Social meaning and the obsolescence of traditional local structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Language Ideology ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Speech Styles ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Standard Language Ideology

Abstract This paper discusses the obsolescence of h-dropping as a local feature in Maryport, West Cumbria. Using sociolinguistic interview data, a quantitative approach and mixed-effects modelling is used to explain the linguistic changes in the community. Sociolinguistic accounts of h-dropping always state that the feature is and has been stigmatised in England since the 18th century. However, the oldest speakers in the sample do not change their level of h-dropping in more formal speech styles, which indicates that the standard language ideology of “proper” English might not be pervasive for them. However, for speakers born after 1960 the use of h-dropping is decreasing in apparent time. From the 1960s onwards, Maryport has seen social change as the strong neighbourhood ties broke up and from the 1980s experienced strong job losses. I argue that these social changes are correlated with the decline and eventual obsolescence of h-dropping in the community.

scholarly journals Social Change in Brazil Through Innovations and Social Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-438
Author(s):  
Karina Maldonado-Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

Social innovations and changes in educational systems are the cornerstones for success of emerging countries. Current developments in Brazil and heterogeneity of society make the country a perfect candidate to investigate these topics. Drawing on historical analysis and content analysis, the author builds a model that recognizes patterns of social change. This model enables to analyze social change through the interaction of radical changes, innovations, social movements, and reforms. This model is applied to two periods in Brazil, where social movements, like the revolution in the 1930s and the military coup in the 1960s, triggered a series of social changes. The findings of this study suggest that social change is a cyclical process where social innovations and educational change are involved. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of current changes in the Brazilian society and provide a key instrument for analyzing social change in other societies.

Romani in the Czech sociolinguistic space

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (238) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Language Ideology ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Standard Language Ideology

AbstractThe study was prompted by the question of whether Romani, the language of the dominant and traditional minority, is acceptable as a language in the profile of a bilingual living in the Czech Republic. It outlines the situation of Romani in the Czech sociolinguistic space and argues for its rehabilitation so that it could be studied, taught, maintained in a community, and used to represent its speakers. This is necessary in order to raise its prestige, positively affect its speakers’ identity and in turn stimulate an attitudinal shift and social change. Obstacles to Romani rehabilitation are related to it being framed by Czech culture, which is driven by a standard language ideology rendering Romani a stigmatized language. Romani speakers distance themselves from Romani dialects and the ethnolect as expressions of social and economic disadvantage. Recent research has established that Romani has shown signs of language shift.

scholarly journals Assessing the sociolinguistic situation of the Maroon creoles

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Migge ◽  
Isabelle Léglise
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Sociolinguistic Status

Recent anthropological and socio-historical research on Maroon populations suggests that Maroon communities have undergone significant social change since the 1960s spurred by processes of urbanization. However, to date very little is known about how these social changes are impacting on the Maroon Creoles as there is very little sociolinguistic research being carried out in the region. The aim of this paper is to examine the sociolinguistic context of the Maroon Creoles in the light of data from two recent sociolinguistic surveys carried out in Suriname and French Guiana. The findings demonstrate that the sociolinguistic status of Maroon languages has undergone various changes. Several of them are now well represented in French Guiana and, as additional languages, are gaining speakers both in Suriname and French Guiana. While their speakers increasingly practice them together with other languages, thus displaying their multilingual repertoire, there is little indication that their survival is threatened because their speakers predominantly hold positive attitudes towards them.

scholarly journals 1968 as a Symbol

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Kryštof Kozák
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Collective Imagination ◽  
The 1960S

The year 1968 keeps capturing collective imagination on both sides of the Atlantic, as it serves as a convenient shortcut for social developments and upheavals throughout the 1960s. Even though in every country the events of 1968 unfolded differently, dramatic street protests demanding profound social changes define the dominant memory of this year on global scale. Violent suppression of street protesters by security forces form the dominant images of that year all around the globe, even if targets of the popular discontent were quite diverse. The year 1968 can also be seen as the pinnacle of idealistic efforts for progressive social change, which was replaced by normalization efforts induced by various methods in different contexts throughout the 1970s. As such, it is connected with feelings of nostalgia and lost opportunities especially for those who consider themselves to be progressives. But to what extent were the events of 1968 truly seminal? What were their lasting legacies?  

scholarly journals Cambio e Historia: necesidades y posibilidades del análisis historiográfico a través de las "experiencias de transformación"

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Pablo Ortega del Cerro
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Change Theory ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Social Change Theory ◽  
Methodological Problems

