Semantic/pragmatic equivalence through formal and motivational shift

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Harumi Moore
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
The One ◽  
Pragmatic Equivalence ◽  
Regular Number

Abstract How would translators approach a process in which they have to make decisions on mapping the grammatically enforced regular number mechanism of a language such as English onto a system like Japanese, where there is no regular coding of number in a noun phrase? Utilising the concepts of motivation for representation of number, and of ‘formal-shift’ (Catford, 1965), this paper demonstrates that in spite of the lack of a grammatical category of number, there is a coherent mechanism that expresses number distinction in Japanese, either implicitly or explicitly, and that in order to achieve the full semantic and pragmatic intent expressed in English in terms of the number of referents, translators have quite a complex task in deciding ‘when’ and ‘how’ to mark number in Japanese. The paper shows that the ‘one’ and ‘more than one’ opposition regularly coded in English is interpreted into a more complex system of number conception in Japanese, namely ‘one’, ‘more than one’, ‘collective image’ and ‘unspecified’. It also draws attention to the various linguistic devices used in Japanese to express number distinction outside the scope of a noun phrase. The paper advocates the usefulness of the approach suggested here for examining instances of transfer of meaning between two typologically distinct languages.

Une Classification Formelle des Adjectifs Psychologiques en Coreen

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-140
Author(s):  
Jeesun Nam
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Formal Criterion ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
The One ◽  
Psychological Verbs ◽  
Morphological Relationship

In this work, we have tried to describe a set of adjectives which includes a large majority of those adjectives semantically termed psychological, by making use of the following syntactic relation: (Qu P)0 N1-e Ad) [(Qu P)0 be Adj Prep N1] = N1 (Qu P)0-fo Adj N1be Adj Prep (Qu P)0] We discuss most particularly: the construction in which the complement clause can be replaced by a noun phrase, possibly containing the reflexive pronoun caki; the construction with a double N-i, the one described most frequently in the literary tradition; and finally two related verbal constructions of the following type: N1 (Qu P)0-Acc Adf-6 Vop [N1 V(find) (Qu P)0 Adj°] = (Qu P)0 N1-Acc Adj1-ke Vop [(Qu P)0 V(make) N1 Adj1] Our formal criterion characterizes about 150 psychological adjectives that have a certain semantic and syntactic homogeneity : they all express "a feeling activated by the Qu P and felt by the Nhum". However, we observe another set of adjectives semantically close to the first which nevertheless do not accept the complement clause construction with -lo: we term them evaluative adjectives. One of the major differences between these two classes is the absence of causativity in the complement clause of the evaluative adjectives. The study of psychological adjectives should be extended by other studies, in particular studies of psychological verbs that have no morphological relationship to adjectives, and which are defined in turn by appropriate formal criteria.

scholarly journals The Good, the Bad and the Ugly? The Dynamic Interplay Between Educational Practice, Policy and Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Van Geert ◽  
Henderien Steenbeek
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Interacting Components

The notion of complexity — as in “education is a complex system” — has two different meanings. On the one hand, there is the epistemic connotation, with “Complex” meaning “difficult to understand, hard to control”. On the other hand, complex has a technical meaning, referring to systems composed of many interacting components, the interactions of which lead to self organization and emergence. For agents, participating in a complex system such as education, it is important that they can reduce the epistemic complexity of the system, in order to allow them to understand the system, to accomplish their goals and to evaluate the results of their activities. We argue that understanding, accomplishing and evaluation requires the creation of simplex systems, which are praxis-based forms of representing complexity. Agents participating in the complex system may have different kinds of simplex systems governing their understanding and praxis. In this article, we focus on three communities of agents in education — educators, researchers and policymakers — and discuss characteristic features of their simplex systems. In particular, we focus on the simplex system of educational researchers, and we discuss interactions — including conflicts or incompatibilities — between their simplex systems and those of educators and policymakers. By making some of the underlying features of the educational researchers’ simplex systems more explicit – including the underlying notion of causality and the use of variability as a source of knowledge — we hope to contribute to clarifying some of the hidden conflicts between simplex systems of the communities participating in the complex system of education.

ICT Standardization

2018 ◽  
pp. 4679-4691
Author(s):  
Kai Jakobs
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
The One

The article first looks at the links that exist between standards and standardization on the one hand and innovation and economics on the other. It then offers a brief description of a typical standards setting process. The complex ‘web' of Standards Setting Organizations in the ICT sector is discussed next. Subsequently, a flexible tool to describe the characteristics of an SSO is introduced. It can be deployed by firms to identify the SSO that is best suited for a planned standardization activity. This selection is only part of the fairly complex task of standardization management, which will be described next. Finally, the article will briefly discuss national standardization strategies.

