Echo answers in native/non-native interaction

Pragmatics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Svennevig
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Authority ◽  
Response Word ◽  
Institutional Interaction ◽  
Response Form ◽  
Response Formats ◽  
Final Response ◽  
Different Response

An echo answer is an answer that repeats elements of the question. This response form occurs after yes/noquestions and “statements about B-events”. The current study is based on data from native/non-native institutional interaction, and echo answers are shown to play an important role in certain types of repair that are characteristic of such interaction. Echo answers have two main usages. The first is to appropriate a candidate formulation and integrate it into one’s own turn in progress. This often happens when native speakers attempt to assist non-native interlocutors in expressing themselves. The other is to claim a strengthened commitment to the answer. This is especially salient in cases where a minimal agreement might project a potential dispreferred response. Echo answers may occur alone or with an initial or final response word, and these different response formats are shown to index the relative epistemic authority of the interlocutors.

Glottalization and linking in the L2 speech of Czech learners of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110158
Author(s):  
Radek Skarnitzl ◽  
Petr Čermák ◽  
Pavel Šturm ◽  
Zora Obstová ◽  
Jan Hricsina
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Sound Pattern ◽  
Frequent Use

The use of linking or glottalization contributes to the characteristic sound pattern of a language, and the use of one in place of the other may affect a speaker’s comprehensibility and fluency in certain contexts. In this study, native speakers of Czech, a language that is associated with a frequent use of glottalization in vowel-initial word onsets, are examined in the second language (L2) context of three Romance languages that predominantly employ linking between words (Spanish, Italian and Portuguese). In total, 29 native speakers and 51 non-native learners were asked to read a short text in the respective language. The learners were divided into two groups based on their experience with the target language. A number of other factors were examined in a mixed-effects logistic regression model (segmental context, lexical stress, prosodic breaks, and the semantic status of the words). The main results show that, regardless of the target language, the more experienced (ME) learners displayed significantly lower rates of glottalization than the less experienced (LE) learners, but significantly higher rates than native speakers. The pedagogical implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Isomorphism and language-specific devices in comprehension of Korean suffixal passive construction by Mandarin-speaking learners of Korean

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyu-Ho Shin ◽  
Sun Hee Park
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
Case Marking

Abstract Across languages, a passive construction is known to manifest a misalignment between the typical order of event composition (agent-before-theme) and the actual order of arguments in the constructions (theme-before-agent), dubbed non-isomorphic mapping. This study investigates comprehension of a suffixal passive construction in Korean by Mandarin-speaking learners of Korean, focusing on isomorphism and language-specific devices in the passive. We measured learners’ judgment of the acceptability of canonical and scrambled suffixal passives as well as their reaction times (relative to a canonical active transitive). Our analysis generated three major findings. First, learners uniformly preferred the canonical passive to the scrambled passive. Second, as proficiency increased, the judgment gap between the canonical active transitive and the canonical suffixal passive narrowed, but the gap between the canonical active transitive and the scrambled suffixal passive did not. Third, learners (and even native speakers) spent more time in judging the acceptability of the canonical suffixal passive than they did in the other two construction types. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the mapping nature involving a passive voice, indicated by language-specific devices (i.e., case-marking and verbal morphology dedicated to Korean passives), in L2 acquisition.

Euro-English: A Swedish perspective

English Today ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Modiano
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
European Continent

This survey considers the emergence of English as a language shared across the European Union in particular and the European continent at large, and together with its distinctive ‘lingua franca’ dimension among the mainland European nations. It considers in particular the situation of ‘non-native speakers’ who regularly use the language as well as the concept of a ‘Euro-English’ in general and the Swedish, ‘Swenglish’ and English relationship on the other. It concludes by considering the liberation of non-native users from ‘the beginning of native-speaker norms’.

How “Native” Are Heritage Speakers?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Montrul
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

One of the chief characteristics of heritage speakers is that they range in proficiency from “overhearers” to “native” speakers. To date, the vast majority of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies have characterized the non-target-like linguistic abilities of heritage speakers as a product of incomplete acquisition and/or attrition due to reduced exposure and opportunities to use the language during childhood. This article focuses on the other side of the problem, emphasizing instead the high incidence of native-like abilities in adult heritage speakers. I illustrate this issue with recent experimental evidence from gender agreement in Spanish, a grammatical feature that is mastered at almost 100% accuracy in production by native speakers;yet it is one of the most difficult areas to master for non-native speakers, including near-natives.I discuss how age of acquisition and language-learning experience explain these effects.

scholarly journals Diurnal mesospheric tidal winds observed simultaneously by meteor radar in Costa Rica (10° N, 86° W) and Cariri (7° S, 37° W)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Buriti ◽  
Wayne Hocking ◽  
Paulo P. Batista ◽  
Igo Paulino ◽  
Ana R. Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meteor Radar ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Vertical Wavelength ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Different Response

