In search of translational norms

Babel ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasoul al-Khafaji

Abstract The paper is an attempt, guided by the principles of Descriptive Translation Studies, to ‘detect’ and ‘describe’ the various types of shifts, in the area of lexical repetition, which have occurred in an Arabic–English translation. The study also tries to ‘explain’ the underlying factors which may have prompted the various decision-making processes behind these translation shifts. It is postulated that any translation product represents an intertext which carries the ‘finger-prints’ of the norms of its SL and culture. Moreover, translation as a retextualizing process is bound to be directed by the norms of the TL and its culture. The two poles of SL ‘adequacy’ norms and TL ‘acceptability’ norms have thus been at the background during the description, taxonomy, and explanation of the various types of shifts in lexical repetition detected in the study corpus. Different instances of shifts have been found to fall under three main categories: (a) Shifts which avoid or minimize lexical repetition; (b) Shifts which announce repetition by retaining it, though with some modifications; and (c) Shifts which emphasize lexical repetition by expanding it. Most shifts, it has been found, belong to the first category. A lengthy discussion of the possible causes which could have motivated the translator to perform these various shifts has come to the conclusion that the textual and cultural norms of the TL seem to play the major role in the operation. In order to ascertain that the above conclusion is not attributable to the ‘hegemony’ of the TL (English), nor to the individual translator or to the type of text being analyzed, a number of follow-up studies is proposed at the end. Résumé Guidé par les principes des études de traduction descriptive, l’article est une tentative de « détecter » et de « décrire » les différents types de changements dans le domaine de la répétition lexicale, qui se sont présentées dans une traduction arabe-anglais. L’étude cherche également à « expliquer » les facteurs sous-jacents qui peuvent avoir provoqué les différents processus de prise de décision derrière ces changements de la traduction. On pose comme principe que tout produit d’une traduction représente un intertexte, qui porte les «empreintes digitales » des normes de sa langue-source et de sa culture. De plus, la traduction, en tant que processus de retextualisation, est nécessairement guidé par les normes de la langue-cible et de sa culture. Par conséquent, les deux pôles des normes « de justesse » de la langue-source et des normes «d’admissibilité » de la langue-cible se trouvaient à l’arrière-plan, pendant la description, la taxonomie et l’explication des différents types de changements de la répétition lexicale, détectées dans le corpus de l’étude. On a remarqué que les différents exemples de changements s’inscrivaient dans trois catégories principales : (a) les changements qui évitent ou minimisent la répétition lexicale ; (b) les changements qui annoncent une répétition en la conservant ; et (c) les changements qui soulignent la répétition lexicale en la développant. On a découvert que la plupart des changements appartiennent à la première catégorie. Une longue discussion sur les causes possibles, qui peuvent avoir poussé le traducteur à effectuer ces divers changements, a abouti à la conclusion que les normes textuelles et culturelles de la langue-cible semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans l’opération. Un certain nombre d’études complémentaires sont proposées, afin de vérifier que la conclusion ci-dessus n’est imputable ni à « l’hégémonie » de la langue-cible (anglais), ni au traducteur individuel, ni au type de texte analysé.

Author(s):  
Naomi Creutzfeldt

This chapter discusses what individual justice means in the realm of administrative justice. The standards of justice and fairness that apply in administrative decision-making need consideration from the perspective of the service user. Should the administrative justice system serve the citizen or the state? What role do individual service users have in the design, use, and evaluation of more bureaucratic systems of redress? Different notions of justice, as they relate to primary decision-making processes, have been described through various models. This chapter provides a set of tools with which to study the subject and argues for the importance of user voice and perceptions of fairness in the provision of a more citizen-focussed justice.


