Basic vocabulary and Bayesian phylolinguistics

Donohue et al.’s critique of our work on the origins and spread of the Austronesian language family is marred by misunderstandings. We respond to these by noting that our Bayesian phylogenetic approach: (1) distinguishes between retentions and innovations probabilistically, (2) focuses on basic vocabulary not ‘the lexicon’, (3) eliminates known loanwords, (4) produces results that are congruent with the results of the comparative method and conflict with the scenarios requiring unprecedented amounts of language shift postulated by Donohue et al.

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Nauruan in the Austronesian Language Family

Oceanic Linguistics ◽

10.2307/3622864 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 12 (1/2) ◽

pp. 479 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Geoffrey S. Nathan

Keyword(s):

Language Family ◽

Austronesian Language

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The Lexical and Phonetical Features of The Tengger Dialect of Javanese

Metathesis Journal of English Language Literature and Teaching ◽

10.31002/metathesis.v2i1.719 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 147

Author(s):

Sri - Andayani

Keyword(s):

Historical Linguistics ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Language Family ◽

Austronesian Language ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

Observation Method ◽

Local Languages

Probolinggo, East Java is an area of Pandalungan. Culturally, the area has the mixing of Javanese and Madurese cultures, so as the local languages that are used by the society. Most of Probolinggo people master Javanese as well as Madurese language. Besides, there is one more dialect developing in Probolinggo, that is Tengger dialectdialect. It is used by the Tengger society in Tengger Mountainuos region around Mount Bromo. The Javanese that is used by the Tengger society is different from the Javanese of Probolinggo or even the standard Javanese. The significant difference is in the pronunciation of the vowel. It tends to have the features of the Old Javanese. By doing Comparative Historical Linguistics study, the features of Tengger dialect compared to the Modern and Old Javanese. The qualitative descriptive study uses an observation method to collect the data. Then, they are analyzed by the distributional and identity methods. It indicates that the distribution and development of Javanese as a part of Austronesian language family is not merely innovatively. It can be relix likewise. The Tengger dialect phonetical and lexical features tends to be similar to the Old Javanese feature, not the modern ones as the innovative Javanese.

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KORESPONDENSI FONEMIS ENAM KATA KERABAT BAHASA INDONESIA, BAHASA MELAYU KELANTAN, BAHASA MELAYU PATANI, DAN BAHASA SUNDA

Metahumaniora ◽

10.24198/metahumaniora.v10i2.27523 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Wahya Wahya ◽

Suhaila Arong

Keyword(s):

