scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two separate experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. The retention times of digesta in the stomach and the entire gastro-intestinal tract did not differ between pigs given pelleted diets containing milk or soya-bean protein.3. Digesta retention times in the stomach were shorter (61 v. 146 min) in pigs given a milk-protein diet in a liquid form than in pigs given the same diet in a pelleted form. The retention times in the whole gastro-intestinal tract were 42.8 v. 29.6 h on the respective diets.4. The total retention time of digesta in the gastro-intestinal tract increased with age of pigs between 14–35 d of age when given pelleted diets but not when given a liquid diet.5. The daily amount of digesta flowing through the anterior small intestine was unaffected by the source of protein. Greater endogenous secretions into the anterior small intestine were observed when pigs were fed ad lib. than when fed at 2 g nitrogen (45 g dry matter (DM))/kg live weight0.75 per d.6. The apparent digestion of DM to the ileum of pigs given milk, isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) (Promine D) or soya-bean meal (SBM) protein at 28 d of age was 0.826, 0.825 and 0.644 respectively.7. The apparent digestion of DM to the ileum of pigs given ISP (Supro 610) significantly increased with age of pigs from 0.851 at 14 d of age to 0.883 at 35 d of age. No increase was observed for pigs given milk protein.8. Differences in the digestibility of DM between protein sources were greater to the ileum than over the entire gastro-intestinal tract. The greatest increase in DM digestion from the ileum to the faeces occurred in pigs given SBM (0.644–0.874).9. Neither the protein source nor age of pigs influenced gastric pH values, the mean value being 4.05. pH increased along the small intestine and was not affected by the protein source or age of pig.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein source and saponins on serum lipids and the excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols in rabbits

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Pathirana ◽  
M. J. Gibney ◽  
T. G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Neutral Sterols ◽  
Dietary Protein Source ◽  
Bean Protein

1. Four groups of six rabbits were given purified diets in which the dietary variables were protein source (isolated soya-bean protein or cow's-milk protein) with or without saponin supplementation (10 g/kg).2. Rabbits given soya-based diets showed significantly lower serum concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol (P < 0·01). The latter changes were confined to the cholesterol fractions of β-lipoproteins.3. These changes in serum cholesterol were associated with a significantly increased excretion of acid and neutral sterols in animals given soya-bean protein.4. There was no evidence to suggest that the effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids and the excretion of total and individual sterols was influenced by saponin supplementation.5. These results do not support the hypothesis that the hypocholesterolaemia associated with plant proteins is due to the presence of saponins.

scholarly journals Artificial rearing of pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bean Protein

1. Pigs (twenty-one/diet) were weaned at 2 d of age and given liquid diets (200 g dry matter/l) at hourly intervals during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed on a scale based on live weight. The diets contained (g/kg DM): dried skim-milk 730 (diet A), dried whey 508·5, isolated soya-bean protein 218, DL-methionine 3·5 (diet S), and soya-bean oil 270 (diets A and S). Diet T contained equal proportions of diets A and S. Soya-bean supplied 0, 370 and 740 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25)/kg total crude protein in diets A, T and S respectively.2. Performance was similar for both diets A and T (P > 0·05). Pigs given diet S scoured severely, and fourteen died. The survivors grew very poorly. Nitrogen retention (g/d per kg live weight) was greater for diet A compared with diet T (P < 0·0r), and decreased with age (P < 0·01).3. Protein digestion was examined in the pigs killed at 28 d of age. The amount of soya-bean protein in the diet did not affect the amount of digesta in the stomach, but soya-bean protein decreased the pH, DM and total N content of the digesta (P < 0.01), and increased, though not significantly (P < 0·05), pepsin activity in the digesta and stomach tissue. Acid secretion into the stomach appeared to be enhanced in pigs given a diet containing soya-bean protein.4. Amounts of trypsin, chymotrypsin, total N and proportion of non-protein-N in the digesta from the small intestine were similar for both diets A and T. The amounts for both diets were greater in the distal compared with the proximal region of the small intestine (P < 0·05). Chymotrypsin activity in the pancreas was reduced (P < 0·05) in pigs given diet T, although this reduction did not seem to impair digestion in 28-d-old pigs. Trypsin activity in the pancreas was similar for both diets A and T.5. It seems likely that the neonatal pig does not have the digestive capacity to tolerate the large daily intakes of soya-bean protein when dried skim-milk was totally replaced in the diet (diet S). When half the dried skim-milk was replaced, protein digestion was not impaired in 28-d-old pigs.

