scholarly journals Effects of the type and level of dietary fibre supplements on nitrogen retention and excretion patterns

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Tetens ◽  
G. Livesey ◽  
B. O. Eggum
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Levels

abstract:The hypothesls was tested that fermentable dietary fibre (DF) sources elevate faecal N excretion at the expense of urinary N without affecting N retention. DF that substantially increase fermentation (pectin, Sugarbeet and soya bran) or are poorly fermented (crystalline cellulose and maize bran) were fed as supplements to a basal DF-free diet a t three dose levels: 0,50 and 100 g supplement/kg basal diet. The diets were fed to juvenile male Wistar rats for 2 weeks before a 7 d period when faeces and urine were collected. Faecal excretion of N was significantly increased, dose-dependently, by all DF supplements and was positively correlated to faecal bulking. Urinary excretion of N was lower at the high doses of the DF supplements but reached significance only with the highly fermentable (0·68) sugarbeet- supplementeddiets. Regression analysis showed that the major part (0·75) of the increase in faecal N excretion due to DF supplementation was balanced by a reduction in urinary excretion; N retention was therefore, at the dose levels used, only affected to a small extent. Only in the maize-bran-supplemented diets were the reductions in N retention significant. The shift in N excretion from urine to faeces can be explained largely by the degree of microbial fermentation in the large intestine caused by the addition of DF supplements and emphasizes the modifying role that certain DF supplements may have on the enterohepatic cycle of N. Possible implications of these findings for patients with liver or renal failure or for conditions when the intake of dietary protein is marginal are discussed.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Sugar Alcohol ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process

In a study with twelve pigs of 60–70 kg live weight provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and twelve intact, non-cannulated pigs, the fate of dietary doses of 100 and 200 g isomalt/kg during gastrointestinal passage was examined. From sugar analyses in ileal chyme it was calculated that 0.43 and 0.30 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine with the 100 and 200 g/kg doses of isomalt respectively. From findings on ileal energy digestibility it was calculated that, because of a secondary effect of isomalt on the digestion of the basal diet, isomalt digestibility in the small intestine was distinctly lower. In faeces no sugars were found, so faecal digestibility of isomalt was 1.00 for both doses. The bacterial fermentation in the large intestine of the isomalt not digested in the small intestine caused an increase in the faecal excretion of nitrogen and energy. This increased faecal excretion was hardly (nitrogen) or not (energy) compensated by a decreased urinary excretion.

scholarly journals NITROGEN RETENTION IN RAPIDLY-GROWING STEERS GIVEN UREA SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
O. A. Ikuwegbu
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Microbial N

Four calves equipped with permanent rumen and T-piece duodenal caninulus were given four diets in a Latin square experiment carried out at two stages of development. DM flow was measured by dual-phase markers. The basal diet of hay and concentrate was calculated to be low In rumen degradable N (RDN) and. tissue N. Additional RDN was provided by ad­ding 6, 12 or 18g urea/kg concentrate. Supplementary urea did not affect OM digestion either in the stomach or In the entire digestive tract. At the older age OM digestion in the stomach and the entire tract was significantly higher. On the basal diet, N retention was low. The flow of microbial N measured by the DAPA technique was not affected by diet and it was calculated that between 3 and 7g "s/d were recycled to the rumen. The addition of supplementary urea increased N retention par­ticularly at the lowest level of supplementation due to a concomitant decrease In urinary N.

Effects of supplemental D-methionine in comparison to L-methionine on nitrogen retention, gut morphology, antioxidant status, and mRNA abundance of amino acid transporters in weanling pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
John K Mathai ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Linear Slope

Abstract A N-balance experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that D-Methionine (D-Met) has the same bioavailability and efficacy as L-Methionine (L-Met) when fed to weanling pigs. A Met-deficient basal diet containing 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met was formulated. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 0.036, 0.072, or 0.108% D-Met or L-Met to the basal diet, and these diets, therefore, contained 77, 87, or 97% of the requirement for SID Met. Fifty-six barrows (10.53 ± 1.17 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 7 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected quantitatively with 7-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. Blood and tissue samples from pigs fed the basal diet and pigs fed diets containing 0.108% supplemental Met were collected on the last day. Results indicated that N retention (%) linearly increased (P < 0.01) as supplemental D-Met or L-Met increased in diets. Based on N retention (%) as a response, the linear slope-ratio regression estimated the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met to be 101% (95% confidence interval: 57 to 146%). The villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum were not affected by Met level or Met source. Total antioxidant capacity or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations in plasma or tissue samples from pigs fed the control diet or diets containing 0.108% supplemental D-Met or L-Met were not different. Abundance of mRNA for some AA transporters analyzed in intestinal mucosa of pigs also did not differ. Therefore, it is concluded that D-Met and L-Met are equally bioavailable for weanling pigs.

