Towards establishing the matrix language in Russian-Estonian code-switching

2009 ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastassia Zabrodskaja
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
The Matrix

scholarly journals Code-switching within the noun phrase: Evidence from three corpora

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Research Questions

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to improve our understanding of common switching patterns by examining determiner–noun–adjective complexes in code-switching (CS) in three language pairs (Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Papiamento–Dutch). The languages differ in gender and noun–adjective word order in the noun phrase (NP): (a) Spanish, Welsh, and Dutch have gender; English and Papiamento do not; (b) Spanish, Welsh, and Papiamento prefer post-nominal adjectives; Dutch and English, prenominal ones. We test predictions on determiner language and adjective order derived from generativist accounts and the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) approach. Design/methodology/approach: We draw on three publicly available spoken corpora. For the purposes of these analyses, we re-coded all three datasets identically. From the three re-coded corpora we extracted all monolingual and mixed simplex NPs (DetN) and complex NPs with determiners (determiner–adjective–noun (DetAN/NA)). We then examined the surrounding clause for each to determine the matrix language based on the finite verb. Data and analysis: We analysed the data using a linear regression model in R statistical software to examine the distribution of languages across word class and word order in the corpora. Findings/conclusions: Overall, the generativist predictions are borne out regarding adjective positions but not determiners and the MLF accounts for more of the data. We explore extra-linguistic explanations for the patterns observed. Originality: The current study has provided new empirical data on nominal CS from language pairs not previously considered. Significance/implications: This study has revealed robust patterns across three corpora and taken a step towards disentangling two theoretical accounts. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of comparing multiple language pairs using similar coding.

Constraints on Code-Switching: Evidence from Swedish and English

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
Beata Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Optimal Switching ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Category Equivalence ◽  
Communicative Context

In this paper, I have shown that Joshi's (1982) framework of codeswitching constraints can largely be applied to Swedish-English code-switches. I feel qualified to conclude that Joshi's claims concerning the non-switchability of closed class items and matrix language and embedded languages are held up by the Swedish- English data. The need for corresponding categories proved to be less clear-cut than originally proposed by Woolford (1983) and others. It seems that optimal switching conditions are given if the categories, rules and metarules correspond in the two languages. Apparently, however, it is also possible to switch if the node admissibility conditions for the matrix language only are met, as was shown by code-switched sentences containing RPs. This requires that the speaker has a clear sense of which language is the host and which is embedded. Rules from the embedded language only are not acceptable. This calls for some sort of determination strategy by the parser. I found no evidence for determining Lm at any specific point in the sentence, except at the topmost S. Rather, the judgments by code-switchers that a sentence “comes from” one language seems to coincide with the fact that the resulting sentence is based on the rules from that language. Other than that, the matrix language is determined by the communicative context as a whole.The data involving RPs also seemed to indicate that RPs are not separate ategories, but are NPs, introduced by a “de-slashing” rule (Sells 1984). If they were separate categories, this would be evidence for there being no need for category equivalence. In this case, we would have to explicitly state all other cases which require category equivalence (the majority of cases), which is undesirable.

scholarly journals Evaluating the predictions of three syntactic frameworks for mixed determiner–noun constructions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Duran Eppler ◽  
Adrian Luescher ◽  
Margaret Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Language Membership

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative evaluation of three linguistic frameworks, the Minimalist Programme (MP), Word Grammar (WG) and the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF), regarding their predictions of possible combinations in a corpus of 187 German–English code-switched (CS) determiner–noun constructions. The comparison revealed a significant difference in the accuracy of the predictions between the MP and WG, but not between the other frameworks. We draw attention to the fact that while WG and MP deal with the processes of feature agreement between determiner and noun, the MLF is concerned with a broader notion of agreement in language membership. We suggest that advances in our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching will be achieved by combining the insights of all three frameworks instead of considering them in isolation.

scholarly journals El book or the libro? Insights from acceptability judgments into determiner/noun code-switches

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Comparative Judgment ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Acceptability Judgments ◽  
Recent Claim ◽  
Detailed Picture

Objectives/research questions: We used two types of acceptability judgments to experimentally test the predictions of two theoretical models of code-switching regarding the surface realization of the determiner in nominal constructions: lexicalist approaches within the Minimalist Program (MP) versus the Bilingual NP Hypothesis within the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF). Methodology: Two separate groups of 40 early Spanish-English bilinguals evaluated the acceptability of sentences with code-switches between the determiner and the noun that reflected the predictions of the MP model, the MLF, of both or none. The first group rated them on a Likert scale, while the second group performed a two-alternative forced-choice acceptability task (2AFC). Data and analysis: Ratings from the Likert ratings were subjected to an analysis of variance while results from the 2AFC were analyzed using Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. Conclusions: Both experiments yielded converging evidence supporting the predictions of the MLF. Results from the 2AFC provided a more detailed picture that suggests also a (smaller) contribution of the language of the determiner. Originality: This is the first study to use acceptability judgments to directly contrast the predictions of these major theoretical models regarding switches between determiner and noun. An additional novelty is the use of the 2AFC and Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment, which yielded a more detailed picture than the more commonly used Likert-scale ratings. Implications: Our results provide further support for Eppler, Luescher, and Deuchar’s recent claim that we can only advance our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching if we combine the insights of the different frameworks rather than considering them in isolation.