Survival and metabolic activity of the GanedenBC30 strain of Bacillus coagulans in a dynamic in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maathuis ◽  
D. Keller ◽  
S. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion

We have investigated the survival and activity of GanedenBC30 during passage through the upper gastro-intestinal tract. GanedenBC30 was tested in a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1) on survival and its potential to aid in digestion of milk protein, lactose and fructose. The survival of GanedenBC30 was high (70%), although germination of the spores was minimal (<10%) under the conditions tested. Survival of the strain in the presence of lactose and fructose was markedly lower (56-59%) than in the absence of the sugars. The amount of digested milk protein available for absorption was somewhat higher (+0.2 g) when GanedenBC30 was added to the milk. When GanedenBC30 was tested with lactose or fructose added to the meal, the cumulative amount of lactate produced was slightly higher (+0.12-0.18 mmol) compared to the GanedenBC30 alone. In conclusion, although the differences in survival of GanedenBC30 are small, these results show the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in protein digestion and in the digestion of lactose and fructose. If a larger fraction of the Bacillus coagulans cells had germinated, the influence on protein and carbohydrate digestion would probably have been much greater. Importance of the findings: the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in the digestion of lactose and fructose could be used to prevent occurrence of intestinal symptoms in individuals sensitive to these carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two separate experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were fed on diets containing milk or soya-bean protein until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Daily amounts of nitrogen flowing through the stomach and proximal small intestine of pigs were similar with both sources of protein fed.3. Endogenous N flows in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs given an N-free diet were 22.9, 7.4 and 4.6 g N/kg dry matter (DM) intake. Endogenous N in faeces was 0.970 g N/kg DM intake.4. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 28-d-old pigs was 0.86 and 0.92 for the pigs given the milk-protein diets, 0.80 and 0.86 for the pigs given the isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Promine D) diets and 0.51 and 0.62 for pigs given the soya-bean meal (SBM)-protein diet. These values over the entire gastro-intestinal tract were 0.98 and 1.00 for milk, 0.92 and 0.95 for ISP and 0.82 and 0.85 for SBM.5. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 14-d-old pigs given a liquid milk diet was 0.92 and 0.94, while the values for the pigs given a pelleted milk diet were 0.86 and 0.87. At 35 d of age there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the N in the liquid and pelleted milk diets.6. The apparent digestibility of N to the ileum and over the entire gastro-intestinal tract of pigs given ISP (Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from 0.83 at 14 d of age to 0.88 at 35 d of age.7. Of the N in the stomach 14–32% could not be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (TCA; 30 g/l).8. In the jejunal and ileal contents an average of 46 and 24% of the N was precipitated by TCA in pigs given soya-bean proteins and milk proteins respectively.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

In a study with ten pigs of 60–70 kg live weight, provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and sixteen intact, non-cannulated pigs, the digestion and absorption of a dietary dose of 100 g isomalt/kg, and isomalt given between the meals as a ‘sweet’on the basis of 50 and 100 g/kg feed consumption, were examined. In all three isomalt treatments slightly less than 0.40 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine when the calculations were based on ileal sugar passage. However, when basing the calculations on energy contents of ileal chyme, only approximately 0.10 was digested in the small intestine. The bacterial fermentation of the isomalt flowing into the large intestine was indicated by a decreased faecal energy digestibility and a slight reduction in faecal dry matter and nitrogen digestibility. The retention of the minerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was not influenced to any measurable extent when isomalt was fed.

scholarly journals The effect of different feeds, including those containing soya-bean products, on the passage of digesta from the abomasum of the preruminant calf

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Smith ◽  
J. W. Sissons
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Flour ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Bean Protein

