Appraisal of Opinion Expressions in Discourse

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Asher ◽  
Farah Benamara ◽  
Yvette Yannick Mathieu

We present an analysis of opinion in texts based on a detailed semantic analysis of a wide class of expressions. We propose a new annotation schema for a deep contextual opinion analysis using discourse relations. We analyze the distribution of our categories in three different types of online corpora, movie reviews, Letters to the Editor and news reports, in English and French.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Nikolina ◽  
Zoya Yu. Petrova ◽  
Natalya A. Fateeva

The article explores the interaction of comparative constructions in modern prose. The main objective of the study is to determine the types of interaction between metaphors and similes in the texts of modern Russian prose. The material of the study is the works of Buida, Vodolazkin, Ivanov, Ilichevsky, Matveeva, Pelevin, Rubina, Slavnikova, Sokolov, Sorokin, and Stepnova. The authors employed the methods of description, comparison and the struc­tural-semantic analysis and also took into account the semantic field organisation of lexical units. The article distinguishes between formal and semantic interaction of metaphors and similes. The most obvious manifestation of the formal interaction is the reversibility of tropes. Semantic interaction is based on the semantic coordination of elements of comparative con­structions based on predicate-actant relations or involves a combination of metaphors and similes in the text based on various relations between elements of the same semantic field. Along with the indicated types of interaction, the article describes cases of multiple images of one depicted object and representation of different objects in a unified figurative way. These cases are characterized as a special type of interaction of comparative tropes. The article high­lights the main source domains of interacting tropes. The most frequent semantic classes of metaphors and similes used in interaction contexts are anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and culinary images. In addition to them, mechanistic (including computer), scientific and theat­rical metaphors and similes have been identified. The article shows that the interaction of tropes can be intertextual in a literary text. It is concluded that modern Russian prose is characterized by the interaction of metaphors and similes of different types. This interaction is often associated with the presence of contrast, contextual synonymy, the ‘genus — species’ relation between images of comparative constructions in a text.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness

I think that both this letter and the preceding one emphasize some of the dilemmas that the Committee on Nutrition went through in trying to come to agreement on the recommendations of the onset of supplemental foods. First, I would not quarrel with the caloric intake, nor the weight of the 2-month-old infant. The caloric intake may be considered on the upper limits for this age group. Second, I certainly do agree that most children do well with many different types of varieties of feeding, so far as we can tell.


2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Muskett

AbstractAll Anglican cathedrals in England have formal associations of Friends (like other institutions in the heritage sector). The majority arose in the 1920s/30s, a period that coincided with the gradual development of a focused outreach strategy by cathedrals, and the abandonment of sixpenny entrance fees. By analysing Letters to the Editor and news reports in The Times, this article explores the origins of cathedral Friends’ associations. The sources illustrate the benefits of Friendship for both sides of the dyad: for the cathedrals, primarily the five shilling subscriptions and the creation of an informed supporter base; and for the members, mainly esoteric benefits. It is also demonstrated that, in the north, Friends’ gifts directly replaced cathedral/diocesan resources being deployed for social welfare. A particular value in focusing on the history of the cathedral Friends’ movement is that it highlights the history of the cathedrals themselves in this difficult inter-war period.


2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie B. Wilbur

This paper provides an analysis of certain nonmanuals from a semantic perspective with respect to the different types of semantic operators they are associated with. The categories of operators include simple/monadic and tripartite/dyadic. This semantic analysis will explain different phonological spreading among upper face/head nonmanuals: negative headshake, brow lowering, and structurally varied use of brow raise. Negative headshake and [+wh]-question brow lowering spread over their c-command domain. However, brow raise does not spread over its c-command domain, and its spreading domain is harder to characterize. The operator analysis provides a coherent explanation for the spreading domain. This distinction underlies a new analysis of the derived sign understand′, and helps resolve two puzzling issues related to its use: (1) why it has brow raise; and (2) what position it occupies in CP. This solution offers additional evidence in support of the claim that ASL has the spec,CP on the left.


Author(s):  
E. L. Daylof

The article is devoted to the methodical issues in the point of the non-verbal component analysis within the framework of linguistic research of composit verbal/ visual texts relevant to extremism prevention. The examples of expert practice functions of nonverbal components of a composit verbal/ visual text, types of semantic bounds between the visual and verbal part in different types of composit verbal/ visual texts are discussed. The algorithm for semantic analysis of composit verbal/ visual texts as an object of forensic assessment is suggested.


