scholarly journals The effects of different dietary contents of protein on amino acid and glucose production and on the contribution of amino acids to gluconeogenesis in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. B. Reilly ◽  
E. J. H. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Portal System ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
The Best Approximation ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Total Glucose

1. Free amino acid entry rates, rates of portal uptake of amino acids and rates of glucose synthesis from amino acids have been measured during the continuous intravenous infusion of [U-14C]-labelled mixed amino acids in six sheep receiving diets that supplied different amounts of protein.2. In four of these sheep and in one other, total rates of glucose production have been measured using continuous intravenous infusions of [U-14C]-labelled glucose.3. A signiiicant correlation was found between total amino acid entry rate ( Y mg/min.kg) and daily protein intake ( X g/kg): Y = 2·14+ 1·38X (r = 0·878, 0·02 > P > 0·01).4. A significant correlation was found between the rate of absorption of amino acids into the portal system ( Y mg/min.kg) and the daily protein intake ( X g/kg): Y = 0·58 + 0·58X (r = 0·884, 0·02 > P > 0·01).5. A highly significant correlation was found between total glucose production rates ( Y mglmin. kg) and daily protein intake ( X g/kg): and daily protein intake ( X g/kg): Y = 2.14+ 1.38X (r = 0·878, 0·02 > P > 0·01). Y = 0·375f0·702X (r = 0·866, 0·005 > P > 0·001).6. The mean proportional contribution to total amino acid entry made by portal absorption was 33·5 f 1·8 yo (six animals).7. A significant correlation was found between the rate of glucose production from amino acids (Y mg/min.kg) and the rate of entry of amino acids ( X mg/min.kg): Y = 0-189X-0·414 ( r = 0·84, 0·01 > P > 0·005).8. The best approximation of the proportion of glucose derived from amino acids was 28·16 f 5·1 % (six animals).9. The specific radioactivities of amino acids in liver, kidney and muscle did not approach those found in plasma during infusions of [U-14C]-labelled mixed amino acids of up to 6·75 h.

THE EFFECT OF BETAMETHASONE ON GLUCOSE PRODUCTION AND ON GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AMINO ACIDS IN SHEEP

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. B. REILLY ◽  
E. J. H. FORD
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Steroid Administration ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Mean Glucose

SUMMARY Primed continuous infusions of tracer amounts of [U-14C]glucose and of [U-14C]labelled mixed amino acids were used to measure plasma glucose and amino acid entry rates and to obtain an index of the incorporation of amino acid carbon into glucose by sheep before and 24 h after a single intramuscular injection of betamethasone. Maximum hyperglycaemia occurred 24 h after administration of the steroid, but there was no significant change in arterial amino acid concentration. Mean glucose entry rate was significantly raised 24 h after steroid administration. The rate of incorporation of amino acid carbon into glucose also increased significantly. The increases in plasma glucose concentration and in glucose entry confirm the authors' previous results. The results also indicate that a significant proportion of the additional glucose entry is synthesized from amino acid carbon.

Effect of dietary protein degradability on net fluxes of free and peptide amino acids across the portal-drained viscera of steers

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
XING-TAI HAN ◽  
BAI XUE ◽  
LING-HAO HU ◽  
JI-ZENG DU
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Net Fluxes ◽  
Degradable Protein ◽  
Protein Degradability

Four steers, average body weight 260±15 kg, fitted with portal catheters were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design to evaluate the influence of dietary protein degradability in the rumen on peptide and amino acid fluxes across the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary protein degradability was regulated by using different protein sources and the diets were calculated to contain 130 g CP/kg and 9·62 MJ ME per kg DM. Plasma concentrations of amino acids were analysed before and after acid hydrolysis of samples first subjected to chemical deproteinization and physical ultrafiltration, and peptide amino acids (PAA) were calculated as the difference between total and free amino acids (FAA). Portal blood flow and arterial concentrations of FAA and PAA were not affected by protein degradability or by diet. Venoarterial concentration difference and net portal flux of FAA tended to increase (P < 0·10) with increase of degradable protein intake. Portal-arterial concentration difference (P < 0·05) and net portal flux (P < 0·10) of PAA increased linearly as dietary protein degradability increased. The proportion of PAA in total amino acid (FAA+PAA) net flux was not modified by dietary protein degradability or by diet, and the mean value as a proportion was 0·32. The major PAA absorbed were glutamate, leucine, aspartate and lysine for all diets, accounting in total for 0·50 of PAA flux. The results demonstrate that PAA may contribute significantly to AA flux across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of steers, and both FAA and PAA net fluxes can be affected by degradable protein intake.

