. Spiny softshells also restrict forelimb movements to a much narrower dorsoventral and anteroposterior range than sliders throughout the stroke, thereby helping to minimize limb movements potentially extraneous to forward thrust production. These comparisons demonstrate considerable diversity in the forelimb kinematics of turtles that swim using rowing motions of the limbs and suggest that the evolution of turtle forelimb mechanics produced a variety of contrasting solutions for aquatic specialization.

scholarly journals Fish foot prints: morphology and energetics of the wake behind a continuously swimming mullet (Chelon labrosus Risso).

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (22) ◽  
pp. 2893-2906 ◽  
Author(s):  
U K Müller ◽  
B L E van den Heuvel ◽  
E J Stamhuis ◽  
J J Videler
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Pump Mechanism ◽  
Undulatory Swimming ◽  
Thrust Production

The structure of the wake behind a continuously swimming mullet was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by applying two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. A detailed analysis of the flow pattern and of the swimming movements of the fish allowed us to derive a kinematic explanation of the flow pattern as well as an estimate of the relative contributions of the body and the tail to thrust production. During active propulsion, the undulatory swimming fish shed a wake consisting in the medio-frontal plane of a rearward, zigzagging jet flow between alternating vortices. The fish shed one vortex per half tailbeat when the tail reached its most lateral position. Part of the circulation shed in the vortices had been generated previously on the body by the transverse body wave travelling down the body. This undulatory pump mechanism accounted for less than half of the energy shed in the wake. The remainder was generated by the tail. The vortex spacing matched the tailbeat amplitude and the stride length.

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