Author(s):  
Kovbasyuk L.A.

Мета нашого дослідження полягає в багатоаспектному вивченні утворення іменників-композитів німецької мови під час пандемії COVID-19, в аналізі їхньої структури, семантики та семантичних трансформацій. Для досягнення цієї мети необхід-но вирішити такі завдання: 1) скласти корпус композит, 2) вивчити їхні структурно-семантичні ознаки, 3) визначити наявні семантичні трансформації одиниць дослідження.Методи. Методологічною основою нашого дослідження є: 1) метод суцільної вибірки для складання корпусу композитів, 2) метод історичного дослідження для встановлення типу та структури композиту, 3) метод семантичного аналізу для висвіт-лення семантики композита, 4) концептуальний аналіз для визначення семантичних трансформацій.Результати. Словоскладання є одним із найпродуктивніших способів словотворення німецької мови. У сучасній німецькій мові є такі різновиди написання композит: разом згідно з класичною граматикою, через дефіс (и), кожний компонент із великої літери або окремо та з великих літер як в англійській мові. Аналіз відібраних композит дав змогу визначити тенденції у пло-щині словоскладання під час пандемії COVID-19: 1) словоскладання є продуктивним для утворення німецьких іменників, найпродуктивнішою моделлю композита є двокомпонентна структура N. + N; 2) складовими компонентами німецьких компо-зит є запозичення з англійської, грецької, італійської (латинської) та французької мов; 3) важливу роль у процесах утворення нових композитів відіграють префіксоіди та префікси; 4) словоскорочення є складовим компонентом багатьох композит у часи пандемії коронавірусу. У роботі виявлено такі типи композит: 1) детермінативні композити, 2) бахувріхі, 3) контамінації, 4) зрощення. Детермінативні композити утворюють найбільшу групу в корпусі нашого дослідження. Більша частина новітніх композитів є неологізмами. У проаналізованому корпусі представлені як композити з прямим значенням, так і композити, які є концептуальними метафорами або метоніміями, оказіональними утвореннями.Висновки. Проведене дослідження дало змогу встановити основні тенденції словоскладання в німецькій мові під час пан-демії коронавірусу. Композити проаналізовано з урахуванням їхньої структури та семантики. Перспектива майбутніх дослі-джень полягає у всебічному контрастивному аналізі композит у сучасній німецькій та сучасній українській мовах, аналізі використання композит у процесі навчання іноземної мови. Purpose. This article deals with German compounding as one of the most productive forms of word formation of nouns in the time of the coronavirus pandemic. This article aims to take into account the types of compounding, to determine the structural-semantic characteristics of compounds, and to describe existing semantic transformations. It is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to compose a corpus of composite, 2) to study their structural and semantic features and 3) to determine the existing semantic transformations of research units.Methods. The methodological framework of our empirically supported study includes text analysis for the preparation of the list of compounds, the methods of historical word formation research to research the type of compounding and the structure of the compound words, the semantic analysis for determining the meaning of the selected compounds and the conceptual analysis to determine their semantic transformations.Results. Word formation is one of the most productive ways of word building in German language. In modern German compound words are written: together according to classical grammar, through a hyphen (s), each component with a capital letter or separately and with capital letters as in English.The analysis of the compound words made it possible to determine some tendencies of compounding in a coronavirus pandemic: 1) compounding is particularly productive in the noun area, the most productive is the two-part structure N. + N.; 2) the compounds contain borrowings from English, Greek, Italian (Latin) and French as constituents; 3) prefixoids and prefixes become an important part of the formation of new compounds; 4) many compounds of the coronavirus pandemic have different types of short words as a constituent. We distinguish between the following types of compounds: 1) determinative compounds, 2) possessive compounds, 3) contamination, and 4) phrasal compounds. Determinative compounds form the largest group. Most compounds are neologisms. In our corpus, there are both compounds with a direct meaning as well as compounds that are conceptual metaphors or metonymies, occasional words.Conclusions. The study has shown at a glance which tendencies are present in German compounding during a coronavirus pandemic period. The compound words have been analyzed from their structure and their semantics. The perspective of future research lies in the versatile contrastive analysis of the compounds in contemporary German and contemporary Ukrainian; in the sensible use of compound words in foreign language teaching.