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during bed rest: effect on recovery

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1345-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Stein ◽  
M. R. Donaldson ◽  
M. J. Leskiw ◽  
M. D. Schluter ◽  
D. W. Baggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Gluconeogenesis From Alanine ◽  
Total Glucose

Bed rest is associated with a loss of protein from the weight-bearing muscle. The objectives of this study are to determine whether increasing dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) during bed rest improves the anabolic response after bed rest. The study consisted of a 1-day ambulatory period, 14 days of bed rest, and a 4-day recovery period. During bed rest, dietary intake was supplemented with either 30 mmol/day each of glycine, serine, and alanine ( group 1) or with 30 mmol/day each of the three BCAAs ( group 2). Whole body protein synthesis was determined with U-15N-labeled amino acids, muscle, and selected plasma protein synthesis withl-[2H5]phenylalanine. Total glucose production and gluconeogenesis from alanine were determined with l-[U-13C3]alanine and [6,6-2H2]glucose. During bed rest, nitrogen (N) retention was greater with BCAA feeding (56 ± 6 vs. 26 ± 12 mg N · kg−1 · day−1, P < 0.05). There was no effect of BCAA supplementation on either whole body, muscle, or plasma protein synthesis or the rate of 3-MeH excretion. Muscle tissue free amino acid concentrations were increased during bed rest with BCAA (0.214 ± 0.066 vs. 0.088 ± 0.12 nmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). Total glucose production and gluconeogenesis from alanine were unchanged with bed rest but were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05) with the BCAA group in the recovery phase. In conclusion, the improved N retention during bed rest is due, at least in part, to accretion of amino acids in the tissue free amino acid pools. The amount accreted is not enough to impact protein kinetics in the recovery phase but does improve N retention by providing additional essential amino acids in the early recovery phase.

Plasma Amino Acid Profiles and Amino Acid Losses in Patients Undergoing CAPD

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Dombros Arie ◽  
Oren Errol B. Marliss ◽  
G. Harvey Anderson ◽  
Arthur N. Stein Ramesh Khanna ◽  
Jean Petit Lidia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Daily Total

Fasting plasma amino acid levels and 24hour amino acid losses in the dialysate were measured in six nondiabetic female and six diabetic male patients on CAPD. Comparison of their plasma amino acid values with sex matched controls showed that CAPD did not restore the plasma amino acid levels of these patients to normal, and that the abnormalities in the non-diabetics were more marked than in the diabetics. The daily total amino acid losses in the dialysate were small relative to protein intake, averaged 2.25 9 per day and were similar for the non-diabetic and diabetics. The concentrations of most amino acids in the dialysate were proportional to their plasma concentrations. Loss of amino acids in the dialysate does not account for the abnormal plasma patterns of CAPD patients.

scholarly journals Basil as Secondary Crop in Cascade Hydroponics: Exploring Salinity Tolerance Limits in Terms of Growth, Amino Acid Profile, and Nutrient Composition

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Denisa Avdouli ◽  
Johannes F. J. Max ◽  
Nikolaos Katsoulas ◽  
Efi Levizou
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Cascade System ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Use Efficiency

In a cascade hydroponic system, the used nutrient solution drained from a primary crop is directed to a secondary crop, enhancing resource-use efficiency while minimizing waste. Nevertheless, the inevitably increased EC of the drainage solution requires salinity-tolerant crops. The present study explored the salinity-tolerance thresholds of basil to evaluate its potential use as a secondary crop in a cascade system. Two distinct but complemented approaches were used; the first experiment examined basil response to increased levels of salinity (5, 10 and 15 dS m−1, compared with 2 dS m−1 of control) to identify the limits, and the second experiment employed a cascade system with cucumber as a primary crop to monitor basil responses to the drainage solution of 3.2 dS m−1. Growth, ascorbate content, nutrient concentration, and total amino acid concentration and profile were determined in both experiments. Various aspects of basil growth and biochemical performance collectively indicated the 5 dS m−1 salinity level as the upper limit/threshold of tolerance to stress. Higher salinity levels considerably suppressed fresh weight production, though the total concentration of amino acids showed a sevenfold increase under 15 dS m−1 and 4.5-fold under 5 and 10 dS m−1 compared to the control. The performance of basil in the cascade system was subject to a compromise between a reduction of fresh produce and an increase of total amino acids and ascorbate content. This outcome indicated that basil performed well under the conditions and the system employed in the present study, and might be a good candidate for use as a secondary crop in cascade-hydroponics systems.

scholarly journals Amino acids whose intracellular levels change most during aging alter chronological lifespan of fission yeast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Rallis ◽  
Michael Mülleder ◽  
Graeme Smith ◽  
Yan Zi Au ◽  
Markus Ralser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chronological Lifespan ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Amino Acid Levels