Foot & Ankle ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ann Welton

The Harris and Beath footprint is an inexpensive, noninvasive method of recording foot/ground pressure patterns to aid clinical diagnosis, decision making, and follow-up. Studies of normal children and skeletally mature individuals have identified the wide variations found in normal feet, a knowledge of which is fundamental to the interpretation of the footprint in the clinical situation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Dženeta Omerdić ◽  

The principle of non-discrimination in modern legal systems, both at national and at regional and global levels of government, is the primary prerequisite for the realization of all other (fundamental) rights and freedoms. The essence of this principle, which is, in fact, inextricably linked to the principle of equality in rights, is reflected in the requirement to ensure to all persons, without discrimination on any basis, the realization and enjoyment of the fundamental rights and freedoms that are guaranteed by provisions of the national constitutions, Laws and other legal acts. The functionality of the entire state government of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often hindered by the complex decision-making processes at all state levels which lead to obstruction of the entire decision-making process. Such a disfunctional decision-making process on the state level poses a threat and disables the Bosnian plural society to respond to the modern challenges of a democratic functioning state.The Bosnian model of democratic authority is trying to determine the individual primarily as a citizen, to which they bind certain rights and duties, but without neglecting the fact that citizens enjoy certain rights (and obligations) that belong to them based on their affiliation to a particular collectivity. Bosnian society as a community of citizens and a community of communities should not ignore any of the aforementioned sides of human nature.


ACCRUALS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Rusdianto Rusdianto

This research aims to examine managerial preferences in the resource allocation process. This research used an experimental method to test whether resource availability, stakeholder claims, and managers’ affiliations to stockholders can influence the decision-making process of resource allocation. The results show that resource availability, stakeholder claims, and managers’ affiliation could influence the resource allocation process. The results of the research contribute to several things. The first is to show that stakeholder theory can test managerial preferences at the individual level. Secondly, the resources distribution is influenced by behavioral factors associated with normative stakeholder theory.


2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii1-ii4
Author(s):  
S Mckelvie

Abstract Introduction Ambulatory emergency care (AEC) provides hospital-equivalent medical care in out-of-hospital settings for acutely unwell complex older patients. This ethnography aimed to understand the cognitive work of the senior clinicians in the AEC environment. Methods Three AEC sites were purposively sampled to recruit twelve clinicians with backgrounds in Geriatrics, General Practice, Emergency and Acute Medicine. This qualitative investigation used focused ethnography within a case study approach to understand the decision-making processes in the context of the AEC environment. Participant-observation during an AEC shift was complemented by informant interviews. A framework approach to thematic analysis used a priori and data derived codes to develop explanatory themes. Ethnographic principles of constant comparison and cognitive task analysis were used to evaluate the clinicians’ decision-making processes for index patient cases. Results This ethnographic case study showed that AEC clinicians tailored their management plans to the individual patient based on their clinical assessment and needs, using creative problem solving and reflexivity. The AEC clinicians personalised their interventions based on the patient assessment, the patients’ wishes and disease severity. The individual tailoring of the AEC plan was negotiated with the patient, their next-of-kin and the multidisciplinary team (MDT). The discussions with patient and families allowed discussion of the differing priorities and facilitated compromise. AEC plans were also negotiated with the MDT to build a shared understanding of the patients’ needs. The MDT also provided cognitive and emotional support by challenging and validating the senior decision-makers clinical plans. Conclusion This tailored approach allowed the flexible delivery of AEC to meet the patients’ needs. It is hoped that by characterising the work of AEC clinician that this study will aid the development of medical training curricula, interdisciplinary working and health service design. Further research is needed on team-based decision-making for individually tailored care in urgent care settings.


2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlies Ahlert

AbstractExperts in the field of organ transplantation had to rank order a set of 32 patients according to their priority in receiving a donated kidney. The patients were described by the five characteristics that are incorporated in the kidney allocation algorithm applied by Eurotransplant. The priority rankings as defined by the experts were analyzed and patterns of dedsion making identified in the rankings investigated in this study. All patterns could be explained by some type of lexicographical ranking. The larger group of experts preordered tissue compatibility or, more technically speaking, the criterion of HLA match, while the complementary group applied the criterion of the length of waiting time first. Analyzing the finer decision structures of expert rankings and com paring the method of pattern exploration with a conjoint measurement analysis led to two follow-up questions: First, how can the value judgments of the experts be described adequately? Second, which type of aggregated ordering derived from the individual rankings represents them ‘best’?


