Experimental pragmatics

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill Garrett ◽  
Robert M. Harnish
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Experimental Pragmatics ◽  
Unarticulated Constituents

Grice proposed to investigate ‘the total signification of the utterance’. One persistent criticism of Grice’s taxonomy of signification is that he missed an important category of information. This content, and/or the process of providing it, goes by a variety of labels: ‘generalized implicature’, ‘explicature’, ‘unarticulated constituents’, ‘default heuristics’, ‘impliciture’. In this study we first take a sample of such phenomena and, from the point of view of pure pragmatics, survey the central descriptions of the content expressed and the mechanisms that might deliver these contents. We then, from the point of view of experimental pragmatics, focus on two accounts: Levinson’s I-heuristic, and Bach’s standardization. We find experimental evidence for the existence of such implicitures, and for the use of language specific standardizations over language neutral background ­information.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON COMMUNICATIVE DESIGN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
T. O. Gabriyelyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Graphic Designer ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Training Courses

The article describes the process and the result of a series of seminars "Education of the Future: Communicative Design", held to develop a conceptual model of the educational program on communicative design. The purpose of the seminars was to identify the needs of graphic artists from the point of view of improving the quality and the relevance of education. Goal setting was preceded by a triune problem of mismatch of the existing educational program with modern realities, represented by: the students' vision; a set of competencies; training directions. The methodology to study the current situation is chosen "from the bottom up", when students directly or indirectly describe the educational environment in which they would like to be. To do this, a few weeks before the seminars, participants received background information about what communicative design is in the form of an article and XNUMX keywords (modules) that they had to work with. The first seminar involved the placement of modules for training courses. At the second stage, it was necessary to evaluate the modules according to the relevance of their use in the educational program. At the third stage, which was eventually combined with the fourth, participants had to arrange conditional modules for six specializations (educational trajectories): contemporary art, illustrator, digital designer, graphic designer, art and creative director, motion designer. The result of the seminars was a conceptual model of the educational program on communicative design, presented as a set of conditional modules distributed by training courses and volume (duration) in the context of the educational program. It was also revealed that the educational program on communicative design can and should combine all six specializations (educational trajectories). Only this approach will allow the graduate to become a sought-after specialist in the modern professional environment and the labor market.

The Kirkendall Plane in Binary Interdiffusion Systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 233-234 ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Kodentsov ◽  
A. Paul ◽  
F.J.J. van Loo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Kirkendall Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Approach ◽  
Diffusion Controlled ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Considerable Body

There is now a considerable body of experimental evidence to indicate that in a volumediffusion controlled interaction the Kirkendall plane need not be unique. The Kirkendall plane can microstructurally be stable as well as unstable (it does not exist!). Under predictable circumstances, it can also bifurcate and even trifurcate. This can be rationalised in terms of Kirkendall velocity construction as well as from a purely chemical point of view considering diffusion-controlled interactions at the interphase interfaces. The physico-chemical approach is also used to explain significance of the Kirkendall effect in the morphogenesis of interdiffusion systems.

Description of the Atomic Positions Around Interfacial Ledges in Terms of the Somigliana Dislocation Model

1991 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bonnet ◽  
M. Loubradou
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Displacement Field ◽  
Elastic Field ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Elastic Displacement ◽  
Dislocation Model ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Hexagonal Crystals ◽  
Translation State

ABSTRACTIn many materials, crystalline interfaces are facetted. The experimental evidence is that on each side of an interfacial ledge, or along the facets meeting along a common line, low energy atomic structural units are preserved which accommodate elastically angular or/and length misfit(s). Each facet can be considered as a Somigliana dislocation (SD) whose core is extended on the facet. The elastic displacement field of a SD is derived in an anisotropic continuum, for any orientation of the facet relative to a given Cartesian frame. From an atomic point of view, the translation state of the two crystals on each side of the facet is defined. The dislocation content attached to a ledge or a dihedral angle formed by two joining facets along a common side is also analyzed. The local elastic field related to these cases are derived and applications are presented for depicting the positions of the atomic columns in theoretical plots. Comparisons are made with some other theoretical works and HRTEM images. Examples illustrate the application of the Somigliana model to grain boundaries in hexagonal crystals (Mg, WC), and an interphase interface Ni3AI/Ni3Nb.

