Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharide on growth performance and immune function in weaned pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Yuan ◽  
X.S. Piao ◽  
D.F. Li ◽  
S.W. Kim ◽  
H.S. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation Response ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Ig G

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of a polysaccharide isolated from Astragalus membranaceus (APS) on performance and immune responses in weaned pigs. A total of 144 crossbred pigs weaned at 26 to 30 days of age with an average initial live weight (LW) of 7·64 (s.d. 0·290) kg were randomly allotted to six diets supplemented with APS at 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg. There were six replicates (three barrow pens and three gilt pens) per diet treatment with four pigs per pen. Pigs were given food ad libitum for 21 days and the LW and food intake were measured on days 14 and 21. Pigs were intramuscularly injected with 1 mg/kg LW ovalbumin (OVA) on day 14 to evaluate humoral immune response. Blood samples were collected on day 21 to measure leukocyte differential counts, percentage of blood CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets, lymphocyte proliferation response to Concanavalin A, serum concentration of immunoglobulin G (Ig G), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and specific OVA antibody. The results showed that the average daily gain, the numbers of WBC and lymphocytes, the proportion of CD4+ lymphocyte subset, and the contents of IL-2 and IFN-γ increased ( P < 0·05) as pigs were fed increased supplemental level of APS during the 21 d period. However, the contents of specific OVA antibody, Ig G, IL-4, and IL-10 were not affected ( P > 0·05) by dietary levels of APS. The broken line analysis and quadratic regression analysis indicate that the optimal APS supplemental level would be between 381 mg/kg and 568 mg/kg for the maximal ADG and from 324 to 563 mg/kg for immune responses. Collectively, this study suggests that dietary APS can be used as a potential immuno-modulating agent by affecting cellular immunity of weaned pigs.

Effects of Interferon Beta, Cyclophosphamide and Azathioprine on Cytokine Profile in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Totaro ◽  
A. Passacantando ◽  
T. Russo ◽  
I. Parzanese ◽  
M. Rascente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Th2 Cytokines ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

We assessed the in vitro effects of interferon beta-1b (IFNβ-1b), cyclophosphamide (CY), and azathioprine (AZA) alone and of the combination of IFNβ-1b with CY or AZA on the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. Cytokine levels were determined at baseline and after stimulation with IFNβ-1b, CY, and AZA alone or with the combination of IFNβ-1b with CY or AZA. The combination of IFNβ-1b with CY resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (P=0.003) and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) (P=0.03). An additive effect on the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (P=0.2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P=0.6), and a positive interaction on the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P=0.08) were observed although the findings were not statistically significant. The combination of IFNβ-1b with AZA resulted in a significant negative effect on the production of IL-2 (P=0.006), whereas TNF-α (P=0.02), IFN-γ (P=0.03), IL-4 (P=0.2), and IL-10 (P=0.3) were not statistically impacted. Our data show that CY was able to improve the effects of IFNβ-1b on the ratio of Th1/Th2 cytokines.

scholarly journals Serum Interleukin Profile in Patients with Graves Orbithopathy

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Zsuzsánna Réti ◽  
Iz Kun ◽  
Corina Cristina Radu Pop
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Background: Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is considered an autoimmune condition in close relationship with Graves’ disease (GD) affecting the thyroid. Several similarities exist between the two conditions, sharing the common antigen and the characteristics of the inflammation mediated by a number of cytokines. The result of the immune reactions will lead to the expansion of adipose tissue, production of glycosaminoglycans and soft tissue inflammation. Material and methods: In our study we examined the serum level of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in correlation with the activity of disease and smoking habits in 25 patients with GD and GO. Results: We found that smokers had higher serum IL-6 and lower serum MCP-1, IL-8 and TNF-α level compared to non-smokers. Also, we found a weak positive correlation between serum IL-10, IFN-γ and disease activity (clinical activity score, CAS) and negative correlation between serum IL-1 and activity. Conclusion: Our findings support the fact that some cytokines (IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-1) play a role in active disease, while others are influenced by environmental factors, such as smoking (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). The discrepancy of cytokine profiles may reflect different patient characteristics, such as disease stage and disease activity and determination of serum cytokines would be useful in selecting patients who need more aggressive treatment protocols.