scholarly journals Code-switching as a Bilingual Lexical Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. p84
Author(s):  
Longxing Wei ◽  
Xuexin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Abstract Level

Most previous studies of intrasentential Code-switching (CS) (also known as so-called mixed speech) focus on what language items can be switched and how such switched items are configurated at the surface sentence level. Following some theoretical insights and empirical findings of recent psycholinguistic models, this study investigates such a bilingual speech behavior at a rather abstract level by adopting two particular models: the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) Model (Myers-Scotton, 1993b; Myers-Scotton & Jake, 1995), which claims that the two language involved in CS play unequal roles in terms of their respective grammatical and lexical functions, and the Bilingual Lemma Activation (BLA) Model (Wei, 2006, 2020), which claims that lemmas (i.e., abstract entries about a lexeme) are language-specific, language-specific lemmas are in contact in bilingual speech involving CS, and thus the so-called mixed speech is cross-linguistically driven at a lexical level. One of the most important assumptions underlying this study is that bilinguals perform CS as a lexical strategy to make their intended meanings lexical-conceptually and semantic-pragmatically realized. Some typical instances of CS are described and explained at several levels of abstract lexical structure in support of the major claims of the MLF Model and the BLA Model. This study offers an explanation of CS from a particular perspective.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Code-Mixing And Code-Switching Used By Maudy Ayunda In Perspektif Metro TV

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mac Aditiawarman ◽  
Husnul Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Speech Content ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research focused on the analysis of the types of code-mixing and code-switching between Maudy Ayunda and Robert in the interview in Perspektif Metro TV on Monday 30th December 2019. The researcher applied sociolinguistic theory, especially the theories on types and reasons of code-mixing and code-switching proposed by Hoffman (1991) and how many codes in their utterances based on Myers-Scotton theory (2006). This research applied the descriptive qualitative method. After analyzing the data, there are 71 cases of code-mixing and 68 cases of code-switching. For the types of code-mixing, there is 63 intra-sentential, 15 intra-lexical and 3 involving a change in pronunciation. For types of code-switching, there is 64 inter-sentential, and 4 are established with the previous speaker. For the reasons of code-mixing/code-switching, the researcher found 31 data of talking about a particular topic, 1 data of quoting somebody else, 2 being emphatic about something, 6 of repetition used for classification and 1 of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. For the matrix in code-mixing, Indonesian 82% as matrix language and English 18% as an embedded language, and in code-switching, Indonesian 54% as matrix language and English 46%as an embedded language.

scholarly journals English lexical items in Egyptian Arabic. Code-switching or borrowing?

2017 ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kniaź
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
American University ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Egyptian Arabic ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Arabic And English

The study aims to answer the question of whether lone English items that occur in Arabic-English code-switching are borrowings or code-switches. This is based on empirical data collected at the American University in Cairo. The data were analyzed within the framework of the Matrix Language Frame model. 3443 bilingual projections of complementizer (CP) were investigated. They were divided into two types: (1) CPs with Arabic as the Matrix Language (ML) and (2) CPs with English as the ML. The analysis shows a clear discrepancy between categories of items used in the two types. In Arabic CPs, the most frequently switched category concerns English nouns related to the field of study and academic life as well as Standard Arabic in monolingual discourse. The interviews conducted with the participants in the study revealed that they were mostly used due to the lack of Arabic equivalents at the speakers’ disposal. In English CPs, mainly Arabic conjunctions and discourse markers appear. We claim that this categorial and functional variation between Arabic and English results from the linguistic situation in the Arab world. For bilingual speakers in Arabic diglossic communities, educated in schools with instruction in English and non-proficient in Standard Arabic, English items are the only means to communicate in many fields. Such items become part of their mental lexicon and thus should be considered as borrowings even if they are not established loans.

Discourse particles in Chinese–Japanese code switching: Constrained by the Matrix Language Frame?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
Hai-Rong Meng ◽  
Takeshi Nakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Discourse Particles ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Conditional Information ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Discourse Interface

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The purpose of this paper is to clarify the grammatical constraints on discourse particles in Chinese–Japanese intra-sentential code switching in light of the general framework of the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model augmented by the 4-M model. Design/methodology/approach: This study retrieves data collected for three years from three Chinese–Japanese bilingual children aged between 2;1 and 5;0. Data and analysis: The database consists of nearly 300 hours of spontaneous conversations that are audio-recorded from the families of the three bilingual children, as well as diary entries. It shows that a large number of code switching utterances involve discourse particles. Findings/conclusions: Qualitative analyses of the data indicate that discourse particles are generally constrained by the MLF, yet they do not fit into any category of the 4-M model. Morphologically bound, discourse particles represent the information structure of a sentence (as in the Japanese topic marker - wa) or encode constraints on the inferential processes (as in the Japanese complementizer - kara) rather than truth-conditional information. They manifest some idiosyncrasy at the interface of syntax and pragmatics, and set up the MLF at a discourse level. Thus, the MLF model is extended from a merely syntactic level to the syntax–discourse interface. Originality: The present work has contributed empirical evidence from a hitherto undocumented language pair of Chinese and Japanese, and made theoretical explorations on the linguistic constraints of discourse particles. Significance/implications: On one hand, it is work that provides support for the robust nature of universality of the MLF constraints on code switching. On the other hand, discourse particles exhibit typological features that need further theoretical exploration in order to make a more comprehensive account for the grammatical constraints on Chinese–Japanese code switching.

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