Ordering towards disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-849
Author(s):  
Lukas Denk
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Semantic Relevance ◽  
Verbal Morphological Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

Abstract In Athabascan languages, verbal morphological structure does not follow the cross-linguistically more common and stable ‘layered’ order: derivational and lexical affixes are not necessarily closer to the stem than inflectional affixes. While the emergence of the Athabascan order is understandable through different layers of grammaticalization (Mithun 2011), the question of why this order is relatively stable in the language family has not yet been satisfactorily answered. The distributional properties of cognate Athabascan morphemes reveal historical tendencies for fusion and reordering that suggest that affixes remain in or change their position depending on the semantic relevance to other affixes, not necessarily to the stem alone, as Bybee’s (1985) morphological theory would predict. An additional factor for the stability of non-layered structure of morphemes is the high degree of semantic generality found in affixes between the stem and other lexical and derivational affixes.

METHODS FOR RESTORING WOLVES OF ROLLING PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (141) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
DAR’YA LEBEDEVA ◽  
◽  
ANNA KARPUNICHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Rolling Production ◽  
Machine Parts ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree

Large forces and significant thermal effects are created on the rolls when rolling sheets. The higher the stability of the rolls, the less downtime during their rerolling and higher productivity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the ways of restoring rolls and choose the most appropriate method for restoring these parts. (Materials and methods) The article presents the analysis of the scientific and technical literature on the topic of rolling production, methods for restoring large-sized machine parts of machine-building and metallurgical industries that work in difficult conditions and are subject to a high degree of wear. Authors try to solve the problem by means of comparative and logical analysis based on theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research. (Results and discussion) The article presents two groups of methods for restoring rolled rolls: banding and surfacing the working layer of the roll. Authors have analyzed each method in terms of technology, equipment, and feasibility. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the methods under consideration. (Conclusions) The most acceptable way to restore parts with a high degree of wear is surfacing. It is most efficient to apply submerged surfacing using an additional hot additive. Such surfacing, despite some complication of the equipment design, allows to deposit the metal on the roll with low heat input and in most cases in one pass. Surfacing using an additional hot additive allows to increase the productivity of the process by up to 250 percent while reducing the penetration depth by 2-3 times and saving energy by up to 40 percent.

scholarly journals On the lack of adaptation in the Tristichaceœ and Podostemaceœ

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (598) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Great Uniformity ◽  
High Degree

With the exception of some of the parasitic orders, such as the Balanophoraceœ , there are probably no families of flowering plants—one might almost include flowerless—which are so completely transformed from the average or mesophytic type of the phanerogams into types which are so completely unique and peculiar, as the Tristichaceæ and still more the Podostemaceæ. Nor are there any in which, with such very great uniformity in the conditions of life, there is such remarkable variety in the morphological structure. The structure of the orders, or rather of their members, being unique, and the conditions under which they live being also unique, it has been taken for granted that the former is in a high degree adapted to the latter, the flat thallus-like expansions of stem or root being looked upon as admirably suited to the rushing water in which they live. So long as we were almost completely ignorant of the actual living plants, and content with dead material collected mainly in the dry seasons, this was all very well, but now that for 17 years I have devoted much attention to these plants,* have studied them in the living condition in their natural habitats in India, Ceylon, and Brazil, have followed them from germination right through their life-history, and in other ways become absolutely familiar with them, and as a result of all this have arrived at diametrically opposite conclusions, it will repay us to examine into the question in some detail.

Corneal topography and classical test in the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism before keratorefractive surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Y.V. Kutuzova ◽  
◽  
I.V. Dutchin ◽  
E.L. Sorokin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Corneal Topography ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome ◽  
Film Rupture ◽  
Keratorefractive Surgery ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Myopic Astigmatism

