scholarly journals Intake of alkylresorcinols from wheat and rye in the United Kingdom and Sweden

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair B. Ross ◽  
Wulf Becker ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Afaf Kamal-Eldin ◽  
Per Åman
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Phenolic Lipids ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
British People

Alkylresorcinols, phenolic lipids present in high amounts in whole-grain wheat and rye but not present in appreciable amounts in other foods, are candidates as biomarkers of whole-grain intake from these cereals. We estimated the intake of alkylresorcinols in Sweden and the UK using two different methods: food supply data (FSD); food consumption data (FCD; based on individual and household survey data). The average per capita intake of alkylresorcinols in Sweden was 17·5 mg/d v(FSD) and 22·9 (sd 16·6) mg/d (FCD), while in the UK it was 11·9 mg/d (FSD) and 11·8 (sd 18·62) mg/d (FCD). Ninety-six per cent of all Swedes consumed some alkylresorcinols, compared with 50 % of British people surveyed. Both women and men over the age of 40 years had a higher alkylresorcinol intake than younger people. The average results from the two methods were similar, but the FCD data provided more detail about the range of alkylresorcinol intake, and indicate that because the intake of alkylresorcinols varies so widely, they may be good markers of diets rich or poor in whole-grain wheat/rye products.

scholarly journals Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the VENUS approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (S1) ◽  
pp. S25-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Agnes J. van Erp-Baart ◽  
Henny A. M. Brants ◽  
Mairead Kiely ◽  
Angela Mulligan ◽  
Aida Turrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
The Uk

The aim of this study was to identify the level of isoflavone intake (total isoflavones, daidzein and genistein) in four European countries: Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK. For this purpose national food composition databases of isoflavone content were created in a comparable way, using the Vegetal Estrogens in Nutrition and the Skeleton (VENUS) analytical data base as a common basis, and appropriate food consumption data were selected. The isoflavone intake in Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK is on average less than 1 mg/d. Small groups of consumers of soya foods could be identified in Ireland, The Netherlands and the UK. The estimated intake levels are low compared with those found in typical Asian diets (∼20–100 mg/d) and also low compared with levels where physiological effects are expected (60–100 mg/d). The results (including a subgroup analysis of soya product consumers) showed that such levels are difficult to achieve with the European diets studied here.

Fair Division or Fair Dinkum? Australian Lessons for Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the United Kingdom

10.1068/c38m ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Gillian Bristow ◽  
Mark McGovern ◽  
David Pickernell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Type System ◽  
Fair Division ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk

Current arguments in Australia concerning horizontal fiscal equalisation may help inform the debate in the United Kingdom concerning possible changes to the Barnett formula and the establishment of financial relations with any regional governments in England. Although Australia is a long-established federation, with mature institutions for managing the financial aspects of intergovernmental relations, the most populous states are now pushing for a per-capita-based system to replace the existing formula—based on needs and costs—overseen by the independent Commonwealth Grants Commission. This has important implications for the United Kingdom, where the Barnett formula—a per capita system for deciding annual changes in the funding for the devolved administrations—has been increasingly challenged. In particular, the Barnett system has been vulnerable to nontransparent ‘formula-bypass’ agreements. We argue that the status quo in the United Kingdom appears secure as long as England remains a single entity and the UK Treasury sees the financial implications of larger per capita expenditure in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland as relatively small. However, we speculate that regionalisation of government in England would be likely to increase the pressure: to abandon the Barnett system; to look more systematically at need and cost, rather than population, as criteria for allocating funds between governments; and to move towards an Australian-type system. However, the recent experience of Australia also shows that larger states prefer a per-capita-based system allied to more political, less transparent, arrangements to deal with ‘special circumstances’. It may be that a Barnett-type formula would suit the new ‘dominant states’ in a fully federalised United Kingdom which would, ironically, create an alliance of interests between Scotland and London.

Fiscal Challenges and Opportunities for an Independent Scotland

2014 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. R40-R53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Crawford ◽  
Gemma Tetlow
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Public Finances ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Scottish Independence ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Official Data

This paper looks at some of the key fiscal questions related to Scottish independence, drawing on detailed analysis of household survey data, official data on public spending and revenues, and using a model of the UK and Scotland's public finances over the next half a century. We examine how and why public spending on, and revenues raised from, Scotland differ from the average across the UK, and how Scotland's fiscal position might be expected to evolve over the next 50 years under current policies.

scholarly journals Providing evidence to support the development of whole grain dietary recommendations in the United Kingdom

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay D. Mann ◽  
Mark S. Pearce ◽  
Chris J. Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Composition ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Dietary Fibre Intake ◽  
The Uk

Observational evidence suggests that increased whole grain (WG) intake reduces the risks of many non-communicable diseases, such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, obesity and certain cancers. More recently, studies have shown that WG intake lowers all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Much of the reported evidence on risk reduction is from US and Scandinavian populations, where there are tangible WG dietary recommendations. At present there is no quantity-specific WG dietary recommendation in the UK, instead we are advised to choose WG or higher fibre versions. Despite recognition of WG as an important component of a healthy diet, monitoring of WG intake in the UK has been poor, with the latest intake assessment from data collected in 2000–2001 for adults and in 1997 for children. To update this information we examined WG intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme 2008–2011 after developing our database of WG food composition, a key resource in determining WG intake accurately. The results showed median WG intakes remain low in both adults and children and below that of countries with quantity-specific guidance. We also found a reduction in C-reactive protein concentrations and leucocyte counts with increased WG intake, although no association with other markers of cardio-metabolic health. The recent recommendations by the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition to increase dietary fibre intake will require a greater emphasis on consuming more WG. Specific recommendations on WG intake in the UK are warranted as is the development of public health policy to promote consumption of these important foods.