Author(s):  
Kateřina Ryglová ◽  
Jitka Machalová ◽  
Ida Vajčnerová

Tourism is globally considered to be one of the most prospective and dynamic economic branches. However, with respect to highly competitive environment of tourism it has to be professionally organized and managed. The presented article aims to show possibilities of interconnecting marketing tools with the potential of spatial modelling with the objective of making decision-making processes in tourism easier and more efficient (for companies, clients as well as destination managements). The paper deals with the modification of the customer satisfaction measurement model in tourism with possibilities of spatial modelling tools. In the publication the ECSI model (European Customer Sa­tisfaction Index) is modified for the area of tourism, with respect to the fact that the obtained ­values of ECSI indexes can be utilized as introductory data for spatial modelling. The potential of the ECSI utilization is seen as a tool for managing decision-making processes in the area of increasing the quali­ty of tourism services by force of a detailed analysis and quantification of customer satisfaction. If we process the date about satisfaction from monitoring CzechTourism, and if we apply the use date on described ESCI model (the part satisfaction), we see, that the visitors are the most satisfaction with helpfulness (interval 73−87 %), namely in South-Bohemian, South-Moravian, and Zlin region, at least in Midle-Bohemian region. Obtaining own data and their following application and evaluation according to the modified ESCI model for all tourist regions will be the part of a follow-up research. The aim will be to summarize recommendations for individual regions in such a way that they have enough information for more successful utilization of their potential for the development of tourism.


2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Hirata

The purpose of this paper is to analyze decentralized education reform in Japan in terms of School/Site-Based Management (SBM). In the literature, SBM embraces two major elements, namely, the devolution of decision-making authority to the individual school level and Shared Decision-Making (SDM). In Japan, school advisors and school management councils have been established with similar purposes with SBM since 2000. However, because the decision-making authority is not sufficiently devolved to each school and many groups of stakeholders are not significantly involved in decision-making processes, a SBM form of school governance has not been realized in Japan. Cet article a pour but d’analyser la réforme de décentralisation de l’éducation au Japon en termes de l’Administration basée sur l’école ou le site (SBM). Dans la littérature, la SBM se comprend de deux éléments: la dévolution au niveau de chaque école les droits d'exécuter des décisions et la politique des décisions partagées (SDM). Au Japon, les postes de conseillers et les conseils d’administration ont été établis depuis l’an 2000. Et pourtant, parce que les instances ne sont pas assez engagées dans le processus décisionnel, une forme de gouvernance des écoles selon la SBM n’a pas pu se réaliser au Japon.


2018 ◽  

[Alcance y objetivos]. Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar las estrategias políticas y metodológicas para la creación y el fortalecimiento de los programas nacionales de guías enfocados en los procesos de adaptación de guías informadas por la evidencia en las Américas. La directriz presentada en este documento muestra las consideraciones que se deben tener en cuenta en los programas nacionales de guías con el fin de facilitar su implementación y sostenibilidad, así como las metodologías y herramientas para su elaboración. También se exponen las generalidades de la implementación de las guías con el fin de facilitar a las entidades gubernamentales, los actores del sistema de salud y la sociedad civil el uso de guías informadas en la evidencia dentro de los procesos de toma de decisiones a nivel individual, organizacional y de los sistemas de salud. La directriz busca apoyar la elaboración e implementación de guías brindando un mapa general de los requerimientos, presenta los diferentes recursos y manuales regionales y muestra de forma operativa el proceso metodológico. De forma general, toma elementos de diferentes métodos de adaptación, como Adolopment (Schünemann et al., 2017), y los operativiza con el fin de servir de apoyo a los procesos de adaptación de guías. [Scope and objectives]. The purpose of this document is to present policy-oriented and methodological strategies for developing and/or strengthening national guideline programs, focusing on the adaptation of evidence-informed guidelines in the Americas. The information presented in this document includes considerations to be taken into account in national guideline programs in order to facilitate their implementation and sustainability. It presents methodologies and tools for adapting the guidelines, as well as general information on the implementation of guidelines to help governmental agencies, stakeholders in the health care system, and civil society use evidence-informed guidelines in decision-making processes at the individual, organizational, and health system level. This document seeks to support the development and implementation of guidelines while providing a general map of the requirements. It also presents the different resources and regional manuals that discussing greater detail the methodological process. In general, this document takes elements of different methods of adaptation as “Adolopment” (Schünemann et al., 2017) and operationalize them to support the adaptation processes of guidelines.


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