Q-Phenomena, I-Phenomena and Impliciture: Some Experimental Pragmatics

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Harnish ◽  
Merrill Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Experimental Pragmatics ◽  
Frontal Lobe Function ◽  
Initial Results

AbstractElements of communicative content that are not expressed by constituents of the sentence uttered, what we will call "unexpressed elements of content" (UECs), played an important role in the history and development of generative grammar. In the 80's and 90's, mostly inspired by the work of Grice, UECs and mechanisms for recovering them not contemplated by linguistic theory of the time, began to surface under a variety of labels. We will collectively refer to these phenomena as 'impliciture' (extending Bach: 1994). Impliciture phenomena raise some interesting questions, only some of which is the field in a position to say anything about at present. Levinson (2000) has taken the useful step of distinguishing what we call "Q-phenomena", mostly related to linguistic scales, from "I-phenomena", mostly related to stereotypical information. Starting in the late 80's, experimental work began on the nature of these unspoken contents and their attendant mechanisms. In a recent study, Garrett and Harnish (2007) looked at I-phenomena, that have been proposed to depend on stereotypical background information. We asked whether these contents really are delivered by such mechanisms as "default heuristics", operating on general background knowledge, or whether they might be more tied to language via something like the "standardization" of a form for a certain use. Initial results for the materials tested seem to favor standardization as a mechanism for delivering this content. Completed research by Orjada (2007) and Rybarova (2007) extends the study of impliciture to additional examples and new populations. One assesses performance in RH damaged populations. The other contrasts performance for populations with high and low frontal lobe function.

Patient Advocacy and the Policy Making Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-44
Keyword(s):  
Public Management ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Patient Advocacy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Feedback Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Patient Organizations ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in the policy-making literature and practice have highlighted the growing role of patient advocacy, that is, the participation of patients in policy making through the presence of their representatives at institutional working tables. This chapter has a twofold aim: (1) to frame the activity of patient organizations' advocacy into the public management and administration theory and (2) to describe how patients' organizations can participate to the public policy making from an operational point of view. The chapter starts by providing background information about patient advocacy. Then it introduces the core literature streams of public management and administration. Finally, a feedback analysis shows possible policy cycles linking patient-aided steps of interactive policy making.

Topological constraints and chromosome organization in eukaryotes: a physical point of view

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 612-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Chromosome Organization ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
Topological Constraints ◽  
Polymer Models ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Eukaryotic Genomes

New experimental tools capable of probing the three-dimensional organization of eukaryotic genomes with an unprecedented level of detail have been developed in the last few years. In the quest for a quantitative understanding of experimental results, several polymer models for chromatin organization were introduced and critically evaluated. In the present article, I give a brief introduction to the physical basis of chromosome organization, and recall the experimental evidence in favour of the importance of topological constraints for the description of chromosome conformations in eukaryotes.

Surface Properties of Carbon

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Rivin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Functional Behavior ◽  
Defect Sites

Abstract Carbon surface chemistry is relatively new as an independent subject of inquiry, and, judging by the volume of publications, is receiving increasing attention throughout the world. Our conception of carbon black and its functional behavior has changed significantly since the pioneering publication by Studebaker in 1957. Within the last few years there have been a number of excellent reviews covering various aspects of carbon chemistry by authors who are presently active in this field. Donnet, Puri, and Boehm discuss reactions of carbon and the characterization of surface functional groups while van der Plas is particularly thorough on the subject of adsorption properties and porosity. Deviney explores the relationship between surface chemistry and carbon-elastomer interactions, as does Studebaker from the point of view of the practical application of carbon black in rubber. Current monographs containing useful background information are collected in “Les Carbones” and in Walker's continuing series, “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon”. This review will describe how information from diverse sources has contributed to our understanding of the surface reactivity and fundamental adsorption behavior of carbon. It will be shown that most properties of carbon blacks are consistent with a surface structure wherein large deformed basal layers conforming to the topography of the surface are composed of several planar aromatic domains with functional groups at edge and defect sites. Examples of strong molecular interactions are given which involve specific reaction with the basal surface, individual functional groups, or a combination of both.

