The partial productivity of schematic idioms in Chinese

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-116
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Hin Tat Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Interactive Process ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Abstract Idiomatic expressions are generally manifested as lexically fixed. Yet some expressions allow lexical variations in their open slots and thus show certain degree of productivity in actual use. How young children acquire the productive use of idiomatic expressions, however, has rarely been addressed in current literature. The present study explores the developmental trajectory in learning idiom productivity by targeting the quadra-syllabic schematic idioms in Chinese. Results of two Graded Acceptability Judgment tests showed that acquisition of the selective productivity of schematic idioms may undergo an interactive process shaped by its token frequency, structural complexity, inherent semantic relation and the chunk effect of its open morphemes at different age levels. Findings in the studies are further discussed in relation to the emergentist model in idiom learning.

Idiom as the intersection of conceptual and syntactic schemas

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL SANFORD
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
The Status ◽  
On Line ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Idiomatic Meaning

abstractTwo key issues in the study of idiom are the metaphorical status of idioms (whether or not underlying metaphors are active in the on-line processing of figurative idiomatic expressions) and the compositional status of idioms (whether or not the overall meaning of such expressions is analyzable from internal elements). This study addresses these questions from the perspective of emergent metaphor theory (Sanford, 2012, 2013), arguing that key properties of such expressions − idiosyncrasy of both form and meaning, the potential for idiom to be manipulated in discourse, and diachronic patterns in changes of idiomatic meaning − follow from the status of metaphorical idioms as highly entrenched instances of both conceptual and syntactic mappings. In the case of both types of schema, the interaction of type and token frequency effects predict the metaphoricity and analyzability of idioms.

scholarly journals ADHD: Current Questions and Research

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 638-638
Author(s):  
Jeffery Newcorn
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
The One

The past decade has seen an increased focus on the developmental trajectory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with the recognition that ADHD is, for many, a life-long condition akin to many other chronic illnesses. There has been an increase in the extent to which young children, adolescents, and adults receive a diagnosis of ADHD, yet there remain many poorly understood and controversial issues within the scientific community and the lay public. Do ADHD patients of different ages present with similar manifestations of the disorder, and if so, why was this not recognized for so long? Are there alternative clinical presentations among ADHD patients of different ages? What is the nature of comorbidity in ADHD over the course of development, and what are its functional consequences? How can we best measure and define ADHD, differentiating it from normal activity in young children, on the one hand, and other psychiatric disorders in older children and adults on the other? This is a key issue because ADHD has been a controversial diagnostic entity to many nonpsychiatrists because there is no one laboratory task that defines it. Most importantly, how do we understand issues related to risk and resilience in a longitudinal model, and can we identify factors that predict different clinical outcomes or pathways?

scholarly journals Promoting Protective Factors in Environments of Risk for Young Children: An Organizing Framework for Practice, Policy, and Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Fallon ◽  
Joanne Filippelli ◽  
Nicolette Joh-Carnella ◽  
Elizabeth Milne ◽  
Jessica Carradine
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Child Welfare System ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Key Indicators

Early childhood is an important developmental period, which lays the foundation for future learning, behaviour, physical and mental health and gene expression. The most vulnerable children in society are often referred to and receive services from the child welfare system because of a concern of abuse and neglect and/or a poor developmental trajectory. This paper presents an organizing framework for how the child welfare system, in concert with allied partners, can support interventions for young children and families by acknowledging its crucial role in improving their development and well-being. The framework is informed by research amassed from numerous disciplines, including child welfare, development, neuroscience, neurobiology and epigenetics. Although the notions of protection and well-being are central considerations in child welfare legislation in Ontario, Canada, the operationalization of wellbeing has proven challenging in child welfare practice, policy and research. The framework proposes ten key indicators and priorities for identifying and promoting optimal child development. Findings from the 2013 cycle of the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS-2013), the only provincial source of aggregated child welfare investigation data, are presented to articulate the divide between the environmental context of a population of at-risk children and the conditions that both protect children and increase the likelihood that they will thrive in adulthood. This paper argues there are different points of entry and intervention across sectors and provides a foundation for further discussion on how to promote well-being for society's most vulnerable children.

scholarly journals Swallowing behaviours and feeding environment in relation to communication development from early infancy to 6 years of age: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e028850
Author(s):  
Heather Flowers ◽  
Daniel Bérubé ◽  
Mona Ebrahimipour ◽  
Marie-France Perrier ◽  
Sarah Moloci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Knowledge Translation ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Communication Development ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Collection Form

IntroductionUnderstanding the influences of early swallowing function and feeding environment on the development of communication will enhance prevention and intervention initiatives for young children. This scoping review will help elucidate key elements affecting the developmental trajectory of communicative systems, typically robust and well-developed by formal school entry. We aim to (1) map the current state of the literature in a growing field of interest that has the potential to advance knowledge translation, (2) identify existing gaps and (3) provide research direction for future investigations surrounding feeding-swallowing functions and environment that support or forestall communication development in young children.Methods and analysisWe are proposing a scoping review to identify the breadth and depth of the existing literature regarding swallowing-feeding functions and environment relative to the onset and progression of communicative behaviours from infancy to 6 (<6;0) years of age. Our protocol delineates rigorous methods according to Arskey and O’Malley’s framework and includes elaborations by Levac and colleagues. We will search the literature based on 10 databases, 17 peer-reviewed journals, 4 conference proceedings and 6 grey literature sources. Two authors will independently screen abstracts and review full articles, remaining blind to each other’s results. A third author will contribute to resolving any discrepant results from both the abstract and article review. Subsequently, we will extract data and chart information from accepted articles using a pre-established data collection form. We will stratify results according to healthy versus impaired swallowing-feeding functions and communication development.Ethics and disseminationOur scoping review does not require ethical approval. We will disseminate our final study results through international and national conference presentations, publication in a peer-reviewed journal and knowledge translation activities with stakeholders.