Language Group ◽

Language Family ◽

Austronesian Language ◽

The Difference ◽

Rain Data ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

AbstrakBahasa Indonesia, bahasa Melayu Kelantan, bahasa Melayu Patani, dan bahasa Sunda merupakan bahasa kerabat. Keempat bahasa tersebut termasuk rumpun bahasa Austronesia. Ketiga bahasa pertama, yaitu bahasa Indonesia, Melayu Kelantan, dan Melayu Patani termasuk kelompok bahasa Melayu, sedangkan bahasa Sunda tidak termasuk bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Indonesia dan Sunda terdapat di Indonesia. Bahasa Melayu Kelantan terdapat di Malaysia. Bahasa Melayu Patani terdapat di Thailand. Sebagai bahasa kerabat rumpun Austronesia, keempat bahasa memiliki kosakata yang diwariskan dari bahasa yang lebih tua. Ciri-ciri adanya pewarisan tersebut dapat diamati pada kosakata yang memiliki persamaan atau kemiripan bentuk dan makna. Masalah yang dibahas adalah korespondensi fonemis apa yang menunjukkan perbedaan kata kerabat yang diperoleh dari hasil membandingkan kata kerabat pada enam glos dari empat bahasa sampel yang diteliti. Dalam tulisan ini diambil enam kata sampel bahasa Indonesia sebagai glos dari 200 glos kosakata dasar Swadesh, yaitu hapus, hati, hidup, hijau, hitam, dan hujan. Data bersumber dari kamus dan informan. Dari hasil penelitian terhadap kata kerabat untuk enam glos tersebut diperoleh sembilan perangkat korespondensi fonemis, yaitu (a) /h ~ ø/ , (b) /s ~ h/, (c) /i ~ ɛ/, (d) /d ~ r/, (e) /p ~ k/, (f) /aw ~ a ~ ɔ/ , (g) /am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ/, dan (h) /-an ~ --ɛ/. Selanjutnya, setiap korespondensi fonemis tersebut menghasilkan pengelompokan bahasa yang memperlihatkan pemilik unsur bahasa yang terdapat pada korespondensi fonemis tersebut dan jika dilakukan rekonstruksi, pengelompokan bahasa tersebutmenunjukkan pencabangan dari bahasa yang lebih tua yang telah menurunkannya.Kata kunci: rumpun bahasa, kata kerabat, korespondensi fonemis, pewarisan. AbstractIndonesian, Kelantan Malay, Patani Malay, and Sundanese are kin languages. The four languages include the Austronesian language family. The first three languages, namely Indonesian, Kelantan Malay, and Patani Malay belong to the Malay language group, while Sundanese does not include Malay. Indonesian and Sundanese are found in Indonesia. Kelantan Malay is found in Malaysia. Patani Malay is found in Thailand. As the languages of relatives of Austronesian families, all four languages have vocabulary inherited from older languages. The characteristics of inheritance can be observed in vocabulary that has similarities or similarities in form and meaning. The problem discussed is the phonemic correspondence of what shows the difference in relative words obtained from the results of comparing relative words in the six glossos of the four sample languages studied. In this paper six Indonesian sample words are taken as glossos from 200 basic Swadesh vocabulary words, namely erase, heart, life, green, black, and rain. Data sourced from dictionaries and informants. From the results of research on the word relatives for the six glossos obtained nine phonemic correspondence sets, namely (a) / h ~ ø /, (b) / s ~ h /, (c) / i ~ ɛ /, (d) / d ~ r /, (e) / p ~ k /, (f) / aw ~ a ~ ɔ /, (g) / am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ /, and (h) / -an ~ --ɛ /. Furthermore, each phonemic correspondence results in a grouping of languages that shows the owner of the language elements contained in the phonemic correspondence and if a reconstruction is made, the grouping of languages shows the branching of older languages which has derived it.Keywords: language family, word relatives, phonemic correspondence, inheritance

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The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia

Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 167-194

Author(s):

Mark Donohue ◽

Tim Denham

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Language Shift ◽

Language Family ◽

Austronesian Languages ◽

Island Southeast Asia ◽

South West ◽

The Pacific ◽

European Colonization

The spread of modern humans into and across Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific represents the earliest confirmed dispersal of humans across a marine environment, and involved numerous associated technologies that indicate sophisticated societies on the move. The later spread of ‘Austronesian’ over the region shows language replacement on a scale that is reminiscent of the period of state-sponsored European colonization, and yet the Austronesian languages present a typological profile that is more diverse than any other large language family. These facts require investigation. This chapter examines the separate, but intertwined, histories of the region. It shows that the dispersal of Austronesian languages, originating in Taiwan, should not be portrayed as a technological and demographic steamroller. This involves discussion of the nature of pre-Austronesian society and language in the south-west Pacific, and the degree to which it has and has not changed following ‘Austronesianization’.

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Reconstructing the history of languages in northwest New Britain

Journal of Historical Linguistics ◽

10.1075/jhl.4.1.03ros ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 84-132

Author(s):

Malcolm D. Ross

Keyword(s):

Language Contact ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Language Shift ◽

Austronesian Languages ◽

Contact Linguistics ◽

History Of ◽

New Britain

William Thurston (1982, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994) analyzes the history of the languages of the northwest area of New Britain. This history has included much contact among the area’s languages, all of which are Oceanic Austronesian with the exception of the Papuan language Anêm. Thurston, however, took the position that all linguistic speciation is brought about by language contact, especially by language shift. In this paper, the comparative method is applied to Thurston’s (and others’) data to reconstruct a partial history of the languages of the area, exemplifying how the comparative method may be applied in contact situations. Reanalysis of his data shows that a number of his conclusions about the histories of the area’s Austronesian languages are wrong, but validates his claim that language shift is manifested in copied specialist vocabulary, a conclusion that is important for historical contact linguistics, as such cases may provide few or no other clues that shift has occurred.