1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnima Mankekar

This article examines the discourses of the Indian state and of community élites during battles for the custody of a young Muslim girl, Ameena, who was ‘rescued’ from a marriage with an elderly Arab. The battles for Ameena's custody were fought as much in news reports, opinion columns, and letters to the editor of metropolitan and vernacular newspapers, as in courts. Questions were raised about Ameena's age, the viability of her marriage, the applicability of secular laws to Muslim communities, and the political economy of the sexuality of girl-children. In these representations, Ameena became a symbol of minority identity, and was transformed into an unwilling and unwitting object of protection. Why did Ameena's story attract so much attention? What were the different positions underlying the arguments made for Ameena's ‘protection’? Without dismissing the protection of children and the advocacy of their rights, this article analyses the agendas shaping the discourses of the Indian state and national and community élites during the battles for Ameena's custody. The article situates the controversies surrounding Ameena in the wider context of the increasing polarization between Hindu and Muslim communities in India in the early 1990s, and focuses on the relationship between notions of childhood and discourses of community, gender and nation. The article argues that there was a synecdochic relationship between the purity of girl-children and the purity of the Indian nation: far from being ‘pre-cultural’ or apolitical, discourses of childhood were profoundly implicated in the politics of gender, sexuality, community and nation. What are the implications of Ameena's predicament for feminist epistemology and praxis? In pointing to the ways in which feminist critiques of modernist regimes of power and knowledge can enable us to understand the multiple positionalities of children in the contemporary world, the article explores the spaces available for feminist theorists and activists to engage in a politics of vigilance and intervention with regard to the state's positions towards children.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Litorovych ◽  
◽  
Oleh Karyy ◽  

The active development of adaptive-interactive systems, in particular virtual, augmented and mixed reality, in the field of education makes it appropriate to study the possibilities of using these systems directly to train personnel. The reduction of costs and increase of the availability of adaptive-interactive systems, including those that can be used in the training process, encourages their use in a growing number of companies around the world. The aim of the article is to study the usage of modern adaptive-interactive systems in the field of personnel training, such as virtual, augmented and mixed reality, to determine their advantages and disadvantages, as well as prospects for mass implementation of these systems in the practice of personnel training. Different types of virtual reality systems are distinguished, the delimitation of which lies in the plane of ways and modes of their interaction with the user. The research methodology is based on the semantic analysis of the interpretation of different types of adaptive-interactive systems of personnel training and analysis of their usage cases on existing enterprises. The expediency of using virtual and augmented reality technologies as methods of active learning in order to study various subjects is described and examples of personnel training systems using mixed reality are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of using these technologies in staff training are analyzed. Examples of application of adaptive-interactive systems at Ukrainian and foreign enterprises are given. The limited supply of adaptive-interactive systems of personnel training by the developers of such software and hardware indicates a lack of relevant specialists and the unwillingness of domestic enterprises to invest in these systems. At the same time, modern digital technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality using artificial intelligence provide in practice high efficiency of the educational process in the enterprise by increasing concentration and attention of learners, easiness of information retrieval, providing practical skills, independence and simultaneous safety of employee training. In response, the directions of further researches in implementation of modern technologies of training of the personnel of the enterprises in Ukraine are offered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludivine Crible ◽  
Mathis Wetzel ◽  
Sandrine Zufferey

Discourse connectives are lexical items like “but” and “so” that are well-known to influence the online processing of the discourse relations they convey. Yet, discourse relations like causality or contrast can also be signaled by other means than connectives, such as syntactic structures. So far, the influence of these alternative signals for discourse processing has been comparatively under-researched. In particular, their processing in a second language remains entirely unexplored. In a series of three self-paced reading experiments, we compare the reading patterns of contrastive relations by native French-speakers and non-native speakers of French with English as a first language. We focus on the effect of syntactic parallelism and how it interacts with different types of connectives. We test whether native and non-native readers equally recruit parallelism to process contrast in combination with or without a connective (Experiment 1), with a frequent vs. infrequent connective (Experiment 2) and with an ambiguous vs. unambiguous connective (Experiment 3), thus varying the explicitness and ease of retrieval of the contrast relation. Our results indicate that parallelism plays an important role for both groups of readers, but that it is a more prominent cue for non-native speakers, while its effect is modulated by task difficulty for native participants.


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