The digestion of fibre by pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Stanogias ◽  
G. R. Pearcet
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Maize Cobs

1. The effects of the amount and the type of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility (AD) by growing pigs of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and NDF components, on nitrogen balance and on the rate of passage of digesta were studied using a semi-purified basal diet and fibre in the forms of soya-bean hulls, lupin (Lupinus sp.) hulls, pea (Pisum sativum) hulls, wheat bran, maize hulls, maize cobs, oat hulls and lucerne (Medicago sativa) stems.2. Both the amount and the type of dietary fibre significantly influenced the AD of dietary dry matter, N and energy. The AD of NDF and of NDF components was markedly affected by the type and the amount of fibre in the diet. The proportion of NDF digested ranged from 0.016 to 0.905, of cellulose from 0.026 to 0.931 and of hemicellulose from 0.010 to 0.999.3. N retention by the pigs ranged from 12.9 to 25.8 g/d and with some fibres there was a tendency towards increased N retention with increasing intakes of NDF.4. Rate of passage of digesta, expressed as the 50 and 95% excretion times of stained feed particles, ranged from 22.2 to 85.1 h and 40.0 to 117.1 h respectively. Large individual variations in rate of passage occurred but, in general, the rate of passage tended to increase with increasing intakes of NDF. No strong associations between the rate of passage of digesta and apparent digestibility of NDF components were observed.5. The results suggest that the extent of fibre digestibility depends predominantly on the origin of the fibre and to a lesser extent on the amount of fibre in the diet.

scholarly journals 119 Bioavailability of L-Methionine in comparison to DL-Methionine for nitrogen retention of weaned and growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Raphael P Caetano ◽  
Luan S Santos ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Alini M Veira ◽  
Welex C Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Molar Basis ◽  
Young Pigs

Abstract Two nitrogen (N) balance studies were conducted to compare the relative bioavailability (RBV) of L-Met with DL-Met as Met sources in young pigs. In each experiment, 42 barrows (PIC; initial BW in Exp. 1: 10.7 kg and Exp. 2: 20.5 kg) were allotted to 7 experimental diets with 6 pigs per treatment. The basal diets (diet 1) were formulated based on corn and soybean meal being deficient in Met, but adequate for the other AA (Exp. 1: 0.24% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Met; 0.53% SID Met + Cys; 1.30% SID Lys; Exp 2: 0.23% SID Met; 0.47% SID Met + Cys; 1.15% SID Lys). Three graded levels of DL-Met and L-Met (0.03, 0.06 and 0.09%) were supplemented to the basal diet on top to create diets 2 to 7 for both studies. In Exp.1, N retention (% of N absorbed) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with supplementation with both Met sources. The slope-ratio regression estimated the RBV of 106% [95% confidence interval (CI): 39 to 173%] for N retention (% of absorbed) on an equi-molar basis. In Exp. 2, N retained (g/d), N retention (% of N intake and % of N absorbed) increased linearly (P < 0.05) by supplementing with both Met sources. There was no effect of Met sources on all N balance parameters in both studies. The slope-ratio estimated the RBV of 89% (95% CI: -28 to 206%) for N retained (g/d), 95% (95% CI: 13 to 177%) for N retention (% of N intake) and 94% (95% CI: 20 to 167%) for N retention (% of N absorbed), respectively on an equi-molar basis. In conclusion, the 95% CI for the RBV of L-Met covers 100%, indicating the RBV of L-Met is not different from that of DL-Met as a Met source for weaned and growing pigs.