Abstract. This paper is about a study of diurnal tides on meteor wind observed simultaneously by two meteor radars sited on equatorial region. The radar are located in Santa Cruz (10.3° N, 85.6° W), Costa Rica (hereafter CR) and in São João do Cariri (7.4° S, 36.5° W), Brazil (hereafter CA). The distance between them is 5800 km. Harmonic analysis was used to get information of amplitude and phase (hour of peak amplitude) of diurnal, semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides between 82 and 98 km of height. The period of observation was from April 2005 to January 2006. The results were compared to GSWM00 model. In general, seasonal agreement between observation and model was satisfactory to zonal and meridional amplitudes. Values of zonal and meridional amplitudes from November to January to CR were very different of GSWM00. Peak of zonal amplitude (~ 25 m/s) to CR was observed in September and December between 90 and 94 km. On the other hand, meridional phase was excellent to both sites and vertical wavelength of 25 km was observed practically every month to CR and CA. The zonal phase presented some difficult to get vertical wavelength according to criteria adopted to calculate it. Considering diurnal zonal amplitude, when we compare CR and CA, we could expect a poor agreement of amplitude between them. That is normal if we believe that this is because the geographical location of both sites are completely different in terms of local climate even if they are close to the equator and effect of heat latent release could lead to different response at high altitudes.

scholarly journals Foreign Language Beliefs and Behaviors of English Speaking Communities’

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukma Nur Ardini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Classroom Talk ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The aim of this paper is to report the observation findings of foreign language beliefs and behaviors among three communities of English speaking communities’ specific of their cultural identity. The study used descriptive qualitative design since the author wants to describe the phenomenon happened in this study. Three English speaking communities were taken as the data; first, Krismit whatsApp group conversation; second, a private whatsApp conversation between two non-native speakers; third, a classroom talk. Those data were taken from the author’s cellphone, then the chats were exported, transcribed and analyzed well through their beliefs and behaviors specific of their cultural identity. The findings of the present study indicate that the awareness of using English pattern in two communities needs to be more highlighted, while the other community revealed the cultural matter in the form of expressions. Therefore, teachers’ and educators’ big effort in decreasing this issue is crucially needed.

scholarly journals University Students’ Awareness about Oral Health and Hygiene

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Salah-Ud-Din Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Final Response ◽  
The University

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the awareness of university students about oral health and hygiene in a university in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the students of four different faculties (pharmacy, medical, biotechnology and business) in a university in Malaysia with the help of pre-validated research questionnaire.  The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used to analyze and present the data. Results: The final response gathered was 324 from four faculties. The pharmacy faculty students had better knowledge as compared to the other faculties. The female students had better knowledge of oral health hygiene as compared to males. Final year students reported more appropriate knowledge as compared to pre-final year students. Conclusion: Overall appropriate knowledge was observed among the four studied faculties of the university. The present study concluded that pharmacy students had more appropriate knowledge of oral health and hygiene than the other faculty students.

scholarly journals Strategies of Impoliteness in Japanese Spontaneous Talks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Calvetti
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Bulletin Board ◽  
Bulletin Board System ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Board System

If, on the one hand, Japanese language, with its richness of marked allomorphs used for honorifics, has been considered one of the most attractive languages to investigate the phenomenon of politeness, on the other hand, a very small number of studies have been devoted to Japanese impoliteness, most of them limited to BBSs’ (Bulletin Board System) chats on Internet. Interestingly, Japanese native speakers declare, in general, that their language has a very limited number of offensive expressions and that ‘impoliteness’ is not a characteristic of their mother tongue. I tried to analyse some samples of spontaneous conversations taken from YouTube and other multimedia repertoires, in order to detect the main strategies used in Japanese real conversations to cause offence or to show a threatening attitude toward the partner’s face. It seems possible to state that, notwithstanding the different ‘cultural’ peculiarities, impoliteness shows, also in Japanese, a set of strategies common to other languages and that impoliteness, in terms of morphology, is not a mirror counterpart of keigo.

Effects of Handedness and Script Types on Visual-Field Differences in the Mental Addition Task

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-376
Author(s):  
Kazuhito Yoshizaki ◽  
Takeshi Hatta ◽  
Kumiko Toyama
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Cerebral Lateralization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Addition Task ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference

The effects of handedness and script types on the difference in performance in a mental addition task by visual field were examined. Right-handers, nonfamilial left-handers, and familial left-handers who were all native speakers of Japanese were asked to add two numbers presented in the visual half-fields tachistoscopically. The two numbers were displayed either to one visual field (left or right visual field) or to the center. The numbers were displayed in Arabic, in Kanji, or in Arabic and Kanji numerals (one in Arabic and the other in Kanji: Mixed stimuli). The subjects were asked to add the two numbers and to state the sum orally. In the righthanders group, a right visual-field advantage was found for the Arabic condition but not for the Kanji or Mixed stimuli. On the other hand, in the nonfamilial and familial left-handers group, no visual-field difference in any of the conditions was found. These findings suggest that pattern of cerebral lateralization for familial and nonfamilial left-handers is the same but it is different from that of right-handers.

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