Lipase inhibition attenuates the acute inhibitory effects of oral fat on food intake in healthy subjects

The lipase inhibitor, orlistat, is used in the treatment of obesity and reduces fat absorption by about 30%. However, the mean weight loss induced by orlistat is less than expected for the degree of fat malabsorption. It was hypothesised that lipase inhibition with orlistat attenuates the suppressive effects of oral fat on subsequent energy intake in normal-weight subjects. Fourteen healthy, lean subjects (nine males, five females; aged 25±1·3 years) were studied twice, in a double-blind fashion. The subjects received a high-fat yoghurt ‘preload’ (males 400g (2562kJ); females 300g (1923kJ)), containing orlistat (120mg) on one study day (and no orlistat on the other ‘control’ day), 30min before ad libitum access to food and drinks; energy intake was assessed during the following 8h. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals for the measurement of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK). Each subject performed a 3d faecal fat collection following each study. Energy intake during the day was greater following orlistat (10220 (sem 928) kJ) v. control (9405 (sem 824) kJ) (P=0·02). On both days plasma CCK increased (P<0·05) after the preload. Plasma CCK 20min following ingestion of the preload was less after orlistat (4·1 (sem 0·9) pmol/l) v. control (5·3) (sem 0·9) pmol/l (P=0·028); however there was no difference in the area under the curve 0–510min between the two study days. Fat excretion was greater following orlistat (1017 (sem 168) kJ) v. control (484 (sem 90) kJ) (P=0·004). In conclusion, in healthy, lean subjects the acute inhibitory effect of fat on subsequent energy intake is attenuated by orlistat and the increase in energy intake approximates the energy lost due to fat malabsorption.

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Effect of Acute Exercise and Cycling Desk on Energy Intake and Appetite Response to Mental Work: The CORTEX Study

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2020-0342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 433-439

Author(s):

David Thivel ◽

Pauline Genin ◽

Alicia Fillon ◽

Marwa Khammassi ◽

Johanna Roche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Mental Work ◽

Visual Analog Scales

Background: While mental work has been shown to favor overconsumption, the present study compared the effect of a cognitive task alone, followed by acute exercise, or performed on a cycling desk, on short-term food intake and appetite in adults. Methods: A total of 19 normal-weight adults randomly completed: resting session (CON), 30-minute cognitive task (CT), 30-minute cognitive task followed by a 15-minute high-intensity interval exercise bout (CT–EX), and 30-minute cognitive task performed on a cycling desk (CT-CD). Energy expenditure was estimated (heart rate–workload relationship), and energy intake (EI; ad libitum) and appetite (visual analog scales) were assessed. Results: Energy expenditure was higher in CT-EX (P < .001) compared with the other conditions and in CT-CD compared with CON and CT (P < .01). EI was higher in CON (P < .05) and CT-CD compared with CT (P < .01). Relative EI was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and lower in CT-EX compared with CT, CT-CD, and CON (all Ps < .001). Area under the curve desire to eat was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and CT-EX (P < .01). Area under the curve prospective food consumption was higher in CON compared with CT-EX (P < .01). Overall composite appetite score was not different between conditions. Conclusion: While cycling desks are recommended to break up sedentary time, the induced increase in energy expenditure might not be enough to significantly reduce overall short-term relative EI after mental work.

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The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450000146x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 227-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Benjamin Buemann ◽

Søren Toubro ◽

Anne Raben ◽

John Blundell ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Double Blind ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Osmotic Effects ◽

Randomized Crossover Study

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

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Effects of intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on gut hormones, pyloric pressures, and energy intake in healthy men

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (5) ◽

pp. 1335-1343 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christina McVeay ◽

Penelope C E Fitzgerald ◽

Sina S Ullrich ◽

Robert E Steinert ◽

Michael Horowitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Saline Control ◽