scholarly journals Production, absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
Late H. R. Marston
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. The efficiency of production and utilization of vitamin B12 was studied with sheep given a cobalt-deficient diet with and without supplementary Co (1 mg/d). Vitamin B12 to lignin ratios in rumen contents were used to estimate minimum rates of production and these were related to faecal and urinary excretion. Tissue distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 were studied with [58Co]cyanocobalamin and 5′-deoxyadenosyl[60Co]cobalamin.2. Labelled Co was rapidly sequestered by particulate material in the rumen and was largely excreted in the faeces. Most of the vitamin B12 in whole rumen contents was contained in micro-organisms, but was released on incubation at pH 2. Added cyanocobalamin was partly degraded in the rumen.3. The vitamin B12 to lignin ratio in rumen contents began to decline 1–3 d after cessation of a daily Co drench. Estimated ruminal production of vitamin B12 on full feed was not less than 400–700 μg/d with supplementary Co and 50–110 μg/d from the Co (0.01–0.05 μg/g dry weight) in the basal diet. Production of vitamin B12 appeared to be limited by food intake with or without additional Co.4. At full feed the efficiency of production of vitamin B12 from Co in the basal diet was about 13% while that from added Co was about 3%. Part of the vitamin B12 produced in the rumen was degraded before reaching the faeces and about 5% was absorbed. The minimum total requirements of sheep for vitamin B12 are assessed at about 11 μg/d.5. Injected 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin was better retained than injected cyanocobalamin, faecal excretion exceeded urinary excretion with both. Labelled cobalamin was selectively retained by liver (particularly by the mitochondria), kidneys and the walls of parts of the alimentary tract. Vitamin B12 was secreted into the duodenum and reabsorbed in the ileum, but little secretion occurred above the duodenum and little absorption below the small intestine.

Studies of zinc nutrition in sheep. II*. The influence of zinc deficiency in ram lambs upon the digestibility of the dry matter and the utilization of the nitrogen and sulphur of the diet

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Somers ◽  
EJ Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

Dry matter digestibilities and nitrogen and sulphur balances were compared in ram iambs fed on a zinc-deficient diet containing 2.4 p.p.m. zinc and showing clinical signs of zinc deficiency and in pair-fed ram lambs consuming the same basal diet supplemented with 30 p.p.m. zinc. Dry matter digestibility was similar for the two treatments but both nitrogen retention and sulphur retention were significantly lower in the zinc-deficient animals, although they were consuming and digesting the same amounts of food. Faecal excretion of nitrogen and sulphur was similar in the two groups but the urinary excretion of both these elements was significantly elevated in the zinc-deficient animals. These findings provide further evidence that protein utilization is impaired in zinc deficiency in sheep. *Part I, Aust. J. agric. Res., 1969, 20, 889.

Bioavailability of the DL-methionine and the calcium salt of DL-methionine hydroxy analog compared with L-methionine for nitrogen retention in starter pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhou ◽  
Zhengcai Yuan ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Huifeng Wang ◽  
Yan Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
N Retention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Linear Slope

Abstract Two nitrogen balance studies were conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability values (RBV) of DL-Methionine (DL-Met) and DL-Methionine hydroxy analog calcium salt (MHA-Ca) to L-Methionine (L-Met) as Met sources fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 42 pigs were assigned to 7 treatments feeding with basal diet (BD) formulated to be deficient in Met (0.22% standardized ileal digestible basis) but adequate in other amino acids. Diets included (1) BD, (2) BD + 0.025% DL-Met, (3) BD + 0.050% DL-Met, (4) BD + 0.075% DL-Met, (5) BD + 0.025% L-Met, (6) BD + 0.050% L-Met, and (7) BD + 0.075% L-Met. Increasing levels of L-Met and DL-Met enhanced N retained (g/d) and N retention (% of intake) linearly (P &lt; 0.01). Using a linear slope-ratio procedure, a product-to-product RBV of DL-Met compared to L-Met was 94% (95% confidence limits: 65 to 123%) based on N retained expressed as g/d and 99% (95% confidence limits: 70 to 128%) for N retention expressed as % of intake. In Exp. 2, 42 pigs were allotted to 7 treatments in another N-balance trial. Diets included (1) BD, (2) BD + 0.025% L-Met, (3) BD + 0.050% L-Met, (4) BD + 0.075% L-Met, (5) BD + 0.030% MHA-Ca, (6) BD + 0.060% MHA-Ca, and (7) BD + 0.089% MHA-Ca. An increase in dietary inclusion rates of L-Met increased (P &lt; 0.01) N retained (g/d) linearly while increasing levels of MHA-Ca had no effects (P &gt; 0.05) on N retained (g/d) and N retention (% of intake). Using linear slope-ratio regression, the RBV of MHA-Ca compared to L-Met was 70% (95% confidence limits: 59 to 81%) on a product-to-product basis or 83% on equimolar basis based on N retained expressed as g/d. Overall, the mean RBV of DL-Met to L-Met of 97% (95% confidence limits cover 100%) indicated that DL-Met and L-Met are equally bioavailable as Met sources in pigs. Compared to L-Met, the RBV of MHA-Ca was lower at 70% (95% confidence limits: 59 to 81%) on a product-to-product basis or 83% on equimolar basis in starter pigs.

