Pre-diaspora Arabic

Diachronica ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Owens
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Arabic

Arabic dialects, the native spoken Arabic of about 250 million people, are spread over an immense, contiguous geographical area from Iran to Lake Chad, from Morocco to Yemen. Corresponding to this geographical spread is considerable linguistic diversity. An explanation for this diversity has proved elusive. The existence of variants found either in the modern dialects or in the Classical literature (or both), which are not self-evidently derivable from a normalized Classical Arabic (largely standardized by the ninth century), argues for a more diverse set of inputs into the Arabic which spread outwards from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century. I elucidate this problem by comparing four varieties of Arabic located in widely separated areas and settled at different times. To account for the internal diversity of the areas compared, a dataset is established with 49 phonological and morphological features, which, using simple statistical procedures, permits a normalized comparison of the varieties. From this set of variables, two specific linguistic features are discussed in detail and reconstructions proposed, which place their origins in a pre-diaspora variety. I conclude that the Arabic which preceded the Arabic diaspora of the seventh century was considerably more diverse than interpretations of the history of Arabic traditionally allow for. Additional information and data: http://german.lss.wisc.edu/Diachronica/Owens/pdfs.htm

scholarly journals Lexical and stylistic features of Olesya Mamchych’ poetry for children

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Olha Novodvorchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folk Art ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Artistic Images ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selective Analysis

The article deals with the consideration of lexical and stylistic features of poems for children of the modern writer O. Mamchych. The study contains a selective analysis of the poetry of the writer, which reveals the peculiarities of modeling the poetry of different genres (in the form of small folklore genres and contemporary lyrics), the use of a mix of traditional and contemporary images, allusions to the works of oral folk art and works of classical literature for children. The article covers the plot, thematic and ideological content of poetry. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the sound organization of poetic speech by O. Mamchych, the linguistic and stylistic instruments of the artist. The writer finds the right rhymes, builds the original soundtrack of the poem using the play of sounds. Most of the writer's works are full of alliteration, sensations, anaphors and epiphora. Such verbal music fascinates the reader. The lexical means of expressing the poetry language of O. Mamchych reflect the moods of the modern world, modern Ukraine and the child of the future. The writer uses colloquial vocabulary, novelties and historicisms in her composition. The poem «Kozak» perfectly illustrates O. Mamchych's ability to use historicism and colloquial vocabulary. The author basing on the traditions and history of the Ukrainian people builds a lively story about a little boy, a Cossack, who fights with foreigners. The linguistic features of the poetry of the writer reveal her artistic skill. Bright epithets, metaphors, comparisons convey all the beauty of the poetic word of Olesya Mamchych to the reader. The artistic word of the writer is to move the reader, to influence on his feelings, to encourage him to be kinder, to study the history and culture of the Ukrainian people, and to keep up with the times. The work of O. Mamchych is constantly in harmony with the past and the present. It relies on traditional artistic images to create new ones. The writer opens familiar images in a new way in many compositions. The master of the poetic word builds an invisible bridge of understanding between the reader and the author by the allusions to the works of oral folk art and works of classical literature for children. The article gives the confirmation that O. Mamchych's poetry is not only aesthetic, but also linguo-didactic, because it contributes to the linguistic formation (lexical, phonetic and grammatical) and speech competences (artistic speech, cognitive speech, emotional) of a child. The research gives an opportunity to understand the model of the O. Mamchych world, to find out the basic mechanisms of the 21st century poetry image formation for preschool children.

Arabic Historical Dialectology

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
South Arabia ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Arabic Speaking

This book, by a group of leading international scholars, outlines the history of the spoken dialects of Arabic from the Arab conquests of the seventh century up to the present day. It specifically investigates the evolution of Arabic as a spoken language, in contrast to the many existing studies that focus on written Classical or Modern Standard Arabic. The volume begins with a discursive introduction that deals with important issues in the general scholarly context, including the indigenous myth and probable reality of the history of Arabic; Arabic dialect geography and typology; types of internally and externally motivated linguistic change; social indexicalization; and pidginization and creolization in Arabic-speaking communities. Most chapters then focus on developments in a specific region—Mauritania, the Maghreb, Egypt, the Levant, the Northern Fertile Crescent, the Gulf, and South Arabia—with one exploring Judaeo-Arabic, a group of varieties historically spread over a wider area. The remaining two chapters in the volume examine individual linguistic features of particular historical interest and controversy, specifically the origin and evolution of the b- verbal prefix, and the adnominal linker –an/–in. The volume will be of interest to scholars and students of the linguistic and social history of Arabic as well as to comparative linguists interested in topics such as linguistic typology and language change.