Clinical Trial Registry ◽

Double Blind ◽

Intraduodenal Administration

ABSTRACT Background The fatty acid, lauric acid (‘C12’), and the amino acid, L-tryptophan (‘Trp’), modulate gastrointestinal functions including gut hormones and pyloric pressures, which are important for the regulation of energy intake, and both potently suppress energy intake. Objective We hypothesized that the intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that do not affect energy intake individually, when combined will reduce energy intake, which is associated with greater modulation of gut hormones and pyloric pressures. Design Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 24 ± 1.5 y) received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline (control), C12 (0.3 kcal/min), Trp (0.1 kcal/min), or C12 + Trp (0.4 kcal/min), in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations, appetite perceptions, and gastrointestinal symptoms at 15-min intervals. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a standardized buffet meal was quantified. Results C12 + Trp markedly reduced energy intake (kcal; control: 1,232 ± 72, C12: 1,180 ± 82, Trp: 1,269 ± 73, C12 + Trp: 1,056 ± 106), stimulated plasma CCK (AUC(area under the curve)0–90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 21 ± 8; C12: 129 ± 15; Trp: 97 ± 16; C12 + Trp: 229 ± 22) and GLP-1 (AUC0–90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 102 ± 41; C12: 522 ± 102; Trp: 198 ± 63; C12 + Trp: 545 ± 138), and suppressed ghrelin (AUC0–90 min, pg/mL*min; control: −3,433 ± 2,647; C12: −11,825 ± 3,521; Trp: −8,417 ± 3,734; C12 + Trp: −18,188 ± 4,165) concentrations, but did not stimulate tonic, or phasic, pyloric pressures, compared with the control (all P < 0.05), or have adverse effects. C12 and Trp each stimulated CCK (P < 0.05), but to a lesser degree than C12 + Trp, and did not suppress energy intake or ghrelin. C12, but not Trp, stimulated GLP-1 (P < 0.05) and phasic pyloric pressures (P < 0.05), compared with the control. Conclusion The combined intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, substantially reduces energy intake, which is associated with a marked stimulation of CCK and suppression of ghrelin. The study was registered as a clinical trial at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au,) as 12613000899741.

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Effects of oligofructose on appetite profile, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY3-36 concentrations and energy intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511002194 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (11) ◽

pp. 1757-1762 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Sanne P. M. Verhoef ◽

Diederick Meyer ◽

Klaas R. Westerterp

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Treatment ◽

Satiety Hormone ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Reduce Energy Intake

In rats, oligofructose has been shown to stimulate satiety hormone secretion, reduce energy intake and promote weight loss. The present study aimed to examine the effect of oligofructose supplementation on appetite profiles, satiety hormone concentrations and energy intake in human subjects. A total of thirty-one healthy subjects (ten men and twenty-one women) aged 28 (sem 3) years with a BMI of 24·8 (sem 0·3) kg/m2 were included in a randomised double-blind, cross-over study. The subjects received 10 g oligofructose, 16 g oligofructose or 16 g placebo (maltodextrin) daily for 13 d, with a 2-week washout period between treatments. Appetite profile, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY3-36 (PYY) concentrations and energy intake were assessed on days 0 and 13 of the treatment period. Time × treatment interaction revealed a trend of reduction in energy intake over days 0–13 by oligofructose (P = 0·068). Energy intake was significantly reduced (11 %) over time on day 13 compared with day 0 with 16 g/d oligofructose (2801 (sem 301) v. 3217 (sem 320) kJ, P < 0·05). Moreover, energy intake was significantly lower with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose on day 13 (2801 (sem 301) v. 3177 (sem 276) kJ, P < 0·05). Area under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 on day 13 was significantly higher with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose (45 (sem 4) v. 41 (sem 3) pmol/l × h, P < 0·05). In the morning until lunch, AUC0–230 min for PYY on day 13 was significantly higher with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose and placebo (409 (sem 35) v. 222 (sem 19) and 211 (sem 20) pg/ml × h, P < 0·01). In conclusion, 16 g/d and not 10 g/d oligofructose may be an effective dose to reduce energy intake, possibly supported by higher GLP-1 and PYY concentrations.

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Changes in Weight and Substrate Oxidation in Overweight Adults Following Isomaltulose Intake During a 12-Week Weight Loss Intervention: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102367 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2367 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lightowler ◽

Schweitzer ◽

Theis ◽

Henry

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Double Blind ◽

Body Weight Reduction

Low-glycemic compared to high-glycemic diets have been shown to improve metabolic status and enhance fat oxidation. The randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention study aimed to evaluate the effects of an energy-reduced diet containing isomaltulose (ISO, Palatinose™) versus sucrose (SUC) on body weight loss. Sixty-four healthy overweight/obese adults were allocated to consume either 40g/d ISO or SUC added to an energy-reduced diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and energy metabolism were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Fifty participants (age: 40.7 ± 11.7 y; BMI: 29.4 ± 2.7 kg/m²) completed the study. During the 12 weeks, both groups significantly lost weight (p < 0.001), which was more pronounced following ISO (−3.2 ± 2.9 vs. −2.1 ± 2.6 kg; p = 0.258). Moreover, for participants in the ISO group, this was accompanied by a significant reduction in fat mass (ISO: −1.9 ± 2.5, p = 0.005; SUC: −0.9 ± 2.6%, p = 0.224). The overall decrease in energy intake was significantly higher in the ISO compared to that in the SUC group (p = 0.022). In addition, breakfast containing ISO induced a significantly lower increase in postprandial respiratory quotient (RQ) (mean incremental area under the curve (iAUC)2h for ISO vs. SUC: 4.8 ± 4.1 vs. 6.9 ± 3.1, p = 0.047). The results suggest that ISO in exchange for SUC may help to facilitate body weight reduction, lower postprandial RQ associated with higher fat oxidation, and reduce energy intake.