Purpose.To conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of assessing the stability of the tear film using corneotopography and the classic Norn test in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism before keratorefractive surgery. Material and methods. The study included 26 patients planned for keratorefractive surgery for myopia and myopic astigmatism, aged 18 to 47 years. 7 people there was a mild degree of myopia, in 14 people – medium degree, in 5 people – high degree. The average degree of corneal astigmatism was 2.25 diopters. The stability of the pre-corneal tear film was assessed using computed keratotopography and Norn's test – the tear film rupture time (TFRT) was deter- mined. A standard questionnaire was also used to assess the severity of symptoms of dry eye syndrome. A comparison was made of the indicators of the stability of the tear film obtained by the methods of corneotopography and the Norn's test, with their subsequent comparison with the data of the questionnaire. Results. In 17 patients (65.4%), the TFRT index corresponded to the age norm. In the remaining 9 people (34.6%), indicators of stability of the tear film were reduced both by corneotopography (12±4 sec) and by Norn's test (13.5±4.5 sec), and there were also subjective signs of dry eye syndrome according to data questionnaire. The data turned out to be comparable. Conclusions. 1. Among the total population of patients, 34.6% were persons with impaired tear film stability and subjective manifestations of dry eye syndrome. 2. Assessment of the stability of the tear film, determined using the method of corneal topography, showed a high degree of comparability with the results of Norn's test. A significant advantage of the keratotopography method is its non-invasiveness. 3. It is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the ocular surface and identify risk groups to avoid chronicity or aggravation of existing disorders. Key words: dry eye syndrome, tear film, keratotopography, Norn's test.

The Principles Of Typological Study Of Transposition In The Uzbek And Korean Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Nazarova Shakhlo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Stability

Like Uzbek, Korean belongs to the Altaic language family, and the sources assume that: a) Korean word forms are agglutinative schemes based on the stem + affix, b) sentences are based on the syntactic scheme of “possessive + second part + cut”, c) the stability of word stress and expiratory character, etc. Additionaly in a word structure the following can be divided: 1) 뾐ꭅ덽: 뾐 + ꭅ + 덽 ; 頝ꃝꍡ겑꽽鲙: 頝 + -ꃝꍡ- + -겑- + -꽽- + -鲙such that cores and appendages can be joined one after the other and separated; 2) according to the function of affix morphemes, «뾐-, -덽-, -ꃝꍡ-» word building, «-겑-, -꽽-, -鲙» 3) the formation of transpositive and non-transpositive artificial words by means of word-forming suffixes, 4) the relative freedom of the transpositive connection between independent, auxiliary words and morphemes also point to this genetic connection.

scholarly journals Morphology, Stability, and Application of Lycopene Microcapsules Produced by Complex Coacervation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glaucia A. Rocha-Selmi ◽  
Carmen S. Favaro-Trindade ◽  
Carlos R. F. Grosso
Keyword(s):  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Stability Test ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Complex Coacervation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
And Storage

The interest in lycopene has increased in recent years due to studies that associate it with the reduction in risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, due to its high degree of unsaturation, this carotenoid is inclined to isomerize and oxidize during processing and storage, making it difficult to use in the food industry. Microencapsulation can improve this situation, increasing its stability and making incorporation into food formulations possible. Thus, the aim of this study was to microencapsulate lycopene by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum Arabic as the encapsulating agents. The microcapsules were evaluated based on the encapsulation efficiency and their morphology and then submitted to a stability test and applied in cake making. Most of the systems studied presented spherical microcapsules with defined walls. The encapsulation efficiency values were above 90%, and the average diameter of the capsules ranged from 61 to 144 μm. The stability test showed that microencapsulation offered greater protection to the lycopene as compared to its free form. The application of nonfreeze dried coacervated microcapsules in cake making was satisfactory, but the color transference was low when freezedried coacervated microcapsules were used.

Cooperative Tracking Control for Formation Keeping of Fractionated Spacecraft Based on Error Exchanging

2014 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 649-654
Author(s):  
Ya Feng Niu ◽  
Yong Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tracking Control ◽  
Cooperative Control ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Velocity Information ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cooperative Tracking ◽  
Fractionated Spacecraft ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Formation Keeping

This paper discusses the cooperative control for formation keeping of fractionated spacecraft, which is a new concept in recent years. For system of second-order differential equations of formation flying dynamics, knowledge of graph and consensus theory is introduced in study. By means of the idea of sliding mode control, we design a tracking control law for time-varying desired signal. Via exchanging error information among modules, the control law can make errors synchronized up to zero to achieve tracking. Relative velocity information between modules is not needed in this control law, which will efficiently reduce the requirements for relative navigation between modules. Then we prove the stability of the control system. Finally numerical simulation results show the effectiveness of the control law. By configuring the control parameters reasonably, we can achieve high degree of control accuracy.