scholarly journals Determination of digestible energy values and fermentabilities of dietary fibre supplements: a European interlaboratory study in vivo

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Livesey ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
B. O. Eggum ◽  
I. H. Tetens ◽  
M. Nyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Heats Of Combustion

The performance of methods to determine energy conversion factors for dietary fibre (DF) supplements and fermentability (D) values of their non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was investigated. Heats of combustion, digestible energy (DE) and D values were determined on five DF supplements in five European laboratories on five separate occasions. In each instance the DF supplements were fed to juvenile male VVistar rats at two doses, 50 and 100 g/kg basal diet, for 3 weeks with food and faeces collected in the 3rd week. Among-laboratory variations in heats of combustion (DHC<) were <2%. DE values (kJ/g dry weight) at the upper and lower doses respectively were: 10·4 and 9·9 for a high-methoxyl apple pectin, 9·5 and 9·4 for a sugar-beet DF supplement, 12·2 and 12·7 for soyabean DF supplement, 38 and 4·0 for maize bran, and 0·3 and 0·3 for Solka-floc cellulose. Variations among laboratories, among occasions and among animals were <1, <2 and <2·5 kJ/g respectively. The among-occasion: among-laboratory variance ratio for DE was 0·5, suggesting the method performed equally well in all laboratories. There was no evidence of learning or fatigue in the performance of the method. D values were also independent of dose and at the high and lower doses were: pectin 0·92 and 0·95, sugar-beet NSP 0·68 and 0·68, soyabean NSP 0·86 and 0·88, maize bran 0·17 and 0·18, cellulose 0·07 and 0·06. Among-laboratory variance tended to increase with decreasing fermentability and ranged from 0·03 to 0·18. The DE and D data were not significantly different from a previously proposed relationship DE = 0·7 × DHc × D, where DHc is the heat of combustion of the supplement. We conclude that while the among-laboratory variation in the D of difficult-to-ferment NSP is too large for the reliable prediction of energy value the method for the direct determination of DE is both reproducible and repeatable, that DE is independent of dosage of DF supplement up to 100 g/kg diet, and that it is safe to discriminate between energy values with a precision of 3 kJ/g. The conversion of both DE and D to net metabolizable energy for the purpose of food labelling, tables and databases is described.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective effects of eugenol against aluminiuminduced toxicity in the rat brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Said ◽  
Marwa M. Abd Rabo
Keyword(s):  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

AbstractAluminium (Al) is a neurotoxic metal that contributes to the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of dietary eugenol supplementation against aluminium (Al)- induced cerebral damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal controls, rats fed a diet containing 6,000 μg g-1eugenol, rats intoxicated daily with aluminium chloride (84 mg kg-1body weight) p. o. and fed either a basal diet or a eugenol-containing diet. Daily oral administration of Al for four consecutive weeks to rats significantly reduced brain total antioxidant status (TAS) (11.42±0.31 μmol g-1tissue, p<0.001) with a subsequent significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation (MDA) (32.55±1.68 nmol g-1tissue, p<0.002). In addition, Al enhanced brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) (46.22±4.90 U mg-1protein, p<0.001), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (118.72±11.32 pg mg-1protein, p<0.001), and caspase 3 (Casp-3) (8.77±1.26 ng mg-1protein, p<0.001) levels, and in contrast significantly suppressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (82.74±14.53 pg mg-1protein, p<0.002) and serotonin (5-HT) (1.54±0.12 ng mg-1tissue, p<0.01) levels. Furthermore, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining was noticed in the striatum of Al-intoxicated rats, compared with untreated controls. On the other hand, co-administration of dietary eugenol with Al intoxication restored brain BDNF (108.76±2.64 pg mg-1protein) and 5-HT (2.13±0.27 ng mg-1tissue) to normal levels, enhanced brain TAS (13.43±0.24 μmol g-1tissue, p<0.05), with a concomitant significant reduction in TNF-α (69.98±4.74 pg mg-1protein) and Casp-3 (3.80±0.37 ng mg-1protein) levels (p<0.001), as well as AChE activity (24.50±3.25 U mg-1protein, p<0.001), and increased striatal GFAP immunoreactivity, compared with Al-treated rats. Histological findings of brain tissues verified biochemical data. In conclusion, eugenol holds potential as a neuroprotective agent through its hydrophobic, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as its neurotrophic ability against Al-induced brain toxicity in rats.

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