The way of the peasant

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Brett
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Materials

The book under review here is to be compared with the volume published over ten years ago under the editorship of Michael Cook, Studies in the economic history of the Middle East (London, 1970). It covers essentially the same subject over the same period of time in the same fashion, by a series of papers contributed to a major international conference. It differs first of all in the length of time it has taken to produce the work, seven years from the original conference at Princeton in 1974, compared with three from the conference at S.O.A.S. in 1967 to the publication of the earlier collection. It is in fact much longer, with more space and time allowed to the contributors to rewrite their papers and annotate them, in great and often discursive detail. The editor is to be complimented on the very high standard of the production of the mammoth tome which results. The weight is heavily on the countryside and the agricultural economy; neither trade, nor industry, nor urban life make much of an appearance except as their adjuncts. Only historical demography (4 articles) stands in any way as a separate subject. More usual is the emphasis upon Egypt, which once again receives the greatest attention, in ten or eleven out of the total twenty-four contributions. Atypical as the Nile valley may seem, its source materials continue to influence the pattern of research in the much wider field of the book's title. Elsewhere it is something of a shock to find, in the papers of Morony on seventh-century Iraq, Talbi on ninth-century Ifrīqiya, Burns on fourteenth-century Valencia, and Rafeq on eighteenth-century Syria, the wealth of detail that comes from a legal literature, an archive or court records, and to realize how few and far between such studies are outside Egypt.

The Primary History of Armenia: An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Robert H. Hewson
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Historical Memories

Few peoples of the Middle East have produced as many historical works as the Armenians: their historiography dates back at least to the fifth century A.D. While most medieval Armenian historians have concerned themselves with contemporary history and the immediate past, there have been some who have attempted to trace Armenian history from the earliest times. It is to two of these, Pseudo-Sebeos and Pseudo-Moses of Khoren, that we owe the survival of the body of historical memories now generally referred to as the Primary History of Armenia.This Primary History has come to us in two redactions, a long and a short. The shorter version is attributed to the earliest known Armenian historian, Agathangelos (fourth century A.D.?) and is presented in the opening section of a seventh-century work ascribed-probably wrongly-to a certain bishop named Sebeos. The longer version, much expanded and edited, is contained in Book One of the compilation of Armenian antiquities known as the History of Armenia by Pseudo-Moses of Khoren. While the date of this work has been much disputed, it appears now to be a product of the late eighth or early ninth century.According to Pseudo-Sebeos the short redaction of the Primary History was a work originally written by Agathangelos, secretary to Tiridates HI (298–330), the first Christian king of Armenia, and was based on information contained in a book written by a certain Marab the Philosopher from Mtsurn, a town in western Armenia. Pseudo-Moses, on the other hand, claims that the parallel material in his history (I. 9–32 and II. 1–9) is an extract by Marabas Katiba from a Greek translation of a Chaldean history of Armenia made by order of Alexander the Great.

Linguistic Features Shared by the Jewish Dialects of Baghdad and Aleppo and Their Possible Implications for the History of Both Communities

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-48
Author(s):  
Werner Arnold ◽  
Assaf Bar-Moshe
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
History Of

The Arabic dialect of the Jews in Baghdad (jb) presents some surprising similarities with Levantine dialects, and specifically with the Arabic dialect of the Jews in Aleppo (ja). These similarities, which are rarely found in the vast geographical area between the two cities, might be explained by immigration or at least strong connections between these two Jewish centers. This article presents the grammatical features that the two dialects share and compares them with other dialects in the Mesopotamian-Levantine region. Afterwards, these findings are compared with existing historical sources. Finally, some speculations are presented about how the linguistic evidence reflects on the history of these two communities.