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo hacer una revisión de algunos problemas metodológicos del análisis historiográfico del cambio social. Se pre­tende superar la idea esencial de que las transfor­maciones sociales adoptan formas de transiciones entre modelos de sociedad, se quiere subrayar la complejidad de las mutaciones y se intenta recla­mar un examen de los cambios a través de una disección micro. Se propone lo que hemos deno­minado «experiencias de transformación» como un instrumento para indagar en los procesos de cambio y como un medio para abordar la com­plejidad de los factores que están en juego. Esto significa estudiar los cambios sociales desde los episodios micro de la vida social, es decir, analizar todos los momentos vividos en relación con ciertas mutaciones sociales en contextos determinados y las formas en que los individuos reaccionan, perci­ben, gestionan, negocian, promueven o, incluso, se resisten a los cambios. Aunque el trabajo no abor­da una cronología específica, gran parte de las re­flexiones proceden de los problemas que emergen en el estudio de los siglos XVIII y XIX.Palabras clave: cambio social, teoría, metodología, experien­cias de transformación, siglo XVIII, siglo XIX.Abstract: The main objective of this present paper is to review some methodological problems of the historical analysis of social change; the aim is to overcome the idea that postulates that social transformations adopt forms of transitions be­tween models of society. This works seeks to em­phasize the complexity of mutations and try to claim an examination through a micro dissection of changes. With this aims, it is proposed what has been called «experiences of transformation» as a way to investigate the processes of change and as a means to address the complexity of the fac­tors that were playing. This means studying social changes through the micro episodes of social life; that is, analyzing all the moments that individu­als lived in relation to certain social mutations in specific contexts and the ways in which they re­acted, perceived, managed, negotiated, promoted or even resisted changes. Although the work does not address a specific chronology, much of the re­flections come from the problems that emerge in the study of the eighteenth and nineteenth cen­turies.Key words: social change, theory, methodology, expe­riences of transformation, 18th century, 19th century.

scholarly journals Why Regional Prosodic Variation is Worth Studying: An Example from Russian

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie Post
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Ideology ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Standard Language Ideology

Being philologists, we teach foreign language students how to read properly: they learn the cultural and social context that is necessary to interpret utterances in another language. A good student learns to listen carefully as wel, since much information is provided by the way utterances are pronounced. The prosodic features of speech — e.g. stress, rhythm and intonation — carry both linguistic and non-linguistic, including social, meanings: an “accent” triggers stereotypes that are associated with a certain social group or region. In Danish, a language with little regional variability, prosodic differences are a vital cue to dialect discrimination. Does the same account for Russian? A project is planned to study objectively measurable (prosodic and other) regional differences in regionally coloured Russian urban speech, as well as their social meaning: Do Russians pay attention to them? And what are the social consequences of having a regional “accent” in a country with a strong standard language ideology?

Building hydrosocialism in Czechoslovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-633
Author(s):  
Jiří Janáč
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
State Socialism ◽  
Communist Society ◽  
The West ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
Reflexive Modernity ◽  
The 1960S

Throughout the period of state socialism, water was viewed as an instrument of immense transformative power and water experts were seen as guardians of such transformation, a transformation for which we coin the term 'hydrosocialism'. A reconfiguration of water, a scarce and vital natural resource, was to a great extent identified with social change and envisioned transition to socialist and eventually communist society. While in the West, hydraulic experts (hydrocrats) and the vision of a 'civilising mission' of water management (hydraulic mission) gradually faded away with the arrival of reflexive modernity from the 1960s, in socialist Czechoslovakia the situation was different. Despite the fact they faced analogous challenges (environmental issues, economisation), the technocratic character of state socialism enabled socialist hydraulic engineers to secure their position and belief in transformative powers of water.

Отцейхгаузадомузеяизисториивоенно-историческогомузеяартиллерии,инженерныхвойскивойсксвязи

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-197
Author(s):  
V.E. . Sergei
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
General Field ◽  
Signal Corps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military

