The sugar intake of businessmen and its inverse relationship with relative weight

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Sugar Intake

1. Yudkin's (1967) questionnaire on the dietary intake of sugar was given to 415 businessmen for self-administration.1. The results showed an inverse relationship between sugar intake and relative weight (actual weight as a percentage of expected weight for height and age) and additional evidence suggests a direct relationship between sugar intake and adequate exercise.2. The statement that ‘sugar was restricted’ was shown to be a factor of considerable importance affecting the reported level of sugar intake and should be taken into account when comparing different series.3. The positive association between cigarette smoking and mean sugar consumption in this series was due to the low-sugar intake of ex-smokers.4. In future studies on the role of sucrose in the aetiology of ischaemic disease, both smoking habits and levels of activity should be recorded.

The role of relative weight in the positive association between age and serum cholesterol in men and women

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafim Nanas ◽  
Wen-Harn Pan ◽  
Jeremiah Stamler ◽  
Kiang Liu ◽  
Alan Dyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals Lutein and zeaxanthin: The possible contribution, mechanisms of action and implications of modern dietary intake for cognitive development in children.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Loskutova ◽  
Kajal Shah ◽  
Ian D. Flitcroft ◽  
Annalisa Setti ◽  
John S. Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Studies suggest that lutein and zeaxanthin may be important for cognitive development in children, but a comprehensive evidence synthesis is lacking. The purpose of this evidence synthesis was to analyse the available data regarding the role of lutein and zeaxanthin for cognition in children and propose a theoretical basis for future studies.Methods:The PubMed, Scopus, the ISRCTN registry and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that evaluated the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognitive function in children. Reference list and ancestry searches were performed on relevant articles. A total of 543 articles were identified, of which six cross-sectional studies were included.Results:The literature search revealed that the evidence concerning the effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on cognition in children is sparse. However, there is some preliminary evidence indicating a positive association between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognition in childhood.Conclusions:The cross-sectional nature of the few studies available and the lack of RCT data indicates a need for further investigation before any firm conclusions can be drawn.

scholarly journals ΔFosB: A Molecular Mechanism of MDMA Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason Foote
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Active Lever ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Administration Methods

<p>Rationale. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used illicit substance and some users show signs of abuse and dependence. It has been suggested that addiction reflects persistent neuroplasticity and one proposed mechanism has been a change in the expression of the transcription factor, ΔFosB.  Objectives. This study determined whether ΔFosB expression in reward-relevant brain areas was altered as a function of MDMA self-administration.  Methods. Rats were separated into triads. One rat self-administered MDMA (master rat) and the other 2 rats received either MDMA (yoked MDMA) or saline (yoked saline) infusions contingent on the behaviour of the master rat. Testing continued until a total intake of 350 mg/kg of MDMA was delivered. Two days following the final self-administration session, rats were sacrificed and perfused transcardially. Brains were removed, and ΔFosB immunohistochemistry was conducted. ΔFosB expression in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex was compared across groups.  Results. Unfortunately the tissue from many of the yoked MDMA rats was compromised and therefore data from this group were not included in any analyses. MDMA self-administration produced a significantly greater expression of ΔFosB in the ventromedial and ventrolateral portions of the caudate putamen when compared to expression produced following yoked saline exposure. Within the infralimbic cortex, accumbens shell and dorsolateral caudate putamen differences approached significance. A significant correlation between ΔFosB expression in the ventromedial caudate putamen and cumulative active lever presses across the final 5 days of self-administration was also found.  Conclusions. These findings provide the first evidence of MDMA-induced expression of ΔFosB. Increased expression of ΔFosB was observed in regions associated with the development and maintenance of drug addiction. These data support the idea that induction of ΔFosB may present a mechanism by which MDMA can induce alterations in genetic transcription, which may underlie the development of MDMA dependence.  Future studies should utilise antagonism of ΔFosB via region-selective administration of Δc-jun in order to further elucidate the role of these transcriptional changes in the development and maintenance of self-administration.</p>

scholarly journals Controlled Concealment of Exposed Clearance and Immunogenic Domains by Site-specific Polyethylene Glycol Attachment to Acetylcholinesterase Hypolysine Mutants

2007 ◽  
Vol 282 (49) ◽  
pp. 35491-35501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Cohen ◽  
Chanoch Kronman ◽  
Arie Lazar ◽  
Baruch Velan ◽  
Avigdor Shafferman
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Asialoglycoprotein Receptor ◽  
Protein Surface ◽  
Site Specific

Cholinesterases are efficient scavengers of organophosphates and are currently being developed as drugs for treatment against poisoning by such compounds. Recombinant ChE bioscavengers have very short circular longevity, a limitation that can be overcome by complex post-translation manipulations or by chemical modification such as polyethylene glycol conjugation. Series of multiple Lys-Ala mutants of human acetylcholinesterase were prepared allowing the generation of homogenous and well defined polyethylene-glycol conjugated AChEs with either one, two, three, four, or five appended polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties/molecule. The rank order of circulatory longevity of these molecules was dependent on the number of PEG appendages up to a certain threshold: 5 = 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > 0. Hypolysine acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) carrying the same number of PEGs, and therefore with identical masses, allowed us to demonstrate that circulatory longevity correlates with the predicted extent of concealment of the AChE surface. Furthermore, circulatory profiles of high number and low number PEG-AChEs differing in their sialic acid contents demonstrate a direct relationship between PEG loading and the effective seclusion of AChE from the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor clearance system. Finally, an inverse relationship is found between the extent of PEG loading and the ability of the human acetylcholinesterase to elicit specific anti-HuAChE antibodies. In conclusion, these findings suggest that for the extension of circulatory longevity, protein surface domain concealment exerted by polyethylene glycol attachment is at least as important as its effect on size enlargement and highlights the role of PEG attachment in masking interactions between biomolecules and their cognate receptors.