scholarly journals Gamma Interferon Produced by Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Regulates the Mucosal Immune Responses to Citrobacter rodentium Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2653-2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Shiomi ◽  
Atsuhiro Masuda ◽  
Shin Nishiumi ◽  
Masayuki Nishida ◽  
Tetsuya Takagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model pathogen for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, colonizes the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and causes mucosal inflammation. This bacterium is an ideal model for investigating pathogen-host immune interactions in the gut. It is well known that gene transcripts for Th1 cytokines are highly induced in colonic tissue from mice infected with C. rodentium. However, it remains to be seen whether the Th1 or Th2 cytokines produced by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells provide effective regulation of the host immune defense against C. rodentium infection. To investigate the antigen-specific immune responses, C. rodentium expressing ovalbumin (OVA-C. rodentium), a model antigen, was generated and used to define antigen-specific responses under gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-deficient or interleukin-4 (IL-4)-deficient conditions in vivo. The activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and macrophage phagocytosis were evaluated in the presence of IFN-γ or IL-4 in vitro. IFN-γ-deficient mice exhibited a loss of body weight and a higher bacterial concentration in feces during OVA-C. rodentium infection than C57BL/6 (wild type) or IL-4-deficient mice. This occurred through the decreased efficiency of macrophage phagocytosis and the activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, a deficiency in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell-expressed IFN-γ led to a higher susceptibility to mucosal and gut-derived systemic OVA-C. rodentium infection. These results show that the IFN-γ produced by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells plays an important role in the defense against C. rodentium.

scholarly journals Age-related aspects of cytokine profile of immune response in children with pertussis

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
O. P. Popova ◽  
M. S. Blyakher ◽  
I. M. Fedorova ◽  
S. I. Koteleva ◽  
I. V. Kapustin
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Cytokine Network ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Immunoregulatory Cytokines ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents a comparative analysis of the cytokine network in 161 patients with pertussis under the age of 1 year and in 180 patients over the age of 1 year. The studies revealed lower production of immunoregulatory cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-2) in patients under the age of 1 year at all stages of the disease and with all variants of pertussis (both mono- and mixed infections). The researchers revealed the relationship between the level of interferon-γ production and the severity of pertussis. They revealed age differences in the interferon-8 production in patients with mixed infection, which can determine clinical features and cause bronchopulmonary complications. The authors demonstrated the features of the dynamics of spontaneous and induced production of interleukin-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, interleukin-10) in children under the age of 1 year; these features can be considered as immunological markers determining the imperfection of the humoral response in patients with pertussis in this age group.

scholarly journals Equine Neonates Have Attenuated Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to a Killed Adjuvanted Vaccine Compared to Adult Horses

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1896-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Ryan ◽  
Steeve Giguère
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Serum Immunoglobulin ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Adjuvanted Vaccine ◽  
Specific Serum ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Viral Respiratory

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to compare relative vaccine-specific serum immunoglobulin concentrations, vaccine-specific lymphoproliferative responses, and cytokine profiles of proliferating lymphocytes between 3-day-old foals, 3-month-old foals, and adult horses after vaccination with a killed adjuvanted vaccine. Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly twice at 3-week intervals with a vaccine containing antigens from bovine viral respiratory pathogens to avoid interference from maternal antibody. Both groups of foals and adult horses responded to the vaccine with a significant increase in vaccine-specific IgGa and IgG(T) concentrations. In contrast, only adult horses and 3-month-old foals mounted significant vaccine-specific total IgG, IgGb, and IgM responses. Vaccine-specific concentrations of IgM and IgG(T) were significantly different between all groups, with the highest concentrations occurring in adult horses, followed by 3-month-old foals and, finally, 3-day-old foals. Only the adult horses mounted significant vaccine-specific lymphoproliferative responses. Baseline gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) concentrations were significantly lower in 3-day-old foals than in adult horses. Vaccination resulted in a significant decrease in IFN-γ concentrations in adult horses and a significant decrease in IL-4 concentrations in 3-day-old foals. After vaccination, the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 in both groups of foals was significantly higher than that in adult horses. The results of this study indicate that the humoral and lymphoproliferative immune responses to this killed adjuvanted vaccine are modest in newborn foals. Although immune responses improve with age, 3-month-old foals do not respond with the same magnitude as adult horses.