The article is dedicated to the history of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps. The author examines the main stages of the museums formation, starting with the foundation of the Arsenal, established in St. Petersburg at the orders of Peter the Great on August 29th 1703 for the safekeeping and preservation of memory, for eternal glory of unique arms and military trophies. In 1756, on the base of the Arsenals collection, the General Inspector of Artillery Count P.I. created the Memorial Hall, set up at the Arsenal, on St. Petersburgs Liteyny Avenue. By the end of the 18th century the collection included over 6,000 exhibits. In 1868 the Memorial Hall was transferred to the New Arsenal, at the Crownwork of the Petropavlovsky Fortress, and renamed the Artillery Museum (since 1903 the Artillery Historical Museum). A large part of the credit for the development and popularization of the collection must be given to the historian N.E. Brandenburg, the man rightly considered the founder of Russias military museums, who was the chief curator from 1872 to 1903. During the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars a significant part of the museums holdings were evacuated to Yaroslavl and Novosibirsk. Thanks to the undying devotion of the museums staff, it not only survived, but increased its collection. In the 1960s over 100,000 exhibits were transferred from the holdings of the Central Historical Museum of Military Engineering and the Military Signal Corps Museum. In 1991 the collection also received the entire Museum of General Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov, transferred from the Polish town of Bolesawjec. The Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Coprs is now one of the largest museums of military history in the world. It holds an invaluable collection of artillery and ammunition, of firearms and cold steel arms, military engineering and signal technology, military banners, uniforms, a rich collection of paintings and graphic works, orders and medals, as well as extensive archives, all dedicated to the history of Russian artillery and the feats of our nations defenders.Статья посвящена истории создания ВоенноИсторического музея артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи. Автор рассматривает основные этапы становления музея, начиная с основания Арсенала, созданного в СанктПетербурге по приказу Петра I 29 августа 1703 года для хранения и сохранения памяти, во имя вечной славы уникального оружия и военных трофеев. В 1756 году на базе коллекции Арсенала генеральный инспектор артиллерии граф П. И. создал мемориальный зал, установленный при Арсенале, на Литейном проспекте СанктПетербурга. К концу 18 века коллекция насчитывала более 6000 экспонатов. В 1868 году Мемориальный зал был перенесен в Новый Арсенал, на венец Петропавловской крепости, и переименован в Артиллерийский музей (с 1903 года Артиллерийский Исторический музей). Большая заслуга в развитии и популяризации коллекции принадлежит историку Н.Е. Бранденбургу, человеку, по праву считавшемуся основателем российских военных музеев, который был главным хранителем с 1872 по 1903 год. В годы Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войн значительная часть фондов музея была эвакуирована в Ярославль и Новосибирск. Благодаря неусыпной преданности сотрудников музея, он не только сохранился, но и пополнил свою коллекцию. В 1960х годах более 100 000 экспонатов были переданы из фондов Центрального исторического военноинженерного музея и Музея войск связи. В 1991 году коллекцию также получил весь музей генералфельдмаршала М. И. Кутузова, переданный из польского города Болеславец. Военноисторический музей артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи в настоящее время является одним из крупнейших музеев военной истории в мире. Здесь хранится бесценная коллекция артиллерии и боеприпасов, огнестрельного и холодного оружия, военной техники и сигнальной техники, военных знамен, обмундирования, богатая коллекция живописных и графических работ, орденов и медалей, а также обширные архивы, посвященные истории русской артиллерии и подвигам защитников нашего народа.

Michel Foucault and Western Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-81
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Western Society ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes Michel Foucault’s philosophical ideas on Western medicine and delves into three main insights that the French philosopher developed to expose the presence of power behind the veil of the conventional experience of medicine. These insights probe the power-disciplining function of psychiatry, the administrative function of medical institutions, and the role of social medicine in the administrative and political system of Western society. Foucault arrived at theses insights by way of his intense interest in three elements of the medical system that arose almost simultaneously at the end of the 18th century - psychiatry as “medicine for mental illness”, the hospital as the First and most well-known type of medical institution, and social medicine as a type of medical knowledge focused more on the protection of society and far less on caring for the individual. All the issues Foucault wrote about stemmed from his personal and professional sensitivity to the problems of power and were a part of the “medical turn” in the social and human sciences that occurred in the West in the 1960s and 1970s and led to the emergence of medical humanities. The article argues that Foucault’s stories about the power of medical knowledge were philosophical stories about Western medicine. Foucault always used facts, dates, and names in an attempt to identify some of the general tendencies and patterns in the development of Western medicine and to reveal usually undisclosed mechanisms for managing individuals and populations. Those mechanisms underlie the practice of providing assistance, be it the “moral treatment” practiced by psychiatrists before the advent of effective medication, or treating patients as “clinical cases” in hospitals, or hospitalization campaigns that were considered an effective “technological safe-guard ” in the 18th and most of the 19th century.

Foucault, Lenin, and Western Marxism

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-267
Keyword(s):  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
Marxist Tradition ◽  
Western Marxism

This article others a brief historical account of the complex relationship between Michel Foucault and certain theorists in the Western Marxist philosophical tradition. In the context of the history of the “short twentieth century,” Western Marxism is an intellectual trend based on an interpretation of non-Western revolutionary praxis (by Bolsheviks, Maoists, Guevaristas, etc.). Comparative analysis of several schematic portraits - of Lenin’s revolutionary intellectual, of traditional as opposed to organic intellectuals in Gramsci, and of Foucault’s public intellectual - shows that Foucault in a certain instances was not an external enemy of the Western Marxist tradition, but rather its internal critic. Foucault comes across as a revisionist who engaged in a debate with Lenin about the strategy of the revolutionary movement in France of the 1960s and the 70s. Foucault’s criticism of Leninism unexpectedly turns out to be consistent with the basic struggle of post-WWII Western Marxism to find an alternative to the Bolshevik experience of revolution. This deliberate concurrence makes Foucault one of the significant figures in the history of late Western Marxism, but this becomes a real problem for current historians of neo-Marxist thought when coupled with his generally anti-Marxist views. The article discusses two possible solutions to this problem devised by Perry Anderson and Daniel Bensaid. Anderson’s description of the role of Foucault in the fate of Western Marxism is limited to conceptual questions about the relationship between Marxism and (post) structuralism. Bensaid tries to explain how Foucault fits into the Marxist tradition by appealing to social changes, specifically the changing ideology of capitalist society (in the spirit of The New Spirit of Capitalism by Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello). Building on Bensaid’s work, the article shows the link between Foucault’s position on public intellectuals and the crisis of the revolutionary movement of the last half-century, in particular by reference to the famous “Iranian episode” in Foucault’s biography.

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