scholarly journals ΔFosB: A Molecular Mechanism of MDMA Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jason Foote
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Active Lever ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Administration Methods

<p>Rationale. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used illicit substance and some users show signs of abuse and dependence. It has been suggested that addiction reflects persistent neuroplasticity and one proposed mechanism has been a change in the expression of the transcription factor, ΔFosB.  Objectives. This study determined whether ΔFosB expression in reward-relevant brain areas was altered as a function of MDMA self-administration.  Methods. Rats were separated into triads. One rat self-administered MDMA (master rat) and the other 2 rats received either MDMA (yoked MDMA) or saline (yoked saline) infusions contingent on the behaviour of the master rat. Testing continued until a total intake of 350 mg/kg of MDMA was delivered. Two days following the final self-administration session, rats were sacrificed and perfused transcardially. Brains were removed, and ΔFosB immunohistochemistry was conducted. ΔFosB expression in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex was compared across groups.  Results. Unfortunately the tissue from many of the yoked MDMA rats was compromised and therefore data from this group were not included in any analyses. MDMA self-administration produced a significantly greater expression of ΔFosB in the ventromedial and ventrolateral portions of the caudate putamen when compared to expression produced following yoked saline exposure. Within the infralimbic cortex, accumbens shell and dorsolateral caudate putamen differences approached significance. A significant correlation between ΔFosB expression in the ventromedial caudate putamen and cumulative active lever presses across the final 5 days of self-administration was also found.  Conclusions. These findings provide the first evidence of MDMA-induced expression of ΔFosB. Increased expression of ΔFosB was observed in regions associated with the development and maintenance of drug addiction. These data support the idea that induction of ΔFosB may present a mechanism by which MDMA can induce alterations in genetic transcription, which may underlie the development of MDMA dependence.  Future studies should utilise antagonism of ΔFosB via region-selective administration of Δc-jun in order to further elucidate the role of these transcriptional changes in the development and maintenance of self-administration.</p>

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Motives for Social Isolation Following a Negative Emotional Episode

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Gérald Delelis ◽  
Véronique Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Emotional Event ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotional Events

Abstract. After experiencing an emotional event, people either seek out others’ presence (social affiliation) or avoid others’ presence (social isolation). The determinants and effects of social affiliation are now well-known, but social psychologists have not yet thoroughly studied social isolation. This study aims to ascertain which motives and corresponding regulation strategies participants report for social isolation following negative emotional events. A group of 96 participants retrieved from memory an actual negative event that led them to temporarily socially isolate themselves and freely listed up to 10 motives for social isolation. Through semantic categorization of the 423 motives reported by the participants, we found that “cognitive clarification” and “keeping one’s distance” – that is, the need for cognitive regulation and the refusal of socioaffective regulation, respectively – were the most commonly and quickly reported motives for social isolation. We discuss the findings in terms of ideas for future studies aimed at clarifying the role of social isolation in health situations.

Collection of Ego-Centered Network Data with Computer-Assisted Interviews

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Gerich ◽  
Roland Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Full Network

Although ego-centered network data provide information that is limited in various ways as compared with full network data, an ego-centered design can be used without the need for a priori and researcher-defined network borders. Moreover, ego-centered network data can be obtained with traditional survey methods. However, due to the dynamic structure of the questionnaires involved, a great effort is required on the part of either respondents (with self-administration) or interviewers (with face-to-face interviews). As an alternative, we will show the advantages of using CASI (computer-assisted self-administered interview) methods for the collection of ego-centered network data as applied in a study on the role of social networks in substance use among college students.

Organizational Justice and Employee Sustainability: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Mehreen Fatima ◽  
Zeeshan Izhar ◽  
Zaheer Abbas Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Impact

Purpose- The primary purpose of the study is to determine the impact of organizational justice (OJ) on employee sustainability. Along with that, it also describes how organizational commitment mediates this direct relationship. This study includes all dimensions of OJ which are distributive, procedural and interactional (interpersonal & informational) within the context of a developing country (Pakistan). Design/Methodology- This study has considered employees working in the banking sector of Pakistan. Two hundred ten questionnaires were received back from employees. Regression analysis was used to analyze direct relationships between variables, while smart partial least squares (PLS) were used for mediation analysis. Findings- Results demonstrated that all hypothesis were accepted and it was also confirmed that organizational commitment (OC) mediates the direct relationship between OJ and employee sustainability (ES). Originality/value- Multidimensional construct of organizational justice was tested in this study, in the context of a developing country (Pakistan), to address the research gap.

CEO and CFO Equity Incentives and the Pricing of Audit Services

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Anthony Billings ◽  
Xinghua Gao ◽  
Yonghong Jia
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Audit Risk ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Equity Incentives ◽  
Accounting Scandals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Distinctive Role

SUMMARY: The alleged perverse role of managerial incentives in accounting scandals, and the distinctive role of auditors in identifying and intervening in attempted earnings manipulation, highlight the importance of explicitly considering executive incentive plans by auditors in the auditing process. By empirically testing auditors' responses to CEO/CFO equity incentives in planning and pricing decisions using data from 2002 through 2009, we document compelling evidence that CFO equity incentives are positively associated with audit fees and CEO equity incentives are not statistically related to audit fees, suggesting that auditors perceive heightened audit risk associated with CFO equity incentives. Our further analyses reveal that the positive association between CFO equity incentives and audit fees is more pronounced in firms with weak internal controls, indicating heightened risk associated with CFO equity incentives in this setting perceived by auditors. JEL Classifications: G30, G34, M42, M52.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document