Diachrony and Synchrony of the Latin Ablative

Diachronica ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Gasperini

SUMMARY The present work is concerned with certain aspects of the syncretistic history and synchronic function of the Latin ablative. After a review of the main results achieved and the questions still open in the comparative reconstruction of the Indo-European ablative, locative and instrumental cases, whose merger brought about the Latin ablative, the nature of the syncretism itself is investigated, by drawing some hints from the forms to shed light on the functions. In this treatment the thesis of Meiser (1992) concerning their syncretism through congruence of extensions gives rise, in fact, to interesting corollaries. The third and main part of the paper constitutes a reconstruction hypothesis of the Latin strategies to express the original instrumental meaning area through the alternate use of inherited bare cases and extensive prepositional phrases. The animacy hierarchy with its correlation of attributes seems a proper criterion through which Latin organizes the fluid and somehow redundant situation of a prepositional-case system by building a morphosyntactic schema. RÉSUMÉ Le present travail traite de quelques aspects de la genese syncretiste et du fonctionnement synchronique de l'ablatif latin. Apres un aperçu des principaux acquis et des questions toujours ouvertes en matiere de la reconstruction de l'ablatif, du locatif et de l'instrumental indo-europeens — dont la fusion aboutit a l'ablatif latin — , il est procede a l'examen d'un tel syncretisme, en relevant un certain nombre d'indices formels susceptibles de jeter la lumiere sur les fonctions. Dans ce developpement la these de Meiser (1992) sur le syncretisme a travers la correspondance d'extensions, donne lieu, en fait, a d'interessants corollaires. La troisieme — et principale — partie de 1'article consiste en une hypothese de reconstruction des strategies latines visant l'expression du domaine semantique de 1'instrumental, a travers l'alternance entre cas et groupes prepositionnels: la hierarchie de l'anime, avec sa correlation d'attributs, semble un critere adequat pour comprendre le façon dont le latin a organise la situation fluctuante et quelque peu redon-dante d'un systeme casuel/prepositionnel, en construisant un schema morpho-syntaxique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt einige Aspekte der synkretistischen Genese sowie des synchronischen Funktionierens des lateinischen Ablativs. Zunachst werden in einem Uberblick die wichtigsten bereits erzielten Ergebnisse vorgestellt und dazu auch die immer noch ungelosten Fragen in der Rekonstruktion des indo-europaischen Ablativs, sowie des Lokativ- und Instrumentalkasus, deren Zusammenfall den lateinischen Ablativ hervor-gebracht hat. Anschliessend wird die Natur eines solchen Synkretismus erforscht, indem einige formale Hinweise im Hinblick auf eine Erklarung der Funktionen untersucht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang führt Meisers (1992) These iiber Synkretismus als ein Ergebnis der Kongruenz von Extensionen zu interessanten Schlußfolgerungen. Der dritte und wichtigste Teil des Beitrags betrifft den Versuch einer Rekonstruktion der lateinischen Strategien zur Gestaltung des ursprunglichen instrumentalen Bedeutungs-bereichs durch den wechselnden Gebrauch von bloBem Kasus und Prapositio-nalphrasen. Es stellt sich heraus, daB die Belebtheitshierarchie mit ihrer Korrelation der Attribute ein geeignetes Kriterium darstellt, mit dem das Lateinische die fließende und scheinbar redundante Situation eines praposi-tionalen Kasussystems durch die Entwicklung eines morphosyntaktischen Schemas behoben hat.

Moreana ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (Number 181- (3-4) ◽  
pp. 9-68
Author(s):  
Jean Du Verger