The Right to Public Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

This chapter reframes the project of public health within a rights framework. It argues that there is a right to health, and this entails that individuals have a right to public health. Given that there is a right to public health, the state should undertake to reduce health risks. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, and as a result allows significant numbers to come to harm or even death, then it violates individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. The ethical challenge of public health policy is therefore not the one-sided one of avoiding Nannying, but the more complex task of steering a course between Nannying and Neglect. Avoiding Neglect may involve restricting liberty in various ways.

scholarly journals Towards Stochasticity through Joint Invariant Functions of Two Isomorphic Lie Algebras of SL(2R) Type

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Maricel Agop ◽  
Mitică Craus
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Invariant Function ◽  
Hydrodynamic Type ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Systems Dynamics ◽  
Invariant Functions ◽  
Scale Relativity ◽  
The One ◽  
Joint Invariant

In the motion fractal theory, the scale relativity dynamics of any complex system are described through various Schrödinger or hydrodynamic type fractal “regimes”. In the one dimensional stationary case of Schrödinger type fractal “regimes”, synchronizations of complex system entities implies a joint invariant function with the simultaneous action of two isomorphic groups of the S L ( 2 R ) type as solutions of Stoka type equations. Among these joint invariant functions, Gaussians become in the Jeans’s sense, probability density (i.e., stochasticity) whenever the information on the complex system analyzed is fragmentary. In the two-dimensional case of hydrodynamic type fractal “regimes” at a non-differentiable scale, the soliton and soliton-kink of fractal type of the velocity field generate the minimal vortex of fractal type that becomes the source of all turbulences in the complex systems dynamics. Some correlations of our model to experimental data were also achieved.

scholarly journals On the interaction of Linguistic Typology and Functional Grammar

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rijkhoff
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
Sampling Methodology ◽  
Layered Model ◽  
Distinct Word

Research conducted within the wider theoretical framework of Dik’s Functional Grammar has resulted in important contributions to linguistic typology, and, vice versa, empirical facts from a wide variety of languages have significantly improved the theory of Functional Grammar, especially regarding its typological adequacy. This article discusses the following contributions to Linguistic Typology: the development of a sound sampling methodology, classification of noun categories (Seinsarten), an account of (so-called) number discord, the introduction of the new grammatical category of ‘nominal aspect’, a new typology of classifiers, and a universal concerning the occurrence of adjectives as a distinct word class. Conversely it will be shown that facts from many different languages have played an important role in the development of a layered model of the noun phrase in Functional Grammar and how currently these facts are used to test hypotheses concerning parallels between NPs and clauses.

Taalleerproblemen en het Ontwikkelen van een Nieuwe Leergang Engels

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
M.C.L.F. Hoeks-Mentjens
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Writing Course ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
The One

Since in 1993 the Dutch government set detailed goals for educational programmes on secondary schools for 14-year-olds, writing EFL materials has become an increasingly complex task for textbook writers. Not only are they supposed to deal with these new objectives, but they are also expected to cater for all pupils within that age-group and ensure that (teacher)independent learning can be achieved. Writing course books for all pupils implies writing for pupils with language learning difficulties as well. In a newly developed English course a distinction was made between dyslexic pupils, who experience purely phonological problems, on the one hand and poor language learners, who in addition are characterized by a poor general understanding on the other. In this article the editor of 'Worldwide', the new Dutch EFL course, reports on how the various elements mentioned above have been incorporated into the material.

scholarly journals Reflections on habituality across other grammatical categories

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nora Boneh ◽  
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Imperfective Aspect ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One

Abstract The main aim of this introduction article is to give a general overview of how habituality has been investigated in the literature as a grammatical category. In doing so, we first elaborate on the question of how habituality can be characterized and what difficulties one encounters in determining its properties, which include non-contingent modal event recurrence. A brief discussion of these issues is given in Section 2. Section 3 outlines selected (conceptual and formal) connections between habituality and other grammatical categories. What our observations essentially indicate is that habituality, on the one hand, closely interacts with several TAM categories, most prominently imperfective aspect and its derivatives (progressive, continuative), and also interacts in special ways with modal categories, such as the evidential or the future, on the other hand, we also observe – as has been done previously – that habituality is often not encoded overtly and can be expressed by several forms within one and the same language, and if overtly marked by a dedicated form, diachronically, it is not always stable. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the most relevant findings of the articles collected in the present special issue and highlights their importance for the general discussion about habituality.

scholarly journals Speed of time-compressed forward replay flexibly changes in human episodic memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Michelmann ◽  
Bernhard P. Staresina ◽  
Howard Bowman ◽  
Simon Hanslmayr
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Exact Timing

SummaryRemembering information from continuous past episodes is a complex task. On the one hand, we must be able to recall events in a highly accurate way that often includes exact timing; on the other hand, we can ignore irrelevant details and skip to events of interest. We here track continuous episodes, consisting of different sub-events, as they are recalled from memory. In behavioral and MEG data, we show that memory replay is temporally compressed and proceeds in a forward direction. Neural replay is characterized by the reinstatement of temporal patterns from encoding. These fragments of activity reappear on a compressed timescale. Herein, the replay of sub-events takes longer than the transition from one sub-event to another. This identifies episodic memory replay as a dynamic process in which participants replay fragments of fine-grained temporal patterns and are able to skip flexibly across sub-events.

scholarly journals Agreeing and substantivized adjectives in Russian paucal constructions: An experimental study

Rhema ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
A. Gerasimova ◽  
E. Lyutikova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Structural Context ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Russian Noun ◽  
Structural Case ◽  
The One

This paper addresses the issue of case variation in Russian paucal constructions. Previous studies claim that the choice of the case marking on the adjectival constituent depends on the syntactic category of the paucal construction. Using experimental data we show that the distribution of case marking strategies differs for paucal constructions in the quantificational position, where it does not receive structural case, and in the argumental position, where it receives case and agrees with the predicate. Although the experimental data support the hypothesis about the variable status of Russian noun phrase, it also shows the absence of the one-to-one correspondence between case marking and structural context: in particular, in quantificational positions both cases are acceptable.

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