DOWN-REGULATION OF INTERLEUKIN-2 AND INTERFERON-?? AND MAINTENANCE OF INTERLEUKIN-4 AND INTERLEUKIN-10 PRODUCTION AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF AN ANTI-CD3 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IN MICE1

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Martin Wissing ◽  
Fabrice Desalle ◽  
Daniel Abramowicz ◽  
Fabienne Willems ◽  
Oberdan Leo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Down Regulation

scholarly journals Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Induces IFN-γ+IL-2+IL-17+Multifunctional CD4+T Cells during Latent but Not Active Tuberculosis Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
André G. Loxton ◽  
Gillian F. Black ◽  
Kim Stanley ◽  
Gerhard Walzl
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Tuberculosis Disease

ABSTRACTThe mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) protein induces a potent gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and is a candidate vaccine and diagnostic antigen. We have assessed HBHA-specific intracellular IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-17 production by CD4+T cells in TB cases and household contacts (HHCs) as well as the level of secreted IFN-γ in whole-blood culture supernatant. HHCs were further classified as tuberculin skin test (TST) positive or negative, and the group was also divided as HIV positive or negative. Our study revealed that HBHA induces multifunctional IFN-γ-, IL-2-, and IL-17-coexpressing CD4+T cells in HHCs but not in active TB cases; however, IFN-γ levels in culture supernatant did not differ between participant groups. Further studies are needed to completely understand how HBHA induces immune responses in different disease groups.

scholarly journals Gingyo-San Enhances Immunity and Potentiates Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccination

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che-Ming Hung ◽  
Chia-Chou Yeh ◽  
Kowit-Yu Chong ◽  
Hsiao-Ling Chen ◽  
Jiun-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Ifn Γ

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Gingyo-san (GGS), a traditional Chinese medical formula, on peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titers in chickens vaccinated against the infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus. Treatment groups were fed one of three doses of GGS in their diet (0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%, w/w), and the IBD vaccine was administered at 1 and 3 weeks of age. At Weeks 8, 12 and 16, changes in serum IBD antibody titers were measured via the micro-method and T cell proliferation. In gene expression experiments, GGS-treated peripheral T lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA) for 24 h. The mRNA expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) was determined using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results showed that a low dose of GGS could significantly raise the antibody titers. Medium and high doses of GGS enhanced IL-2 and IFN-γ production. GGS altered the expression of IL-4 and IL-12 in T lymphocytes. CD4+T lymphocyte development was also skewed towards the Th1 phenotype. GGS enhanced cell-mediated immunity and augmented the effects of IBD vaccination in strengthening subsequent anti-viral responses.

scholarly journals Delivery of Cytokines by Recombinant Virus in Early Life Alters the Immune Response to Adult Lung Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 5294-5302 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Harker ◽  
Debbie C. P. Lee ◽  
Yuko Yamaguchi ◽  
Belinda Wang ◽  
Alexander Bukreyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis, the major cause of hospitalization of infants. An ideal RSV vaccine would be effective for neonates, but the immune responses of infants differ markedly from those of adults, often showing a bias toward T-helper 2 (Th2) responses and reduced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. We previously developed recombinant RSV vectors expressing IFN-γ and interleukin-4 (IL-4) that allow us to explore the role of these key Th1 and Th2 cytokines during infection. The aim of the current study was to explore whether an immunomodulation of infant responses could enhance protection. The expression of IFN-γ by a recombinant RSV vector (RSV/IFN-γ) attenuated primary viral replication in newborn mice without affecting the development of specific antibody or T-cell responses. Upon challenge, RSV/IFN-γ mice were protected from the exacerbated disease observed for mice primed with wild-type RSV; however, antiviral immunity was not enhanced. Conversely, the expression of IL-4 by recombinant RSV did not affect virus replication in neonates but greatly enhanced Th2 immune responses upon challenge without affecting weight loss. These studies demonstrate that it is possible to manipulate infant immune responses by using cytokine-expressing recombinant viruses and that neonatal deficiency in IFN-γ responses may lead to enhanced disease during secondary infection.

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