Solvent, LICL, and Temperature Effects on the Morphological Structure and Electronic Properties of Polyaniline

1995 ◽  
Vol 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Angelopoulos ◽  
Yun-Hsin Liao ◽  
Bruce Furman ◽  
Teresita Graham
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pani Base ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTExtensive gel permeation chromatography coupled with surface structure measurements clearly indicate that polyaniline (pani) base has a tendency to aggregate as a result of interchain hydrogen-bonding. The aggregation is present in the solid state powder; the extent of aggregation is found to be significantly dependent on the synthetic conditions. Pani base powders having a high degree of aggregation have significantly reduced solubility. The degree of aggregation of pani base in solution is found to be dependent on the solvent, concentration, and temperature. As the solvent becomes a better solvent for the base material, the less aggregated is the structure. Solvents which can strongly interact with the polymer disrupt the aggregation. In addition, salts such as LiCl which complex the polymer via a “pseudo-doping” process, also disrupt the internal pani hydrogen-bonding and deaggregate the polymer. As the polymer is deaggregated to different levels by a solvent or by LiCl, the individual chains can better be solvated and thus a conformational change also occurs. The chains adapt a more expanded coil type of conformation. The degree of expansion depends on the solvation power of the solvent. As the level of deaggregation and subsequent chain expansion increases, a significant red shift is observed in the λmaximum of the exciton absorbance and the surface structure of the polymer becomes smoother. It is found that the LiCl induced morphological changes results in increased conductivity upon doping pani base with a protonic acid.

Word formation in the earliest stages of L2 Polish

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-267
Author(s):  
Jacopo Saturno
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Target Words

Abstract This paper examines word formation strategies in initial SLA, with particular regard to the implicit processing of the distributional properties of the input. Learners with various L1s and no experience of the target language (n=163) took a 14-hour L2 Polish course under controlled input conditions. In an oral production task, these learners were asked to describe properties of human referents who had never appeared in the input by stating their nationality or profession. In their output, the learners most often referred to the target referents by attaching a -k(-) sound cluster to a lexical morpheme borrowed from a known language. Quantitative analysis shows that indeed, within the input considered, the same -k(-) cluster is characteristic of most words referring to human entities. The study concludes that learners can analyse the morphological structure of target words even after minimal exposure to the input, identifying at first the derivational formants characterised by the strongest association to the intended meaning.

The Sparta Game

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiah Ober ◽  
Barry R. Weingast
Keyword(s):  
Ruling Class ◽  
Equilibrium Situation ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Proportionality Principle ◽  
Do So ◽  
A Share

In this chapter, Ober and Weingast find the roots of some of the most unusual features of Archaic/Classical-era Sparta in the “proportionality principle.” That principle holds that the stability of a regime in which ruling elites extract revenues from nonelites through violence (or its threat) requires that each elite receive a share of rents proportionate to his potential to employ disruptive violence. When proportionality is respected, no one with the power to disrupt society has an incentive to do so. This equilibrium situation helps explain the high degree of stability in Sparta’s sociopolitical system, but it also held the seeds of Sparta’s demise. Proportionality meant that rents could not be redistributed in ways that would have been more economically productive, and the Spartans’ failure to redistribute rents led to the regular demotion of the least successful Spartiates from the ruling class and hence to demographic and military collapse.

scholarly journals Białowieża Forest—A Relic of the High Naturalness of European Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Jaroszewicz ◽  
Olga Cholewińska ◽  
Jerzy M. Gutowski ◽  
Tomasz Samojlik ◽  
Marcelina Zimny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Białowieża Forest ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Natural Dynamics ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

In Europe only some small isolated patches of forests with a high degree of naturalness still exist. These are forests, whose structure, composition and function has been shaped by natural dynamics without substantial anthropogenic influence over the long period. In this respect, Białowieża Forest is a unique location in Europe, with continuous forest cover for close to 12,000 years. The palynological, archaeological and historical data document only a weak anthropogenic fingerprint compared to other European lowland forests in Holocene history. Due to long-lasting protection, a large portion of the forest is still composed of stands originating from the pre-silvicultural period. Moreover, the stands of Białowieża Forest converted by silvicultural activities during the 20th century have the potential to recover owing to patches of stands with high naturalness, scattered throughout the forest. As conflict over management of the forest has recurred regularly for close to century, there is a need to summarize our knowledge on the forest history and natural assets, to help making scientifically informed decisions over its future. Expansion of a non-intervention approach to the Polish part of the forest is suggested to increase the stability of the entire ecosystem and enhance the chances for its successful adaptation to changing environmental conditions. This will increase the importance of Białowieża Forest as an open-door laboratory for biology, ecology, and forestry.

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