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The Influence of Initial Consonants on the Intrinsic Pitch of High and Low Vowels in the Malay Dialect Spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand

MANUSYA ◽

10.1163/26659077-00901002 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 13-25

Author(s):

Phanintra Teeranon

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asian ◽

Language Family ◽

Austronesian Language ◽

High Vowels ◽

Asian Languages

High vowels tend to have higher intrinsic F0 (pitch) than low vowels (e.g. Lehiste, 1970; Whalen and Levitt, 1995). Higher intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiceless consonants, lower intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiced consonants. When high vowels follow voiced consonants and low vowels follow voiceless consonants, the voicing of initial consonants has been found to counterbalance the intrinsic F0 value of high and low vowels. In other words, voiced consonants will lower F0 values of high vowels, and voiceless consonants will raise F0 values of low vowels to the extent that the average F0 of these high vowels is actually lower than the average F0 of the low vowels under examination (Clark and Yallop, 1990; House and Fairbanks, 1953; Lehiste, 1970; Lehiste and Peterson, 1961; Laver, 1994). To test whether this counterbalance finding is applicable to Southeast Asian languages, the F0 values of high and low vowels following voiceless and voiced consonants were studied in a Malay dialect of the Austronesian language family spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand.

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A brief response to Fellner and Hill’s “Word families, allofams, and the comparative method”

Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale ◽

10.1163/19606028-04802003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 125-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zev HANDEL

Keyword(s):

Atlantic

The Oxford Handbook of African Languages ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.44 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 160-173

Author(s):

Friederike Lüpke

Keyword(s):

Complex Systems ◽

Language Contact ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Atlantic Coast ◽

Genetic Group ◽

Language Family ◽

The Status ◽

Noun Class ◽

Lexical Data

Atlantic is one of the controversial branches of the Niger-Congo language family. Both its validity as a genetic group and its internal classification are far from being settled. The longstanding debate on the status and structure of Atlantic cannot be closed before the descriptive situation of these languages allows for sufficient and reliable lexical data; before attempts at applying the comparative method have been made; and before the extensive role of language contact for shaping the languages in question is taken into account. Although no typological feature or feature combinations characterizes the group as a whole, several features are considered typical for Atlantic languages, including noun class systems, consonant mutation, and complex systems of verbal derivation, which have been used to justify suggested genealogical groupings. Atlantic languages, with the exception of Fula, are attested in an area from Liberia to Senegal, stretching from the Atlantic coast to the hinterland.

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Investigation of the achievement scores of the people learning Turkish as a foreign language according to linguistic distance

Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi ◽

10.14527/pegegog.2018.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 19-46

Author(s):

Derya Çobanoğlu Aktan ◽

Kayhan İnan

Keyword(s):

Language Learners ◽

Personal Information ◽

Course Completion ◽

Language Family ◽

Linguistic Distance ◽

Austronesian Language ◽

The People ◽

And Gender ◽

Turkish Language ◽

Writing Scores

In this study, predictor variables (age, gender, region and language family) affecting the scores of Turkish language learners are examined through multiple regression method. The study group consisted of 280 international students registered to Turkish Language Teaching Centers located at Gazi and Hacettepe Universities. The research data were obtained from the Turkish course completion exam papers and personal information forms. According to the results, the average scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than those from the Altai language family. Additionally, the writing scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic and Austronesian language families; the speaking scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European language families; reading comprehension scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu and Sino-Tibetan language families and grammar scores of the students from Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than the scores of the Altai language family. In addition, while the age variable was found to have a positive effect on speaking scores, it was observed that area and gender variables were not significant predicators of scores. Findings are discussed in the light of literature and suggestions for further research are provided.

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Malay: A short history

South Pacific Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/s025754340000095x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 14-24

Author(s):

K. Alexander Adelaar

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Public Life ◽

Cultural Influences ◽

Colonial Period ◽

National Language ◽

Eastern European ◽

Language Family ◽

Short History ◽

Austronesian Language ◽

History Of

ABSTRACTThis article follows the development of Malay from prehistorical times to the present. After a brief overview of the variety of languages in Southeast Asia and Oceania, the position of Malay within the Austronesian language family is discussed as well as the Malay homeland. The history of Malay is followed throughout its most important stages, from the period of the oldest written evidence in the late 7th century AD to the age of the Malaccan sultanate in the 15th-16th centuries, the colonial period in which Malay became the most important language in all domains of public life except in the highest echelons, and the present post-independence period in which Malay has become the national language in four states of Southeast Asia. Attention is also given to sociolinguistic differentiation, to foreign influences, to the engineering planning and manipulation of Malay in recent times and to its role as a vehicle for the spread of several religions and foreign (Indian, Mid-eastern, European) cultural influences.

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