1. The effects of various factors on rates of flow and composition of digesta leaving the abomasum of preruminant calves were studied. The possible relation of some of these effects to the development of serum antibodies to certain dietary constituents has also been examined. Two situations were distinguished: (a) unsensitized responses, shown by calves receiving milk protein or soya-bean products for the first one or two occasions; (b) sensitized responses, shown by calves receiving certain soya-bean products, after a number of these feeds had been given.2. For unsensitized calves, the rate of flow of total digesta from the abomasum was greater in the first few hours after a feed consisting of a mineral solution was given, than after cow's milk was given. This difference was apparently due to differences in the composition of digesta entering the duodenum. Total digesta flows after giving synthetic milk feeds, prepared from different protein sources, were similar to those after cow's milk was given.3. For sensitized calves, rates of flow of total digesta from the abomasum were greatly affected by the nature of the protein source used in the diet. Soya-bean flour (heated or unheated) generally caused inhibition of flow for some hours after feeding; a soya-bean protein isolate (isoelectric) had a similar but smaller effect, but a soya-bean concentrate (prepared by alcohol extraction of a soya-bean flour) and milk protein had little or no effect. The inhibition, believed to be a sign of more general disorders, appeared to be caused by a factor entering the duodenum which induced a change in the way in which the calf responded, probably as the result of a gastrointestinal allergy.4. Calves given soya-bean flour or a soya-bean protein isolate (isoelectric) in their diets for several weeks, showed respectively high and low titres of serum antibodies to an antigen prepared from soya-bean flour. Calves given alcohol-extracted soya-bean concentrate had no similar antibodies.5. In addition to variations in total digesta flow, dietary nitrogen compounds were held up in the abomasum to different extents after different feeds. After a whole-milk feed or a synthetic feed prepared from casein, a slow, steady release of N occurred over at least 9 h. N hold-up after giving soya-bean-containing feeds was slight for the soya-bean flour, but extremely marked for the soya-bean protein isolate (isoelectric). The latter hold-up was followed after several hours by a rapid outflow of N from the abomasum.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Sugar Alcohol ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process

In a study with twelve pigs of 60–70 kg live weight provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and twelve intact, non-cannulated pigs, the fate of dietary doses of 100 and 200 g isomalt/kg during gastrointestinal passage was examined. From sugar analyses in ileal chyme it was calculated that 0.43 and 0.30 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine with the 100 and 200 g/kg doses of isomalt respectively. From findings on ileal energy digestibility it was calculated that, because of a secondary effect of isomalt on the digestion of the basal diet, isomalt digestibility in the small intestine was distinctly lower. In faeces no sugars were found, so faecal digestibility of isomalt was 1.00 for both doses. The bacterial fermentation in the large intestine of the isomalt not digested in the small intestine caused an increase in the faecal excretion of nitrogen and energy. This increased faecal excretion was hardly (nitrogen) or not (energy) compensated by a decreased urinary excretion.

scholarly journals A comparison of the effects of soya-bean protein and casein on bile composition, cholelithiasis and serum lipoprotein lipids in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jaskiewicz ◽  
M. J. Weight ◽  
K. J. Christopher ◽  
A. J. S. Benadé ◽  
D. Kritchevsky
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Bile Composition ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bean Protein

1. Two groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus uethiops) were fed on high-cholesterol diets which differed only with respect to the protein source. In one group casein was the only protein source, while the other group received only soya-bean protein.2. Samples of blood, bile and liver biopsy material were collected at the commencement of the study and at 3-monthly intervals until termination 12 months later.3. At the end of the experimental period all the animals (n19) had high plasma cholesterol levels and had developed pigment gallstones, the compositions and weights of which were not related to the protein source or to plasma cholesterol levels. Gallstone weight was related to the presence of acidic and sulphated mucins in gallbladder mucosa. We were also unable to confirm the hypocholesterolaemic effect of soya-bean protein which has been demonstrated previously in rhesus monkeys and hamsters. Bile composition, and plasma lipids did not differ significantly between the casein-fed and soya-bean fed animals. Lithogenic index was below 1 for both groups and did not differ significantly between the two groups.4. No significant difference was found in the severity ofcholelithiasis between the casein-fed and the soya-bean-fed animals.

scholarly journals Artificial rearing of pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
M. J. Newport
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Soya Bean

1. The butterfat in a whole-milk diet was replaced by either beef tallow, coconut oil or soya-bean oil. The diets contained 280 g fat and 720 g dried skim milk per kg and were supplemented with vitamins A, D, E and K.2. These diets were offered as a milk, containing 200 g solids/Kg, to pigs weaned at 2 d of age during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight (scale E).3. The performance of the pigs and the apparent digestibility of the dietary fats indicated that soya-bean oil was equal to butterfat. Butterfat was slightly superior to coconut oil and markedly superior to beef tallow.4. The amount and composition of the fatty acids were studied in the proximal, mid and distal portions of the small intestine. When the beef tallow diet was given there was an increased amount of total fatty acids in the digesta of the small intestine, mainly in the distal portion. The digesta contained the smallest quantity of fatty acids when the soya-bean oil diet was given. The fatty acid composition of the digesta indicated that the short- and medium chain fatty acids from all the diets were well utilized, but an increasing proportion of stearic acid occurred in the distal portion of the small intestine. The interpretation of changes in fatty acid composition in the digesta in relation to absorption is discussed.

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