scholarly journals Language Processing at Its Trickiest: Grammatical Illusions and Heuristics of Judgment

Languages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Evelina Leivada
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Humans are intuitively good at providing judgments about what forms part of their native language and what does not. Although such judgments are robust, consistent, and reliable, human cognition is demonstrably fallible to illusions of various types. Language is no exception. In the linguistic domain, several types of sentences have been shown to trick the parser into giving them a high acceptability judgment despite their ill-formedness. One example is the so-called comparative illusion (‘More people have been to Tromsø than I have’). To this day, comparative illusions have been tested mainly with monolingual, neurotypical speakers of English. The present research aims to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon by putting it to test in two populations that differ in one crucial factor: the number of languages they speak. A timed acceptability judgment task was administered to monolingual speakers of Standard Greek and bi(dia)lectal speakers of Standard and Cypriot Greek. The results are not fully in line with any of the semantic re-analyses proposed for the illusion so far, hence a new proposal is offered about what interpretation induces the illusion, appreciating the influence of both grammatical processing and cognitive heuristics. Second, the results reveal an effect of developmental trajectory. This effect may be linked to an enhanced ability to spot the illusion in bi(dia)lectals, but several factors can be identified as possible culprits behind this result. After discussing each of them, it is argued that having two grammars may facilitate the setting of a higher processing threshold, something that would entail decreased fallibility to grammatical illusions.

scholarly journals A family for the holidays: delineating the hospitality needs of European parents with young children

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore ◽  
Giacomo delChiappa ◽  
Mona Jihyun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Child Friendly ◽  
Family Vacation ◽  
Depth Interviews

PurposeWhere tourism research related to families holidaying with young children in coastal mass tourism destination is scant, this paper aims to explore accommodation constraints and needs of European parents who holiday with young children.Design/methodology/approachFourteen in-depth interviews were conducted with parents of young children who have just completed their family vacation in the island of Sardinia, Italy by positioning the interviewer at the boarding area of the Olbia Costa Smeralda airport.FindingsThe analysis returned five key themes: location of accommodation, quality of interactions, child-friendly amenities, safety and family-oriented programmes.Originality/valueWithin these five themes, seven new attributes were identified and contribute to the current literature on accommodation preferences of parents travelling with young children. The findings also suggest that this is a distinct segment within family tourism and should not be treated homogeneously with families with older or adult children. Finally, the data highlight the distinctions between Asian and Western parents in terms of their accommodation needs.

scholarly journals Development of directed and random exploration in children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Meder ◽  
Charley M Wu ◽  
Eric Schulz ◽  
Azzurra Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Inductive Inferences ◽  
Age Range ◽  
High Uncertainty

Are young children just random explorers who learn serendipitously? Or are even young children guided by uncertainty-directed sampling, seeking to explore in a systematic fashion? We study how children between the ages of 4 and 9 search in an explore-exploit task with spatially-correlated rewards, where exhaustive exploration is infeasible and not all options can be experienced. By combining behavioral data with a computational model that decomposes search into similarity-based generalization, uncertainty-directed exploration, and random exploration, we map out developmental trajectories of generalization and exploration. The behavioral data show strong developmental differences in children’s capability to exploit environmental structure, with performance and adaptiveness of sampling decisions increasing with age. Through model-based analyses, we disentangle different forms of exploration, finding signatures of both uncertainty-directed and random exploration. The amount of random exploration strongly decreases as children get older, supporting the notion of a developmental “cooling off” process that modulates the randomness in sampling. However, even at the youngest age range, children do not solely rely on random exploration. Even as random exploration begins to taper off, children are actively seeking out options with high uncertainty in a goal-directed fashion, and using inductive inferences to generalize their experience to novel options. Our findings provide critical insights into the behavioral and computational principles underlying the developmental trajectory of learning and exploration.

scholarly journals Idiomer som står mitt hjerte nær. En korpusbasert analyse av utvalgte idiomer med component hjerte i norsk

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Dziurewicz
Keyword(s):  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The article presents an exemplary corpus-based analysis of selected Norwegian idioms in order to gain insight into their theory and actual use. The analysis comprises nine frequent idioms with the component 'heart'. First, each idiom is analyzed using the Leksikografisk bokmålskorpus and Oslo-korpuset av taggende norske tekster in terms of: frequency, possible variants and modifications. Next, the results are compared with the lexicographic description from Norwegian dictionary Bokmålsordboka. The main purpose of this chapter is thereby to show the potential of the corpus-based approach in the studies of idiomatic expressions.

scholarly journals Sertraline May Improve Language Developmental Trajectory in Young Children with Fragile X Syndrome: A Retrospective Chart Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Indah Winarni ◽  
Weerasak Chonchaiya ◽  
Evan Adams ◽  
Jacky Au ◽  
Yi Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Fragile X Syndrome ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Developmental Trajectory

scholarly journals How to interpret symptoms, signs and investigations of dehydration in children with gastroenteritis

2020 ◽  
pp. edpract-2019-317831
Author(s):  
Antonio Prisco ◽  
Daniela Capalbo ◽  
Stefano Guarino ◽  
Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice ◽  
Pierluigi Marzuillo
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Dehydration is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Infants and young children are vulnerable to dehydration, and clinical assessment plays a pivotal role in their care. In addition, laboratory investigations can, in some children, be helpful when assessing the severity of dehydration and for guiding rehydration treatment. In this interpretation, we review the current literature and provide an evidence-based approach to recognising and managing dehydration in children.

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