Leptochloa mucronata (mucronate sprangletop).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Cubiñá
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
North Central ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Leptochloa mucronata is a grass native to the warmer parts of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean; taxonomists disagree over whether the form found in the Caribbean is part of the same species or should be classified separately as Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata. The species is present in a number of countries in south and south-east Asia, in a few countries in Africa, and in Australia; in most of these countries it is considered to be introduced, although it is reported as native in some of them. Little information is available about how it was spread, but it probably involved the accidental movement of seeds. In parts of both its native range and its introduced range it is a significant agricultural weed, and this is the main reason why it is of interest, although there have been some studies of its use as a green manure.

scholarly journals Leptochloa mucronata (mucronate sprangletop).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Cubiñá
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
North Central ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Leptochloa mucronata is a grass native to the warmer parts of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean; taxonomists disagree over whether the form found in the Caribbean is part of the same species or should be classified separately as Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata. The species is present in a number of countries in south and south-east Asia, in a few countries in Africa, and in Australia; in most of these countries it is considered to be introduced, although it is reported as native in some of them. Little information is available about how it was spread, but it probably involved the accidental movement of seeds. In parts of both its native range and its introduced range it is a significant agricultural weed, and this is the main reason why it is of interest, although there have been some studies of its use as a green manure.

Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infects a wide range of cultivated legumes. It causes severe mosaic and/or necrosis on the leaves, stems and pods of beans (Phaselous), cowpea (Vigna) and soyabean (Glycine max). Yield losses of 64-80% have been recorded in groundnuts in Kenya (Bock et al., 1976, 1977) and 10-100% in soyabean in Brazil and Argentina (Brown and Rodrigues, 2017). The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. CPMMV is considered endemic to Africa, but has spread to India, South-East Asia, South America, the Caribbean, Puerto Rico and Mexico. Introduction of the virus to Puerto Rico, and possibly also Mexico, is thought to have been through infected seed from South America and perhaps Africa. The virus poses a threat to soyabean production in the USA and, if introduced into mainland USA, CPMMV has potential to spread through seed, on infected ornamental or vegetable transplants, and by the viruliferous whitefly, itself if previously associated with a virus-infected host.

scholarly journals Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
North Central ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
Minor Outlying ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Annual Herb ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Erechtites hieraciifolius is a fast-growing, annual herb that is native to North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is recorded as an environmental and agricultural weed in areas both within and outside its native distribution. Mature plants can produce large amounts of wind-dispersed seed, facilitating the colonisation of new areas. It is adapted to grow in a wide range of disturbed anthropogenic habitats and can outcompete other species to form dense populations. It may also spread as a seed contaminant of crops. Currently, it is listed as invasive in Hong Kong, Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands, French Polynesia, Palau, US Minor Outlying Islands, New Zealand and Hungary. It is also considered a potential weed in Australia, where it is under quarantine.

scholarly journals Eranthemum pulchellum (blue-sage).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Angel Duenas-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Evergreen Shrub ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract Eranthemum pulchellum is an evergreen shrub with a native range across South and South-East Asia. It has been introduced as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical countries. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and will occasionally escape from cultivation. It is naturalized in Queensland, Australia, but there is no clear evidence of naturalization elsewhere. There is no evidence of any impacts it its introduced range and it is not considered to be an invasive species.

scholarly journals Estimates of PI*S and PI*Z Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency alleles prevalence in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. De Serres ◽  
I. Blanco ◽  
E. Fernández-Bustillo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
South America ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
North Central ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
The Caribbean

Background. AAT deficiency is not a rare disease, but one of the most common congenital disorders increasing susceptibility of individuals with this deficiency to both lung and liver disease as well as other several adverse health effects. Studies to develop accurate estimates of the magnitude of this genetic disorder in any given country is critical for the development of screening programs for detection, diagnosis, and treatment of those individuals and/or families at risk. In the present study, estimates of the prevalence of the two major deficiency alleles PI S and PI Z were estimated for 25 countries in the Caribbean and North, Central, and South America to supplement our previous studies on 69 countries worldwide. Method. Using data on the prevalence of the two most common deficiency alleles PI S and PIZ in the mother countries that provided the majority of immigrants to these 25 countries, as well as genetic epidemiological studies on various genetic subgroups indigenous to the Caribbean and North, Central and South America it was possible to develop new formulas to estimate the numbers in each of five phenotypic classes, namely PI MS, PI MZ, PI SS, PI SZ and PI ZZ for each country. Results. When these 25 countries were grouped into six different geographic regions, the present study demonstrated striking differences when comparisons were made in numeric tables, maps and figures. Highly significant numbers of individuals at risk for AAT Deficiency were found in both the European, Mestizo and Mulatto populations for most of the 25 countries studied in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America. Conclusions. Our studies demonstrated striking differences in the prevalence of both the PIS and PIZ alleles among these 25 countries in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America and significant numbers of individuals at risk for adverse health effects associated with AAT Deficiency in a given country. When these data are added to the results from our earlier studies on 69 countries, we now have data on AAT Deficiency in 94 of the 193 countries worldwide listed in the CIA FactBook.

Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azmi Man
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
Sulfonyl Urea ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Whole Plants

Abstract L. flava, commonly known as yellow bur head, is a perennial broad-leaved weed which behaves as an annual in certain habitats. It spreads throughout South-East Asia especially in rice crops, and also in South America and the USA. It prefers wet conditions such as lowland rice fields, shallow canals and ditches and reproduces both by seed and vegetatively. Heavy infestations of L. flava indicate a fertile soil. The effectiveness of drainage ditches and irrigation channels can be reduced through siltation caused by blockages of L. flava leaves and roots. Young leaves, petioles and flower stalks can be eaten as vegetables. Whole plants are used as fodder for pigs, cattle or fish and plant residues can be also be used for feed and as green manure. L. flava can be controlled by chemical such as 2,4-D herbicides and sulfonyl urea products such as bensulfuron and bensulfuron/metsulfuron. Bentazon/MCPA can be used to control multiple resistant biotype of L. flava.

Violence and the Transnational Question

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-252
Author(s):  
B. V. Olguín
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Historical Fiction ◽  
Central American ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
North Central ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Us Mexico Border

Chapter 4 disentangles the distinct ideologies often conflated under the expansive and notoriously vague rubric of Latina/o “transnationalism.” It first interrogates the limits of Radical Regionalism Studies by explicating the specter of nationalism in Emma Pérez’s ostensibly contestatory Tejana lesbian feminist regionalist historical fiction. The chapter further deconstructs the Latina/o Studies fixation on hyperlocalities and celebratory transnationalisms by interrogating the various aestheticizations of violence in Latina/o literatures about Central American civil wars, femicide in the US-Mexico border, and revolutionary insurgencies throughout North, Central, and South America, in addition to the Caribbean. It closes by underscoring Pan-Latina/o political diversity through the recovery of testimonial prose and poetry from Latina/o internationalist partisans and combatants vis-à-vis the antitestimonial memoirs, novels, and poetry by and about right-wing Latina/o soldiers and CIA officers.

Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Watson
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The West ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Paracoccus marginatus is a mealybug native to Central America. It has been spread accidentally outside its native range by trade in live plant material, such as papaya fruits. It became an invasive pest in the Caribbean Islands and USA (Florida) in 1994-2002; the West and Central Pacific islands in 2002-2006; South-East Asia and the Indo-Pacific islands in 2008-2010; West Africa in 2010-2016; East Africa from 2015; and Israel in 2016. The pest is expected to continue spreading, and climate warming is likely to increase the areas where it can establish. It is polyphagous and spreads rapidly, forming heavy infestations on aerial plant parts and killing some host-plants, including papaya. It poses a threat to commercial papaya plantations.

Phylogeny of the Hebe Complex (Scrophulariaceae: Veroniceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Garnock-Jones
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

The southern segregates of Veronica (Hebe, Parahebe, Chionohebe, Dementia, and Detzneria) form a monophyletic assemblage of c. 144 species found in New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Rapa, and South America. Most of the species occur in New Zealand, where Hebe is the largest genus and a characteristic member of many vegetation types. Cladistic analysis of the Hebe complex, based on 45 characters and 22 terminal taxa, indicates that: (1) Hebe is monophyletic if Hebe 'Paniculatae' is excluded and H. formosa is included; (2) Parahebe is paraphyletic; (3) Chionohebe is monophyletic, but is part of a larger clade which includes alpine Parahebe and possibly the monotypic Detzneria; (4) Hebe 'Paniculatae', Derwentia, and New Guinea Parahebe are monophyletic basal groups in the complex. According to this study, recognition of monophyletic genera would require six genera in the complex, supporting the recognition of Derwentia and separation of Hebe 'Paniculatae' from Hebe. Leonohebe Heads is considered polyphyletic and is not accepted; new combinations are provided for two species of Leonohebe with no name at species rank in Hebe. Competing biogeographic hypotheses have implied (1) a Gondwanan origin, or (2) migration from South-east Asia via New Guinea. An origin in Australasia from Asian ancestors best explains the topology of the basal parts of the cladogram, but at least seven dispersal events from New Zealand are postulated to explain the occurrence of species of Hebe in South America and Rapa and Parahebe, Hebe, and Chionohebe in Australia. An hypothesis which did not allow dispersal would require that nearly all the evolution in the complex occurred before the Tertiary, and hardly any since.

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