The philosophical and political aspects of Utopia have often shadowed the geographical and cartographical dimension of More’s work. Thus, I will try to shed light on this aspect of the book in order to lay emphasis on the links fostered between knowledge and space during the Renaissance. I shall try to show how More’s opusculum aureum, which is fraught with cartographical references, reifies what Germain Marc’hadour terms a “fictional archipelago” (“The Catalan World Atlas” (c. 1375) by Abraham Cresques ; Zuane Pizzigano’s portolano chart (1423); Martin Benhaim’s globe (1492); Martin Waldseemüller’s Cosmographiae Introductio (1507); Claudius Ptolemy’s Geographia (1513) ; Benedetto Bordone’s Isolario (1528) ; Diogo Ribeiro’s world map (1529) ; the Grand Insulaire et Pilotage (c.1586) by André Thevet). I will, therefore, uncover the narrative strategies used by Thomas More in a text which lies on a complex network of geographical and cartographical references. Finally, I will examine the way in which the frontispiece of the editio princeps of 1516, as well as the frontispiece of the third edition published by Froben at Basle in 1518, clearly highlight the geographical and cartographical aspect of More’s narrative.


Author(s):  
Labeeb Bsoul

This article aims to shed light on a particular area in the field of Islamic International law (siyar) treaty in Islamic jurisprudence. It addresses a comparative view of classical jurists of treaties both theoretically and historically and highlights their continued relevance to the contemporary world. Since the concept of treaty a lacuna in scholarship as well as the familiar of international legal theorists to study and integrate the Islamic treaty system into the body of modern international law in order to have a mutual understanding and respect and honor for treaties among nations. I would like to present a series of three parts the first one addresses the concept of treaty in Islamic jurisprudence the second addresses the process of drafting treaties and their conclusion and the third addresses selected treaties, including the treaty of H{udaybiya that took place between Muslims and non-Muslims..


Author(s):  
Moeed Yusuf

This book is the first to theorize third party mediation in crises between regional nuclear powers. Its relevance flows from two of the most significant international developments since the end of the Cold War: the emergence of regional nuclear rivalries; and the shift from the Cold War’s bipolar context to today’s unipolar international setting. Moving away from the traditional bilateral deterrence models, the book conceptualizes crisis behavior as “brokered bargaining”: a three-way bargaining framework where the regional rivals and the ‘third party’ seek to influence each other to behave in line with their crisis objectives and in so doing, affect each other’s crisis behavior. The book tests brokered bargaining theory by examining U.S.-led crisis management in South Asia, analyzing three major crises between India and Pakistan: the Kargil conflict, 1999; the 2001-02 nuclear standoff; and the Mumbai crisis, 2008. The case studies find strong evidence of behavior predicted by the brokered bargaining framework. They also shed light on several risks of misperceptions and inadvertence due to the challenges inherent in signaling to multiple audiences simultaneously. Traditional explanations rooted in bilateral deterrence models do not account for these, leaving a void with serious practical consequences, which the introduction of brokered bargaining seeks to fill. The book’s findings also offer lessons for crises on the Korean peninsula, between China and India, and between potential nuclear rivals in the Middle East.


Author(s):  
Aurelie Van de Meulebroucke

On the 13th of June, 1529, Robert de Croÿ made his Joyous Entry into the bishopric-duchyof Cambrai. As a descendant of a powerful noble family from Picardy, young Robert,who was appointed bishop at the age of 17, was the third of his name to occupy theepiscopal see of Cambrai. Yet, through his instalment as a bishop, Robert not only arrogatedthe episcopal power of the Cambraian bishopric, he also was able to publicly displaythe power and pride of the Croÿ family, who ruled Cambrai for already three generations.At about the same time of his Joyous Entry, the Ladies Peace of Cambrai was concluded.This peace treaty temporarily ended the Italian Wars (1494-1559), a conflictbetween the king of France and the Burgundian rulers. By focussing on his Joyous Entry,this article will shed light on the means in which Robert de Croÿ used both this internationalframework and his aristocratie descent to express his personal power and familyinterests in Cambrai.