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Analysis of energy density of food in relation to energy intake regulation in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2000272 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 351-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obese Women ◽

Single Meal ◽

Food And Drink ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

The Impact

The relationship between energy density (ED) of food and drink consumptionad libitumand energy intake (EI) was analysed. EI was taken as average daily EI over the long term, and as EI during a single meal. Moreover, the distribution of EI over three ED categories was analysed. Average daily EI was related to ED of the food and drinks when ED was strongly influenced by specific macronutrients. When ED was strongly influenced by the weight of water, it was not related to EI. During a meal subjects monitored mainly weight, and to a lesser extent, the energy content of the food ingested. Therefore, covertly manipulated ED of a meal affected EI directly. The impact of ED on EI was modulated by dietary behaviours such as restraint. Overt manipulation of ED for 6 months showed that EI was adjusted to a decreased but not to an increased ED in dietary-unrestrained subjects, and that EI was adjusted to an increased but not to a decreased ED in dietary-restrained subjects. Knowledge of ED was shown to lead to an inverse relationship between portion sizes and ED during a meal. Average daily EI consisted of a distribution of EI over the three different categories of ED, so that obese women ate more of foods with a high ED and less of foods with a low ED compared with normal weight women (and nutritional guidelines). In conclusion, ED affected daily EI by means of macronutrient specific effects. EI from a meal with an unknown ED can become inversely related to EI through learning or conditioning. Therefore, the effect of ED on EI during a single meal observation cannot be extrapolated directly to the 24 h effect on EI. With regard to the treatment of obesity, a conscious decreased consumption of foods high in ED and an increase in consumption of low-ED food is necessary to decrease and subsequently maintain body weight, particularly in subjects with a sedentary lifestyle.

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Macronutrient manipulations of cheese resulted in lower energy content without compromising its satiating capacity

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2017.73 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thea Toft Hansen ◽

Anders Sjödin ◽

Christian Ritz ◽

Simon Bonnet ◽

Sanne Kellebjerg Korndal

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Lower Energy ◽

Weight Control ◽

Energy Content ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

High Protein ◽

High Fat ◽

Double Blind ◽

Body Weight Control

AbstractManipulation of food's macronutrient composition in order to reduce energy content without compromising satiating capacity may be helpful in body weight control. For cheeses, substituting fat with protein may provide such opportunity. We aimed at examining the acute effect of cheeses with different macronutrient compositions on accumulated energy intake and subjective appetite sensation. A total of thirty-nine normal-weight (average BMI 24·4 kg/m2) men and women completed the partly double-blind, randomised crossover study with high-protein/low-fat (HP/LF, 696 kJ), high-protein/high-fat (HP/HF, 976 kJ) and low-protein/high-fat (LP/HF, 771 kJ) cheeses. After overnight fasting, 80 g cheese were served with 70 g bread, 132 g juice and 125 g coffee/tea/water. Ad libitum spaghetti bolognaise was served after 3 h and energy intake assessed. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed using visual analogue scales. Composite appetite scores were calculated and evaluated relatively to energy intake. Total accumulated energy intake was 188·3 (se 97·4) kJ lower when consuming the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF (P ≤ 0·05), but, compared with the LP/HF cheese, the difference was not significant (177·0 (se 100·4) kJ lower; P = 0·08). In relation to energy intake, the composite appetite score was lower when consuming the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF (P = 0·003) and the LP/HF (P = 0·007) cheeses. Thereby, no compensatory eating following consumption of the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF cheese was found. The HP/LF cheese resulted in an increased feeling of satiety in relation to its lower energy content compared with both HP/HF and LP/HF cheeses.

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Acute effects of protein composition and fibre enrichment of yogurt consumed as snacks on appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum energy intake in healthy men

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2014-0403 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 980-989 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Caroline Y. Doyon ◽

Angelo Tremblay ◽

Laurie-Eve Rioux ◽

Caroline Rhéaume ◽

Katherine Cianflone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Visual Analog Scales ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