Lifting in early Greek Architecture

1974 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Coulton
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
History Of Technology ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Greek Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Temple

In the standard handbooks on the techniques of Greek architecture, the problem of lifting heavy architectural members is considered mainly in terms of the various cranes and hoists based on compound pulley systems which are described by Vitruvius and Hero of Alexandria. It is assumed that the same basic method was employed also in the Archaic period, and that the use of an earth ramp by Chersiphron to raise the architraves of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos in the mid-sixth century was exceptional. If this is true, it is a matter of some interest in the history of technology. The simple pulley, used not to gain mechanical advantage but just to change the direction of pull, is first known from an Assyrian relief of the ninth century B.C., and may well have been known to the Greeks before they began to build in megalithic masonry in the late seventh century B.C.; but the earliest indisputable evidence for a knowledge of compound pulley systems is in the Mechanical Problems attributed to Aristotle, but more probably written by a member of his school in the early third century B.C. This is a theoretical discussion of a system which was already used by builders, but it is not so certain that practice preceded theory by three centuries or more. It is therefore worth looking again at the evidence for the use of cranes, hoists and pulleys in early Greek building.

A Tale of Two Narrators: Some Historical, Geographical and Cultural Considerations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livnat Holtzman
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Beatific Vision ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
History Of

This chapter offers a combined literary-historical approach to ḥadīth al-ruʾya (‘the ḥadīth of the beatific vision’). The chapter examines the alleged origins of this ḥadīth in seventh century Medina, and follows the circulation of this text until it became one of the foremost iconic texts of Islamic traditionalism. The chapter examines two versions of ḥadīth al-ruʾya attributed to the Prophet’s companions, Jarir al-Bajali and Abu Razin al-ʿUqayli, and highlights the role of Abu Razin and Jarir’s family members and tribesmen in shaping the two narratives of ḥadīth al-ruʼya. Although the two narratives were almost identical, Jarir’s narrative was admitted into the traditionalistic canon, while Abu Razin’s narrative was cherished only by a few traditionalists. This chapter considers the various factors that led to the iconisation of Jarir’s narrative, and identifies the miḥna, the formative event of Islamic traditionalism that occurred in ninth century Baghdad, as the turning point in the history of this text. During the miḥna, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855) was harshly interrogated by the caliph’s vizier about his belief in the beatific vision. By citing Jarir’s narrative as the ultimate textual evidence of his belief, Ibn Hanbal contributed to this text’s iconisation.

The Development of Hebrew and the Book of Jeremiah

2021 ◽  
pp. 176-191
Author(s):  
Aaron D. Hornkohl
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Of Jeremiah ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Control Samples

This chapter is a linguistic examination of the book of Jeremiah which contributes to understanding both the development of ancient Hebrew and the place of the book in that history. Since the inception of critical study of the Hebrew Bible, scholars have engaged in the linguistic periodization of its constituent texts. According to the regnant paradigm, Biblical Hebrew divides into pre-exilic Classical Biblical Hebrew (CBH) and post-exilic Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH). Scholars employ control samples and rigorous methods to identify linguistic features characteristic of particular chronolects and to periodize texts based on concentrations of characteristic features, all the while taking into account the “noise” caused by other sources of linguistic diversity, textual fluidity, and literary development. The present chapter focuses on linguistic diachrony and the book of Jeremiah. It examines where the book fits into the history of ancient Hebrew—arguing that it represents a transitional Hebrew between CBH and LBH; how diachronic sensitivity supports or contradicts theories concerning the book’s formation and development (including the theory of short and long versions and other notions of a composite text); and how the awareness of chronolects can contribute to the exegesis of interpretive cruxes.

THE UNITY OFTHEME AND IDEA IN FURQAT'S WORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Latofat Tajibayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Xix Century

This article discusses the importance of Furkat's work in the semantic renewal of classical literature. Furkat's work, which played a special role in the development of enlightenment literature, has a strong place in the history of culture in the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century. Critical thinking prevailed in the poet's lyrics, which glorified universal ideas. The expression of social consciousness in an objective and truthful way, the stabilization of realistic principles, begins with Furkat's poetry.

The History of the Judahite Bench Tomb

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Suriano
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Insight Into

The history of the Judahite bench tomb provides important insight into the meaning of mortuary practices, and by extension, death in the Hebrew Bible. The bench tomb appeared in Judah during Iron Age II. Although it included certain burial features that appear earlier in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, such as burial benches, and the use of caves for extramural burials, the Judahite bench tomb uniquely incorporated these features into a specific plan that emulated domestic structures and facilitated multigenerational burials. During the seventh century, and continuing into the sixth, the bench tombs become popular in Jerusalem. The history of this type of burial shows a gradual development of cultural practices that were meant to control death and contain the dead. It is possible to observe within these cultural practices the tomb as a means of constructing identity for both the dead and the living.

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