Modern Italy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-303
Author(s):  
Gabriele Proglio

This article examines the most important documentary film about the Italian ‘victory’ in Ethiopia, Il cammino degli eroi, by Corrado D’Errico (1936), the primary aim being to shed light on its complex iconographic system of representation. The first part examines the representation of the ‘African Mussolini’. In the second part, the article analyses the ‘conqueror’s gaze’ in the visual perspective employed by D’Errico in his account of the new Italian colony. The third part is devoted to arguing the juxtaposition between ‘Italian Creation and Ethiopian apocalypse’. Finally, the last part of the article deals with the reasons for the Ethiopian war.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Patryk Bukowski

According to the title, the subject of this article is the activity of Frontex (European Border and Coast Guard Agency) on the Western Balkan route during the migrant crisis, the escalation of which took place in mid-2015. The main part of the text has been divided into four parts. In the first part of the article, the author briefly described the genesis of Frontex and its current activity in the normative perspective. In the second part, the author characterised the determinants of the migrant crisis, focusing on the challenges for the European Union which the crisis generated. In the third part, the author described the course of the Western Balkan route and analysed statistical data on the population migrating that route. In the fourth and last part, the author analysed Frontex’s activity on the Western Balkan route, describing the determinants of the actions taken.


2019 ◽  
pp. 58-101
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller

Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular and plural), and case: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative. Except in -u- stems, the vocative has the form of the accusative and/or is syncretized with the nominative. Demonstratives and pronominals have a residual instrumental, e.g. þe (by this), and ablative, e.g. jáinþro (from there). Adjectives are similarly inflected but also have strong and weak forms. Comparatives and nonpast participles are weak. The precise syntactic status of D-words (demonstratives, determiners, and articles) is impossible to test. Personal pronouns of the first and second person are inflected for singular, plural, and dual, and have no gender distinction. The third person pronoun has all three genders but only singular and plural number. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are morphologically identical. Gothic has a rich negative polarity system. Numerals are partly inflected and partly indeclinable. Deictic adverbs belong to an old local case system.


2020 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Zoe Adams

The chapter builds on the analysis in Chapter 1 with a view to exploring the nature of law and its relationship with capitalist society in more detail. The previous chapter used an analysis of capitalism’s deep structures to explore the nature of law’s role(s) in capitalism, engaging with the various legal ‘functions’ that capitalism presupposes. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the implications of this understanding of law’s role (or function) when it comes to understanding law’s form. The first section begins by developing a theory of the legal form by engaging with the work of Evgeny Pashukanis. The second section teases out the implications of this analysis for our understanding of the relationship between the legal form and capitalism’s contradictions. The third section draws on this analysis to shed light on the relationship between legal form and content. The fourth section makes some tentative conclusions about the implications of this analysis for our understanding of labour law.


2020 ◽  
pp. 57-98
Author(s):  
Coulter H. George

The chapter begins with a discussion of some of the characteristic features of Latin, such as its case system and ablative absolute construction, with examples taken largely from Latin phrases (like vice versa) that have passed directly into English. Three case studies follow: the first looks at the word-play in Lucretius’ De rerum natura made possible through linguistic features particular to Latin, the second at the difficulties involved in translating Horace’s Odes 4.7 through a comparison of the Latin with A. E. Housman’s translation, noting especially the interlaced word order of the original poem, the third at the extreme compression of Latin seen in Tacitus’ Annals.


Author(s):  
D. B. McAlister

SynopsisThe aim of this paper is to describe the free product of a pair G, H of groups in the category of inverse semigroups. Since any inverse semigroup generated by G and H is a homomorphic image of this semigroup, this paper can be regarded as asking how large a subcategory, of the category of inverse semigroups, is the category of groups? In this light, we show that every countable inverse semigroup is a homomorphic image of an inverse subsemigroup of the free product of two copies of the infinite cyclic group. A similar result can be obtained for arbitrary cardinalities. Hence, the category of inverse semigroups is generated, using algebraic constructions by the subcategory of groups.The main part of the paper is concerned with obtaining the structure of the free product G inv H, of two groups G, H in the category of inverse semigroups. It is shown in section 1 that G inv H is E-unitary; thus G inv H can be described in terms of its maximum group homomorphic image G gp H, the free product of G and H in the category of groups, and its semilattice of idempotents. The second section considers some properties of the semilattice of idempotents while the third applies these to obtain a representation of G inv H which is faithful except when one group is a non-trivial finite group and the other is trivial. This representation is used in section 4 to give a structure theorem for G inv H. In this section, too, the result described in the first paragraph is proved. The last section, section 5, consists of examples.


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