AbstractAmino acid deprivation or supplementation can affect cellular and organismal lifespan, but we know little about the role of concentration changes in free, intracellular amino acids during aging. Here, we determine free amino-acid levels during chronological aging of non-dividing fission yeast cells. We compare wild-type with long-lived mutant cells that lack the Pka1 protein of the protein kinase A signalling pathway. In wild-type cells, total amino-acid levels decrease during aging, but much less so in pka1 mutants. Two amino acids strongly change as a function of age: glutamine decreases, especially in wild-type cells, while aspartate increases, especially in pka1 mutants. Supplementation of glutamine is sufficient to extend the chronological lifespan of wild-type but not of pka1Δ cells. Supplementation of aspartate, on the other hand, shortens the lifespan of pka1Δ but not of wild-type cells. Our results raise the possibility that certain amino acids are biomarkers of aging, and their concentrations during aging can promote or limit cellular lifespan.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

Changes in amino acid compounds of wheat plants during ensiling and aerobic exposure: the influence of propionic acid and urea phosphate-calcium propionate

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ashbell ◽  
H. H. Theune ◽  
D. Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Calcium Propionate

SummaryChanges in distribution of amino acid nitrogen of chopped wheat plants ensiled at shooting and flowering when wilted, and at the milk and dough stages as fresh material, were determined as affected by addition of 0·8% propionic acid (PrA) or 2·2% urea phosphate-calcium propionate (UP-CaPr). Analyses were carried out after an ensiling period of 90 days and after a further aerobic exposure period (AE) of 7 days.Total amino acid (TAA) contents in the dry matter (D.M.) during the fermentation period and in the AE were stable in untreated material (UM) and treated material. Concentration of essential amino acids decreased during fermentation, this decrease being higher in the UM. The free amino acids were low in the fresh material (18·6% of TAA) but increased in the ensiled material to ca. 71 % of the TAA in the silage. In the AE this level was 63% in UM and 69% in treated material. The ammonia-N contents increased during fermentation in UM and especially in the UP-CaPr treatments, while the opposite occurred in the PrA treatments.The concentrations of and changes in 21 amino acids (AAs) are given. The highest AA concentrations recorded in the fresh material were those of arginine, lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, proline and glycine. The most marked increments in AAs as a result of fermentation were those of ornithine, γ-amino butyric acid, threonine and methionine. Marked decreases were observed in glutamine, arginine and glutamic acid. PrA increased mainly arginine, asparagine and glutamine, whereas γ-amino butyric acid decreased; UP-CaPr increased arginine, asparagine, lysine and glutamic acid (in silage only) and reduced γ-amino butyric acid and glutamine (in AE only).

High Protein Intake during Continuous Hemodiafiltration: Impact on Amino Acids and Nitrogen Balance

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bellomo ◽  
H. K. Tan ◽  
S. Bhonagiri ◽  
I. Gopal ◽  
J. Seacombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Continuous Hemodiafiltration ◽  
High Protein Intake

Aims To study the effect of combined continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and high (2.5 g/kg/day) parenteral amino acid supplementation on nitrogen balance, amino acid losses and azotemic control in a cohort of patients with severe acute renal failure (ARF). Methods We administered 2.5 grams/kg/day of amino acids intravenously to seven critically ill patients with ARF. We obtained paired blood and ultrafiltrate (UF) samples (n=20) and calculated amino acid clearances and losses, nitrogen balance, protein catabolic rate and total nitrogen losses. Results The median total serum amino acid concentration was high at 5.2 mmol/L with particularly high concentrations of ornithine, lysine, and phenylalanine, but a low level of histidine. The median overall amino acid clearance was 18.6 ml/min (range: 12 to 29 ml/min). UF losses as percentage of administered dose were high for tyrosine (53.6 %) but low for methionine (3.0 %) and arginine (2.3 %). A positive nitrogen balance was achieved in 7 (35%) of the 20 study days with an overall median nitrogen balance of -1.8 g/day. Urea levels were maintained at a median of 26.6 mmol/L. Conclusions High protein intake increases the serum concentrations of most amino acids. Such protein supplementation, when coupled with CVVHDF, achieves a slightly negative overall nitrogen balance in extremely catabolic patients while still allowing adequate azotemic control.

Composition of amino acids and fatty acids on Luwak coffee processing

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Fitri ◽  
A. Laga ◽  
Z. Dwyana ◽  
A.B. Tawali
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Coffee Beans

The processing carried out on coffee beans such as fermentation and roasting can affect the contents of amino and fatty acids of coffee beans. This study aimed to determine the amount of amino acid and fatty acid content in Luwak coffee bean during processing. The amino acids of coffee were analyzed using HPLC, while fatty acids of coffee were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed a change in total amino acid content in raw coffee bean (3.04%), green bean coffee (6.93%), and roasted coffee (6.83%). The total fatty acid of raw coffee bean (1199.86 mg/100 g), green bean coffee (3147.56 mg/100 g), and roasted coffee (6282.4 mg/100 g) also experienced significant changes

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