The Impact

The objective of the study was to assess the impact of protein composition and/or fibre enrichment of yogurt on appetite sensations and subsequent energy intake. In this double-blind crossover study, 20 healthy men (aged 32.4 ± 9.1 years) were submitted to 5 randomized testing sessions, during which they had to consume 5 isocaloric and isonproteinemic yogurt snacks (120-g servings, ∼230 kJ, ∼4.5 g protein) differing by their casein-to-whey protein ratio (C:W) or dietary fibre content: (i) control C:W = 2.8:1; (ii) high whey (HW) C:W = 1.5:1, and fibre-enriched formulations using control; (iii) 2.4 g of inulin; (iv) 1.9 g of inulin and 0.5 g of β-glucan (+IN-βG); and (v) 0.5 g of β-glucan. Appetite sensations were assessed using 150-mm visual analog scales. Plasma variables (glucose, insulin, ghrelin) were measured at 30-min intervals post-yogurt consumption for 2 h. Finally, energy intakes during ad libitum lunches offered 2 h after yogurt snacks were recorded. None of the yogurts impacted appetite sensations. Ad libitum energy intake was significantly different only between HW and control yogurts (–812 kJ; p = 0.03). Regarding post-yogurt plasma variables, a significant difference was found only between ghrelin area under the curve of the +IN-βG and the HW yogurts (–15 510 pmol/L per 120 min, p = 0.04). In conclusion, although appetite sensations were not influenced by variations in yogurts’ protein compositions, a reduced energy intake was observed during the ad libitum lunch after the HW yogurt that may be attributable to its lower C:W. Surprisingly, the fibre enrichments studied did not exert effect on appetite sensations and energy intake.

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Effects of intraduodenal coadministration of lauric acid and leucine on gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin, and energy intake in healthy men

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00352.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 318 (4) ◽

pp. R790-R798 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christina McVeay ◽

Robert E. Steinert ◽

Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald ◽

Sina S. Ullrich ◽

Michael Horowitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Double Blind ◽

Intraduodenal Infusion ◽

Combined Administration ◽

Plasma Cholecystokinin ◽

Reduce Energy Intake ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Stimulation Of

The fatty acid, lauric acid (C12), and the amino acid, leucine (Leu) stimulate gut hormones, including CCK, associated with suppression of energy intake. In our recent study, intraduodenal infusion of a combination of C12 and l-tryptophan, at loads that individually did not affect energy intake, reduced energy intake substantially, associated with much greater stimulation of CCK. We have now investigated whether combined administration of C12 and Leu would enhance the intake-suppressant effects of each nutrient, when given at loads that each suppress energy intake individually. Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 2 yr) received, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 90-min intraduodenal infusions of control (saline), C12 (0.4 kcal/min), Leu (0.45 kcal/min), or C12+Leu (0.85 kcal/min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously and plasma CCK at 15-min intervals, and energy intake from a standardized buffet-meal, consumed immediately postinfusion, was quantified. All nutrient infusions stimulated plasma CCK compared with control ( P < 0.05). Moreover, C12 and C12+Leu stimulated CCK compared with Leu ( P < 0.05) (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 2.3 ± 0.3, C12: 3.8 ± 0.3, Leu: 2.7 ± 0.3, and C12+Leu: 4.0 ± 0.4). C12+Leu, but not C12 or Leu, stimulated pyloric pressures ( P < 0.05). C12+Leu and C12 reduced energy intake ( P < 0.05), and there was a trend for Leu to reduce ( P = 0.06) energy intake compared with control, with no differences between the three nutrient treatments (kcal; control: 1398 ± 84, C12: 1226 ± 80, Leu: 1260 ± 92, and C12+Leu: 1208 ± 83). In conclusion, combination of C12 and Leu, at the loads given, did not reduce energy intake beyond their individual effects, possibly because maximal effects had been evoked.

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The Comparative Effect on Satiety and Subsequent Energy Intake of Ingesting Sucrose or Isomaltulose Sweetened Trifle: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10101504 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1504 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fiona Kendall ◽

Olivia Marchand ◽

Jillian Haszard ◽

Bernard Venn

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Double Blind ◽

Satiety Response ◽

Diet Records ◽

Significant Difference

The effect that blood glucose concentration has on feelings of satiety is unclear. Our aims were to assess satiety and subsequent energy intake following the ingestion of trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose whilst measuring plasma glucose concentration to confirm glycemic differences between trifles. Seventy-seven healthy adults participated in a double-blind crossover trial where trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose was consumed on separate days with a two-week washout. Blood was sampled at the baseline, 1 and 2 h postprandially, and satiety assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). Weighed diet records were taken on test days. A statistically significant difference in blood glucose concentration between trifles was found at 60 min following consumption, with the isomaltulose trifle having a 0.69 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: −1.07, −0.31) lower concentration when compared with the sucrose trifle. Mean satiety response by area-under-the-curve (AUC) was not significantly different between trifles. Mean (SD) appetite scores for the sucrose and isomaltulose trifles were 4493 (2393) and 4527 (2590) mm·min, respectively, with a between trifle difference of −9 (95% CI: −589, 572) mm·min. Mean (SD) energy intake for the remainder of the day following trifle consumption was 3894 kJ (1950 kJ) and 3530 kJ (1926 kJ) after the sucrose and isomaltulose trifles, respectively, and was not significantly different (p = 0.133). The differing glycemic response to trifle was not related to satiety or to subsequent energy intake.

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