Public opinion attitudes towards the European Union and its future in the United Kingdom. Study based on the results of Eurobarometer surveys in the UK and Poland

2014 ◽  
pp. 116-131
Author(s):  
Beata Słupek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
British People ◽  
The Eu

The subject of this publication is the scepticism regarding the future of the European Union in the UK. The research is based on Eurobarometer surveys conducted over the period of five years. A purpose of the research is to show the relationship between the results of the Eurobarometer survey on the future of the EU, and the eurosceptic views in the UK. The main research questions is: is the UK sceptical about the future of the EU? Hypothesis of this publication is that the UK is sceptical about the future of the European Union. The reasons for such attitudes are not analysed here – the article is merely an attempt to present the societal attitudes. The research method employed is the comparative critical analysis of quantitative data. The conclusion is that Great Britain is not significantly eurosceptic. British people are, however, less enthusiastic about what is happening at present in the EU, and also are showing greater anxieties when it comes to the future of the EU.

Income Polarization in Asia

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista ◽  
Carlos C. Bautista ◽  
Dalisay S. Maligalig ◽  
Noli R. Sotocinal
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Income Polarization ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The subject of this study is income polarization, an important but neglected dimension of income distribution. Estimates of two measures of income polarization are obtained for the population, rural, and urban sectors using household survey data on expenditures per capita for a sample of Asian countries. The findings include the following: Income polarization and inequality, the latter measured using the Gini coefficient, are highly positively correlated; in most countries, urban income polarization is higher than rural income polarization; and lastly, higher rates of growth in GDP and per capita GDP, higher levels of educational attainment of household heads, and high rates of employment in manufacturing may be important in keeping income polarization at low levels.

Why So Different? Why So Bad a Future?

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Glennerster
Keyword(s):  
Welfare States ◽  
Trade Union Movement ◽  
Means Testing ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Pension ◽  
British People

While virtually all European countries with advanced welfare states are worrying about how to cut back their state pension generosity, and sometimes partially succeeding, the United Kingdom faces the opposite problem. It is offering its citizens both inadequate and very varied pensions for the future. The UK began providing state pensions at the beginning of the twentieth century and has been unusual in Europe in developing a large private occupational pensions sector built on and fostering sophisticated financial markets in London. The country relies more on means-testing than any other European country. No one thinking of the UK as conforming to the ‘Beveridge model’ would have expected that. William Beveridge was so adamant that this was not what the British people desired. A different theoretical starting point is needed to explain these dilemmas. It has to take account of the labour market and the particular structure of the trade union movement in the UK and its relationship to the Labour Party. The chapter also considers the role of the Pensions Commission.

scholarly journals Phytonutrient intakes in relation to European fruit and vegetable consumption patterns observed in different food surveys

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1214-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Tennant ◽  
Julia Davidson ◽  
Andrea J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Average Consumption

Fruit and vegetables make an important contribution to health, partly due to the composition of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to quantify the intake of fruit and vegetables across different European countries using food consumption data of increasing complexity: food balance sheets (FBS); the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive Database; individual food consumption data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Across Europe, the average consumption of fruit and vegetables ranged from 192 to 824 g/d (FBS data). Based on EFSA data, nine out of fourteen countries consumed < 400 g/d (recommended by the WHO), although even in the highest-consuming countries such as Spain, 36 % did not reach the target intake. In the UK, the average consumption of fruit and vegetables was 310 g/d (NDNS data). Generally, phytonutrient intake increased in accordance with fruit and vegetable intake across all European countries with the exception of lycopene (from tomatoes), which appeared to be higher in some countries that consumed less fruit and vegetables. There were little differences in the average intake of flavanols, flavonols and lycopene in those who did or did not meet the 400 g/d recommendation in the UK. However, average intakes of carotenoid, flavanone, anthocyanidin and ellagic acid were higher in those who consumed >400 g/d of fruit and vegetables compared with those who did not. Overall, intakes of phytonutrients are highly variable, suggesting that while some individuals obtain healthful amounts, there may be others who do not gain all the potential benefits associated with phytonutrients in the diet.

Alcohol Misuse and its Consequences – An Overview and a European Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Personal Choice ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Difficult Area ◽  
The Uk

Alcohol is an important part of European culture and Europe currently has the world’s heaviest alcohol consumption. There is some evidence for harmonisation of drinking habits across Europe, particularly in the total per capita consumption, types of beverage and frequency of teenage drunkenness. As part of this pattern, increasing consumption and deleterious health effects have been particularly noticeable in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and deaths from cirrhosis in these countries now exceed EU averages. This is a difficult area for Governments where the tension between regulation and personal choice is conspicuous and widely debated. In the UK, regulation has been weak but there are signs that the appetite for tackling the twin drivers of price and availability may be increasing.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Calorie Consumption and Elasticity in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINH HOANG VU
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Method ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Parametric Estimation ◽  
Calorie Consumption ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyzes calorie consumption in Vietnam using the household survey data. The data suggest that food insecurity is still a major problem in Vietnam, with nearly 40 percent of the population being unable to meet their calorie requirement. Employing nonparametric and parametric estimation techniques, the paper examines the relationship between household calorie consumption and per capita household expenditure in Vietnam. The analysis indicates a positive and significant relationship between per capita expenditure and per capita calorie consumption. The mean calorie elasticity is estimated to be between 0.21 and 0.31 by the parametric method and 0.20 by non-parametric method. In addition, simulated income and food price changes indicate that undernutrition is very responsive to changes in income and food prices

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