scholarly journals Quantum Mechanical 4-dimensional Non-polarizing Beamsplitter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem Kryvobok ◽  
Alan Kathman
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computing ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Matrix Representation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Canonical Commutation Relations ◽  
Classical Fields

Abstract The effects of a beamsplitter are frequently described mathematically as a matrix acting on a two input ports vector. This might be comprehensive for a scalar field but certainly insufficient in case of photons which are vector fields. In this paper we discuss theoretical grounds to define elements of a 4x4 matrix to more accurately represent the beamsplitter, fully accounting for transverse polarization modes. We also provide experimental evidence confirming this matrix representation. From scientific point of view the paper addresses a non-trivial equivalence between the classical fields Fresnel formalism and the canonical commutation relations of the quantized photonic fields. That the formalism can be readily verified with a simple experiment provides further benefit. The beamsplitter expression derived can be applied in the field of quantum computing.

scholarly journals No Moral Wiggle Room in an Experimental Corruption Game

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas Balafoutas ◽  
Fedor Sandakov ◽  
Tatyana Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Public Official ◽  
Willful Ignorance ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Information Avoidance ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Moral Point Of View

Recent experimental evidence reveals that information is often avoided by decision makers in order to create and exploit a so-called “moral wiggle room,” which reduces the psychological and moral costs associated with selfish behavior. Despite the relevance of this phenomenon for corrupt practices from both a legal and a moral point of view, it has hitherto never been examined in a corruption context. We test for information avoidance in a framed public procurement experiment, in which a public official receives bribes from two competing firms and often faces a tradeoff between maximizing bribes and citizen welfare. In a treatment where officials have the option to remain ignorant about the implications of their actions for citizens, we find practically no evidence of information avoidance. We discuss possible reasons for the absence of willful ignorance in our experiment.

scholarly journals information structural effects of German P- and D-pronouns in discourse

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Dagmar Bittner ◽  
Jeruen E. Dery
Keyword(s):  
Mental Model ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Information Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Actual Sequence ◽  
Discourse Organization

The present investigation steps back to the claims of the 1990s by assuming that there is a functional opposition in the use of P- and D-PRO which affects the status of the pronoun's referent in the mental model of the discourse. We interpret the earlier findings as an indication of an information structural difference which is specifically relevant on the discourse level. The question we address here is twofold. Firstly, we ask whether the assumed opposition in the information status of P- and D-PRO referents has consequences on referent continuation in the ongoing discourse. So far, the effects of P- vs. D-PRO use were determined concerning the status of the pronoun referent in the actual sequence of discourse, i.e. they were determined by a judgement on the salience or the topic/focus status of the pronominal DP. As far as we can see, this determination has not been operationalized further. Since there are contexts in which both P- and D-PRO would fit in with only a feeling of a difference but without clear-cut exclusiveness, the opposition is empirically not well validated. If we could show that there are effects of type of pronoun on the ongoing discourse this would, in our view, provide the lacking empirical validation. Secondly, we ask whether there are effects of the narrator's point of view on P- and D-PRO use. The idea behind this question is that the way of information unfolding in discourse depends on the speaker. S/he decides which pieces of information come next, what is foreground and what is background information. If type of pronoun choice is related to the processes of discourse organization by the speaker – via fore- and backgrounding of information – and if internal or external location of the narrator's point of view influences the organization strategies of the speaker/narrator this might have an ffect on the use of P- and D-PRO.  

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